词类转换(英语翻译技巧)

1、词类转换英汉两种语言属于不同的语系,英语属于印欧语系,汉语属于汉藏语系。不同语系的语言,无论在词汇方面或在语法方面都有很大的差别。在科技英语翻译实践中,在很多情况下需要进行词类转换。所谓词类转换,是指把原文语言中的某一词类转移成汉语的另一词类而言。掌握翻译中的词类转换译法,就可使我们敢于脱离原文词类的限制,跳出原文词类的框框,用汉语的适当词类予以表达。一,转换成汉语动词。英语和汉语比较起来,汉语中动词用得比较多,这是一个特点,在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词,在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。在英语中不少词类在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。1,名词转换成动词英语中大量具有动作意义的名词和动词派生

2、出来的名词往往可以译成动词。With a click of a mouse, information from the other end of the globe will be transported to your computer screen at the dizzying speed of seven-and-a-half times around the earth per second.只要一点鼠标,来自世界另一端的信息便会以每秒绕地球七周半的惊人速度传输到你的电脑屏幕上。Chinas first atomic blast in october 1964 was a great

3、 shock to the world.1964年10月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹,全球为之震惊。Can artificial fibers be used as substitutes for natural fibers?人造纤维能代替天然纤维吗?We must place stress on the prevention of disease.我们应以预防疾病为主。This situation requires the formation of a new strategic frame.这种形势要求制定新的战略框架。The UN document calls for the settlem

4、ent of the Middle East conflicts on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab ackowledgement of Israels right to exist.联合国文件要求,以色列撤出所占土地,阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利,在此基础上,解决中东冲突。2,形容词转换为动词,英语中某些表示状态,知觉。情感,态度,感受,感觉,信念等意义,在句中作表语的形容词以及同介词搭配构成句子表语或定语的形容词,通常可译成汉语中的动词。The amount of work is depe

5、ndent on the applied force and the distance the body is moved.功的大小取决于所施加的力与物体所移动的距离。The amount of work is equal to the product of the force by the distance.功的大小等于力和距离的乘积。Copper wire is flexible.铜线容易弯曲。While the Chinese are eager to import modern medical technology from the West, increasing members o

6、f Westerners are equally interested in adopting the traditional medical remedies of China.现在中国人热衷于从西方国家进口现代化医疗技术,而越来越多的西方人则热衷于接受中医疗法。其他一些和介词构成词组在句中用作表语或定语而且常可译成动词的形容词还有:Destructive of . 有害于,有损于,Different from不同于,有别于exclusive of (from不算,免除Full of 充满parallel to (with 平行于peculiar to . 限于Responsible for

7、.担负,负责Scarce of . 缺乏,不足similar to . 类似于Short of . 缺乏subject to .易受,受.支配Worthy of . 值得Relative to . 与有关3,副词转换为动词英语中有些作表语的副词或复合宾语中的副词,往往可译为汉语中的动词。The test was not over yet.实验还没结束。An exhibition of new products is on there.那正在举办新产品展览会。The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.这个化学实验延误了10分钟。The

8、electric current flows through the circuit with the switch on.如果开关接通,电流就流过线路。He took the machine apart yesterday.他昨天把机器拆开了。4,介词转换成动词英语中的介词或介词短语在许多情况下可以译成汉语的动词,尤其当他们用作表语或状语时。The volume of a gas becomes smaller when the pressure upon it is increased.当作用在气体上的压力增大时,气体的体积就缩小。No body at rest can be set in

9、 motion whthout a force being acted upon it.没有力的作用,静止的物体不可能开始运动。Many laboratories are developing medicines against AIDS.许多实验室正在研制治疗艾滋病的药物。二,转换成汉语名词1,动词转换成名词Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.气体和固体的区别在于前者比后者有更大的可压缩性。The electronic computer is chie

10、fly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.电子计算机的主要特点是计算准确而快速。Mercury weighs about thirteen times as much as water.水银的重量约为水的13倍。Smith aims to become a computer expert.史密斯的目标是相当一名计算机专家。2,形容词转换成名词英语中有些形容词加上定冠词the表示某一类人或物,汉译时常译成名词。另外,英语中有些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时,往往也可在其后加上“性”,“度”,“体”等词,译成名词。The atm

11、osphere is only about 11 kilometers thick.大气的厚度约为11000米。People are so much more flexible and inventive than robots.人类比机器人更灵活而且更富有创造性。The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.钢含碳量越高,强度和硬度就越大。Ice is not as dense as water and it therefore floats.兵的密度比水小,因而能浮在水面上。3,代词转换成名词英语中的代词

12、译成汉语,有时为了使译文规范,须转换为名词。We need frequencies even higher than those we call very hign frenquency.我们所需要的频率,甚至比我们称作高频率的频率还要高。According to a growing body of evidence, the chimicals that make up many plastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up in your body.越来越多的证据表明,许多塑料制品

13、的化学成分会移动到食物或流体上去,最终进入人体内。For nearly two thousand years it was mistakenly believed that all heavy objects fell faster than light ones.在长达两千年的时间里,人们都认为一切重物都比轻物落得快。这种观念是错误的。4,副词转换成名词英语中有些副词,在句子中用作状语,译成汉语时可根据具体情况转换成汉语的名词。India has the software skills and thousands of software developers who are English-

14、speaking and technically proficient.印度拥有软件设计方面的技术,而且拥有成千上万能说英语,精通技术的软件工程师。The only naturally occurring substance used as fuel for nuclear power is U-235.在自然界所存在的物质中,只有铀-235可以用作获得核能的材料。A look ahead gives petroleum an exciting role in the world of tomorrow.展望未来可以看到石油将在世界上起到令人鼓舞的作用。Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world; it is very active chemically.氧是物质世界的重要元素之一,其化学性能很活泼。三,转换为汉语形容词1,副词转化成形容词This new electronic computer is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.这种新型的电子计算机的主要特点是结构简单。The engi