论保险合同中保证条款

1、论保险合同中的保证条款0论文类别： 证券金融论文 > 保险学论文上传时间：2006/8/15 15:00:00“保证”作为保险法最大诚信原则的体现，是保险合同的重要。但在实践中，仅在我国的海商法第235条中有所体现，保险法并未对其作出明确规定。可以说“保证”制度并未严格适用到我国关于一般保险合同的规定中，这与英国法中成熟的“保证”有着一定差距。由于“保证”在保险法理论中的重要地位，以及在海上保险合同中的广泛，对之加以和不乏理论及现实意义。一、保险合同法中的保证理论保证，又称特约，美国称之为担保，指投保人或被保险人对保险人的特定担保事项，如担保某种事项的真实性

2、，或担保某种事项的作为或不作为等。这里的“保证”不同于我国担保法中的“保证”，后者是指“保证人与债权人约定债务人不履行债务时，保证人按照约定履行债务或承担责任的行为”；亦不同于英国合同法中所指的合同中的任何带有承诺性的条款。依据保险法的有关规定，被保险人违反合同中约定的保证义务，保险人享有使保险合同终止的权利，但并不能因此而向被保险人索偿。英国1906年海上保险法第33条明确规定：保证，意指一种承诺性保证，即被保险人凭此承担做或不做某些特定的事情，或履行某项条件的义务；或肯定或否定某些事实情况的存在。我国地区保险法将之称为“特约条款”，规定：“特约条款，为当事人与保险契约基本条款外，承认履行特

3、种义务之条款。与保险契约有关之一切事项，不问过去现在或将来，均得以特约条款定之。保险契约当事人之一方违背特约条款时，他方得解除契约。”根据不同标准，对保证可以作如下分类：（一）确认性保证与承诺性保证确认性保证是指投保人对过去或现在某一特定事项存在或不存在的保证，违背这一类条款将导致保险合同自始无效；承诺性保证是指投保人对将来某一特定事项的作为或不作为的保证，它要求被保险人在履行合同的过程中始终保持某一状态的存在，否则自违背时起保险合同归于无效。由于被保险人依据确认性保证条款所承担的责任小于承诺性保证，美国法院在实践中规定：除非当事人明确规定是承诺性保证，否则应推定为确认性保证，以有利于投保人。

4、（二）明示的保证与默示的保证明示保证是当事人双方在保险单及其附件中明确载明的保证条款；默示保证则是非由双方当事人约定的，而是由规定或在习惯中被人们所承认的保证。明示保证并不以“保证”字样的存在而有效，而是可以记载于保险合同被认为合理的任何地方的任何条款，并由法官在具体案件中根据合同的目的加以解释。如在Mammone一案中，某人保险其车辆，保证“至今没有并且将来也不会对车辆进行特殊的更改，使其与生产者的原始规格不同”，后来他安装了更宽的车轮和更好的轮胎。维多利亚省最高法院在裁决中通过对其目的的推断，认为“是确保风险不会发生不利于承保人的重大有损变化”，因而不认为被保险人的这一行为违反了保证。默示

5、保证则主要体现于海上保险，一般包括如下三项：一是船舶适航保证；二是不得绕航保证，但因躲避暴风雨或救助他人等原因而改变航道除外；三是航程合法性保证。这三项保证条款虽一般不在保险合同中明确列出，但根据海上保险惯例，双方应绝对遵守。（三）真正的保证与合同上的保证这是基于保证的实质与形式所作的分类。真正的保证体现了保证条款控制保险风险发生的作用。保证条款追求的目的就在于将日后存在的保险风险限定于签订合同当时可以预见的范围内，甚至可以由于被保险人严格遵守保证条款而使风险产生的可能性变小，这是保证的真实含义。但作为当事人双方在合同中约定的“保证条款”来说，其究竟与所要承保的风险有多大关系，并不妨碍视其为保

6、证而被严格遵守。也就是说，只要采用了被保险人承诺的形式规定于合同中，无论内容为何，一旦遭违反，则合同自动终止，或是赋予保险人终止保险合同的权利，也不论这种违反与风险的产生或加重是否有关。二、保证的特征及其理论意义（一）保证的特征保证条款的独有特征构成了保证制度存在的根据：1.保证是保险合同存在的基础。依据上文对确认性保证及承诺性保证的分析，前者构成合同成立的先决条件，不满足确认性保证的要求，保险合同不会成立；而后者是保险人承担风险的前提，违反该类保证保险人可不再继续承担相应风险。2.被保险人对“保证”的遵守具有绝对性。根据英国1906年海上保险法及其它保险法律和判例，如果投保人或被保险人违反保

7、证，不论其所涉及的内容对于承保的风险是否重要，保险人均可以此为由解除保险合同，对自违反保证之时起发生的任何损失不承担赔偿责任。这被称为保证的严格履行原则。如保险合同中规定“将于7月1日起航”，而实际上是7月2日才起航，则被视为违反了保证。另外，做出保证的事实可以与保险人承保的风险毫无关系。对此，Blackburn勋爵说到：“如果合同当事人双方同意并且充分表明他们有关这种同意的意图，合同当事人有权以任何事件的成立作为合同开始的先决条件；这一事件的成立是否具有实质的重要性并不重要。”即使违反保证与随后损失的出现并无关系，保险人也可免除保险责任。3.保证的目的在于控制风险。通过对保证条款的严格履行，

8、保险人可以使保险风险降到最低限度，并尽可能减少因保险事故出现所带来的损失，从而达到防灾减损的目的。“保证”一方面确保被保险人良好的管理措施得以贯彻执行，如在火灾保险中垃圾应每晚清除；另一方面确保被保险人未经保险人同意，不得进行某些风险较大的活动，如在火灾保险中不应在本不是储存燃油的库房放置燃油，从而使保险合同项下的风险可以控制在订立合同之初保险人能够合理预测的范围之内。（二）保证条款是最大诚信原则的体现诚实信用原则起源于罗马法，后为各国合同法所援用并加以，进而成为民法上最为重要的原则之一。这一原则要求人们在活动中善意、全面地履行自己的义务，讲究信用、诚实不欺，追求自己的利益不能以牺牲他人利益和

9、社会利益为代价。诚信原则是市场秩序正常运行的保障。保证条款的设置正是诚信原则在保险合同中的体现之一。由于保险所具有的特殊性，保险合同对当事双方讲求诚实信用的要求程度大大超过其他合同，被称为保险合同的最大诚信原则。投保人及被保险人的严格保证义务就是这一原则的具体表现。保险合同成立后，由于保险人无法直接掌握保险标的的实际状况、控制其运动，为将风险尽可能限制在合同订立时可预期的风险范围内，要求被保险人严格遵守保证，不得有丝毫违反。被保险人对于保险标的描述的真实性及能否诚实、善意履行有关义务，直接关系到保险人的利益能否得到有效保障。由此可见，保证条款存在的意义也就在于，以当事人的约定以及法律规定，保证

10、最大诚信原则在保险合同中得以实现，避免信赖危机、道德风险的发生，使当事人双方的活动范围更为确定。因此各国保险法界公认：对保证的违反，使保险合同失去了存在的基础，保险人可以解除合同，不负赔偿责任。三、我国保险法中关于保证的应用及建议（一）我国海商法及一般保险条款关于保证的规定与疏漏在我国保险法律制度中，关于保证的内容并不多，规定得最为明确的莫过于海商法第235条：“被保险人违反合同约定的保证条款时，应当立即书面通知保险人。保险人收到通知后，可以解除合同，也可以要求修改承保条件，增加保险费。”这一条明确指出，在被保险人违反保证的情况下，保险人享有解除合同或者改变承保条件、使保险合同继续存续的选择权

11、。但弊端也显而易见：规定不仅过于原则，而且无法明确保证的性质及地位，实际运用中不容易树立当事人双方对保证条款的信心；另一方面，最为引人非议的地方就是关于被保险人通知义务的设定，规定“保险人收到通知后可以解除合同或改变承保条件”，事实上“通知”应为被保险人的权利而非义务，保险人责任的解除并不以被保险人的书面通知为必要。在国际交流日益发达的今天，海上保险中的保证制度有待进一步完善。除海商法以外，其他有关保险的规范没有对保证作出明文规定，但存在可以视为“保证”的。如我国保险法第36条规定：“被保险人应当遵守国家有关消防、安全、生产操作、劳动保护等方面的规定，维护保险标的的安全；投保人、被保险人未按照

12、约定履行其对保险标的安全应尽的责任的，保险人有权要求增加保险费或者解除合同。”这可以看作被保险人对履行保险合同过程中特定义务的承诺。在实务中的保险条款上，也存在可归属于保证的相应内容。人民保险公司机动车辆保险条款第12条明确规定，“被保险人及其驾驶人员应严格遵守规则，安全驾驶，做好车辆的维修、保养工作，按期进行检查和修理，使保险车辆经常保持适宜驾驶状况。”又如，中国人民保险公司国内货物运输保险条款第9条规定，“凡是应当包装的货物，被保险人必须保证其包装符合政府有关部门规定的标准”。这一类规定很明显要求被保险人在保险合同存续期间保证必须作某些行为，否则保险人可以保险合同未被恰当履行为由解除合同，

13、并对违反该类条款后的损失不负赔偿责任。值得注意的是，有人将保险合同中规定的危险增加的通知义务视为保证条款，我们认为这种观点不妥。两者最基本的区别在于目的不同：保证条款的目的是控制不合理危险发生的可能性，尽可能减少危险出现；危险增加的通知义务存在于危险有增加可能或已经增加之后，目的是使保险人了解事实情况，两者意义完全不同。无论如何，我国保险立法与实践对保证制度的运用与其重要地位相去甚远，没有重视保证条款在合同履行中的基础性地位，不利于促进保险合同防灾减损等积极作用的发挥。（二）保证制度在我国并未成熟的原因保证制度在英美法律体系悠久，在经过一系列判例实践的完善和对制度的现实适应性的修改后，它已经成

14、为英国保险合同法中的一项重要内容。但与之相反，这一在我国却远未成熟，并未成为我国保险合同法中的通行制度。其原因大致有如下两点：首先，海商法关于海上保险制度的规定尚不完备。海上保险实践是保证适用于保险领域的最早渊源，也是保证制度最为普遍的地方。最大诚信原则对海上保险合同的订立与履行尤为重要，保证制度的作用因而得以充分体现。但即便如此，我国也仅以海商法一条之规定涵盖了已在英美法上有一套完善而成熟理论的保证制度，其缺漏和粗浅可想而知，保证条款难以为国内一般保险法所明确规定并适用于保险合同也就不足为怪了。因此，保证理论在我国的成熟完善必然要经由海上保险制度逐步完成，随着相关理念的建立和的深入，进而成为

15、保险合同法上的一般制度。这将是一个循序渐进并逐步深化的过程。其次，保证的严格履行原则使然。保证条款从根本上说有利于保障保险人利益，对于被保险人来说则是一项非常严格的义务，稍有不慎即可能丧失合同利益。如果说对被保险人谨慎性的要求在海上保险实践中尚有情可原，那么在国内一般人身和财产保险中，则未免就有过分严格之嫌。被保险人处于各个阶层，理解能力良莠不齐，在一般保险合同中，保证条款难以严格适用。因此有人也主张，为避免被保险人常处于不稳定、不安全的境地，应在立法上对保险人利用保证条款解除合同加以限制，防止出现滥用的行为。另外，正如前文所述，保证条款的严格履行原则还体现于保证事项与风险的重要性并无必然联系

16、，哪类事项可以被规定人合同成为一项保证完全取决于当事人的约定，这无疑对被保险人提出了较高要求。保险人熟知保险业务，可以通过特定事项的约定尽可能的维护自身利益，相比之而言，被保险人往往对哪些事项对于履行合同义务必要、哪些不必要没有明确的认识。因此有可能出现保险人随意解除合同，不负赔偿责任的现象。这对于保护被保险人利益，维持保险市场的健康稳定繁荣是极为不利的。这也是保证制度在我国一般保险合同中尚难以广泛得到应用的重要原因。（三）结合实际促进保证条款之应用及建议结合我国实际情况，充分发挥保证条款在保险合同中的积极作用，是保险法理论与实践进一步深化的必然要求。一方面，保证制度在许多国家的保险法上都有规

17、定，并随国际交往的加深日益成熟。如果说这点在我国保险市场尚未向国外开放的情况下，尚不足在意，但在我国已经加入世贸组织、保险市场正面临机遇与挑战的今天，则不能不作为保险法领域一个有意义的来看待。借鉴国外成熟的经验完善我国保险法律制度，是我国法制化建设的捷径。另一方面，我国的保险立法实践也正在向着这一有益的方向，最明显的表现莫过于最新作出修订并于2003年1月1日公布施行的中华人民共和国保险法。法律的重要变化之一就是在总则中以第5条单列一条规定：“保险活动当事人行使权利、履行义务应当遵循诚实信用原则。”这表明，国家在对保险合同的调整上将对当事双方诚信的要求放到了重要位置，与之相对应，严守保证义务作

18、为履行诚信原则的必然结论理应受到更多关注。结合保证条款的独特性质以及我国的现实国情，对于其在我国保险合同法中的应用，可以提出如下建议：1.对于保证条款的解释严格依照其字面意思，限制做任何扩大解释。2.通过立法将可以设定为保证的事项限制在与防范保险风险有关的范围内。3.赋予保险人选择性的权利，使保险合同可以在一定条件下继续存在而不是必然终止。4.保险人不得滥用保证条款，不恰当地解除保险合同。14李玉泉。保险法M.法律出版社，19972中华人民共和国担保法S.3.3陶百川。六法全书M.三民书局，1991.57英克拉克（Clarke，M.A.）著。何美欢，吴志攀等译。保险合同法M.北京大学出版社，2

19、002.6魏润泉，陈欣。海上保险的法律与实务M.中国出版社，2001.8郑蕾。如何认识海上保险中的“保证”兼论对我国（海商法）第235条的理解J.中国海商法年刊，（5）。9姜涛。浅析海上保险合同中被保险人的保证义务J.人民司法，2001，（11）。On the terms of the insurance contract to ensurePapers Category:Securities Finance Papers - Insurance Papers Post Time:2006-8-15 15:00:00"Guarantee" as

20、 the Insurance Act embodies the principle of utmost good faith is an important insurance contracts. However, in practice, only in our country, "Maritime Code" reflected in article 235, "Insurance Law" is not its clear provisions. Can be said that "guarantee" system

21、 does not strictly applied to our country on the general provisions of insurance contracts, which mature in English law "guarantees" is a certain gap. As the "guarantee" in the insurance law theory in an important position, as well as marine insurance contracts in a wide range of

22、 them and there is no lack of theoretical and practical significance.      1, the insurance contract law to ensure the theory     Guarantee, also known as special, the United States called the guarantee, refer to the insured or the insurer of the insurer&

23、#39;s specific security issues, such as guarantees the authenticity of certain items, or guarantee certain matters such act or omission. Here, the "guarantee" is different from China's "Security Law" in the "guarantee", which refers to "guarantee agreement with

24、 the creditors when the debtor defaults, the guarantor in accordance with the agreed debt obligations, or acts of responsibility" is also different from the English "contract Law "referred to in any contract with a commitment to sexual terms. Accordance with the relevant provisions of

25、 Insurance Law, the insured person in breach of contract obligations under the guarantee agreement, the insurance people to enjoy the right to terminate the insurance contract, but we can not claim to the insured person. The United Kingdom in 1906, "Marine Insurance Law" Article 33 clearly

26、 states: guaranteed, which means a commitment guarantees, he incurs the insurer so doing undertake to do or not do certain things, or perform the obligations of a condition; or positive or disprove the existence of certain facts. China region "Insurance Law" will call it "special clau

27、se", states: "special provisions that would provide the parties with the basic provisions of the insurance contracts, the recognition of special obligations to fulfill the terms. With all matters related insurance contract, do not ask the past, present or future , are special provisions to

28、 be determined. insurance contracts either of the parties against the special provisions, the other party may lift the contract. "      According To Different Standards, Promises To Be Classified As Follows:     (A) To Confirm Guarantees And Commitme

29、nts Guarantees     Confirmed that guarantees the insured refers to the past or present existence of a particular matter or non-existent guarantee, contrary to the terms of this kind will result in the insurance contract void ab initio; commitment guarantees is insured for the fut

30、ure as a particular matter or omission of the guarantee, which requires the insured person during the performance of the contract always maintain a state of existence, or self-insurance against the time when the contract null and void. As confirmation of the insured person pursuant to the terms of t

31、he responsibility to ensure less than the promised guarantees, the United States courts in practice, provides that: Unless the parties are clearly defined commitment guarantees, or shall be presumed to recognize guarantees for the benefit of policyholders.      (B) The Expre

32、ss Warranties And Implied Guarantee     Express warranty is the parties in the insurance policy and its annexes contained explicit warranty; implied warranties are non-agreed upon by the parties, but by the regulations or the people in the habit of being recognized by guarantee.

33、Express warranty is not to "guarantee" the existence of the word effective, but can be documented in the insurance contract is considered reasonable in any place any of the terms by judges in specific cases to explain the purpose of the contract. If Mammone one case, a person the insurance

34、 their vehicles to ensure that "has not and will not, for special vehicles, changes to the original specifications with different producers," he later installed the wider wheels and a better tire. In its ruling, the Supreme Court of Victoria, its purpose by the assumption that "the ri

35、sk is to ensure that there would not be beneficial to the insurer a significant detrimental change," and therefore do not believe that the insured violated the guarantee of this. Implied warranties are mainly reflected in marine insurance, generally include the following three: First, to ensure

36、 the ship seaworthy; 2 are not allowed deviation guarantee, but to avoid the storm, or in helping others, except for reasons such as to change course; third voyage to ensure the legality of . Although these three warranty insurance contracts generally are not explicitly listed, but according to mari

37、ne insurance practice, the two sides should absolutely abide by.      (C) The Real Guarantee Of Assurance And Contract     This is based on the substance and form to ensure the classification. Reflect the true guarantee of warranty occurred in the ro

38、le of insurance risk control. Warranty is that the objective pursued in the future there will be limited to the signing of a contract of insurance risk can be expected within that time, or even because they had been insured to ensure strict compliance with the terms Ershi risks arise from the possib

39、ility of smaller, which is to ensure that the true meaning of . However, as both parties agreed in the contract "guarantee clause", its exactly with the extent of risk to be covered, do not hinder them as guarantee strict compliance. In other words, as long as the use of the insured in the

40、 form of commitments provided for in the contract, regardless of what the details are, once a breach of the contract automatically terminated, or to give the insurer the right to terminate the insurance contract, regardless of whether such violations and risks produce or increase the relevance of th

41、is.      Second, Ensure That The Characteristics Of Its Theoretical Significance Of     (A) To ensure that the characteristics of the unique characteristics of warranty constitutes a guarantee system is the basis of:      1. 

42、Guaranteed to be the basis for the existence of insurance contracts. Based on the confirmation of the above guarantees and commitments of guaranteed analysis, the former constitutes a prerequisite for the establishment of a contract, does not meet the requirements of recognized guarantees, insurance

43、 contracts will not be set up; while the latter is the premise of risk an insurer in violation of such assurance Insurers can no longer continue to bear the corresponding risks.      2. The insured to "guarantee" to comply with the absolute. According to the B

44、ritish, "Marine Insurance Act 1906" and other insurance laws and jurisprudence, if the insured or the insurer breach of warranty, regardless of the content they involve whether the risk for underwriting the importance of insurance, this person may lift the insurance contract on grounds of

45、self - breach of warranty occurs from the time when not assume liability for any loss. This is called guarantee strict compliance with the principle of. If the insurance contract provides that "set sail on July 1" but is actually set sail until July 2, were considered a violation of the gu

46、arantee. In addition, the fact that you can make a guarantee and insurance underwriting risk of people have nothing. This, Blackburn, Lord said: "If the contract both parties agreed to and have amply demonstrated their intent relating to such consent, the contract the parties have the right to

47、set up the event as the beginning of the contract pre-conditions; . . the establishment of whether the incident the importance of substance is not important. "Even if a breach of warranty and the subsequent emergence of the loss has nothing to do, insurers may also exempt liability insurance.&#

48、160;     3. Guarantees aimed at controlling risk. By ensuring strict compliance with the provisions, insurers can minimize the insurance risk and, if possible to reduce insurance losses arising from an accident occur, so as to achieve the purpose of disaster prevention and i

49、mpairment. "Guarantee" on the one hand to ensure that the insured person of good management measures will be implemented, such as in fire insurance in the junk should be removed every night; the other hand, to ensure that the insured person without the consent of the insurer shall not carr

50、y out the activities with higher risks , as in fire insurance should not be in this place is not a warehouse storing fuel in the fuel, so that the risk of under insurance contracts can be controlled at the beginning of the insurance contract who can be reasonably predictable range.   

51、   (B) The Warranty Is The Manifestation Of The Principle Of Utmost Good Faith     The principle of good faith originated in Roman law, the latter for national contract law to be invoked and thus become the most important civil law principles. This principle requires th

52、at people in the activities in good faith and fully perform its obligations, pay attention to credibility, honesty and extension, therefore, to pursue their own interests can not be at the expense of the interests of others and social interests of the expense. Principle of good faith is a market ord

53、er and guarantee the normal operation.      Warranty set is the principle of good faith embodied in the insurance contract is one. As with the special nature of insurance, insurance contracts, both parties stress the requirements of good faith much more than other contr

54、acts, insurance contracts known as the principle of utmost good faith. The insured and the insured person is a strict obligation to ensure a concrete manifestation of this principle. After the establishment of insurance contracts, because the insurer can not directly control the actual state of subj

55、ect-matter insured, to control its movements, in order to limit the risk as much as possible conclusion of the contract can be expected within the framework of the risk to require the insured to ensure strict compliance with, without the slightest breach of . The insured person to the insurance and

56、whether the authenticity of the subject described in faith to fulfill the obligations, is directly related to the interests of the insured person can be effectively guaranteed. Thus, there is the meaning of warranty is also to agreement of the parties and the legal provisions to ensure that the prin

57、ciple of utmost good faith in the insurance contract can be implemented to avoid the trust crisis, moral hazard occurs, so that both parties to determine the scope of activities is more . Therefore, national insurance, recognized legal careers: a breach of the guarantee, so that insurance contracts

58、lost the basis for their existence, the insurer may cancel the contract, be liable.      Third, China's "Insurance Law" To Ensure The Application And Recommendations On     (1) China's "Maritime" And The Terms Of General Insura

59、nce Provisions And Omissions On Assurances     Insurance legal system in China, with regard to ensuring the content is not more than, the provisions of the most clear-cut than the "Maritime Code" Article 235: "The insured person who contravenes the provisions of th

60、e guarantee contract, it shall immediately notify the insurer in writing. Insurance After the notice is received, you can cancel the contract, you can seek to amend the insurance conditions, increase insurance premiums. "This is a clear that the insured person in case of breach of warranty, and

61、 insurance underwriting enjoy cancel the contract or change the conditions so that insurance contracts continue to exist, right to choose. But the disadvantages are also obvious: it provides not only the principle too, but not clearly to ensure the nature and status, practical use is not easy to establish the terms of the parties in ensuring confidence; the other hand, the most cause for criticism of the place is about the obligation to notify the insured person settings, provides that "an insurer can cancel the contr