初中英语基本语法结构

1、初中英语基本语法结构一、词性的概念:英语中的单词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征所作的分类。共有十类:名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词,"名"就是名称-人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称:人名-Mike, Li Ming; 地名America, China 动物名-pig, dog; 植物名-tree, wheat。抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意, victory(胜利, knowledge(知识.2、代词,即是替代的意思,主要是来替代名词,所以说名词和代词关系是很近的,或者说代词的实质就是名词,正是这种血液关系,绝大多数时候代词跟名

2、词在句中起的作用是一样的。代词,从英语词汇的整体来看数量并不多。3、动词,"动"就是动作-人的五官动作: walk, jump, swim;人的大脑动作(心理活动: think, imagine。也有些动词是表示静止的,如:am,is,are。4、形容词,我们在谈论人或物时,常说:“你描述一下是什么样子。”你就要用上:tall(高的,short矮的,black(黑的,white(白的这些词往往是修饰名词,它们就是形容词。5、副词,说人行走得快慢,讲话清楚,在英语里就要用quickly(快地,slowly(慢地, clearly(清楚地这些词往往来修饰动词。它们就是副词。副词

3、很多是从形容词加ly构成的,所以看单词词尾是否有ly是判断是否是副词的一种方法,但是词尾是ly的也不一定都是副词,可能是形容词,不过只有少量的单词(常见的有likely,friendly lovely,lonely,weekly, monthly,yearly , 这几个单词需要加强记忆,也不就是几个单词特殊嘛,不过考试往往就考特殊的,你要小心才是呀!6、介词,英语用词里介词也属于难缠的一个。因为它涉及方面广,而且变化多端,往往令人捉摸不定,记起来很麻烦。别怕别怕,大部份介词都不难理解,比较令人头痛的只是下列几个at, by, to,in,for,of,on,from,with,其中又以at,

4、 by, in, on 为四大“要犯"!学习介词就是要抓住这几"要犯",还要提醒你的是,介词同名词“关系”最好,是“铁”哥们,所以往往你见到介词的地方你就会见到名词,而且还有一个词类往往和他们两个往往在一起,那就是冠词,他们三个形成一个“小集团”。7、连词,如果我们想把单词与单词、短语与短语、句子与句子连接起来就要用连词。连词不能单独作句子成分,只能和其他词类一起作句子成分。常见的连词有:and, but, or, both . and, neither.nor, not only .but also, when, where, before, after, if

5、 等等8、冠词,英语中只有三个词:aan (不定冠词the (定冠词,简单来说,不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指,冠词与名词关系紧密,一般是放在名词之前。定冠词也不能单独做主语宾语等等什么啦,只能和其他词类结合作句子成分。9、数词,顾名思义,跟数字有关的词就是数词,英语中的数词有两种,基数词和序数词。基数词,比如:one two, three, four, five, six, seven 等等,序数词,比如:first, second, third, fourth, fifth 等等。10、感叹词,主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情的,比如:oh, ah, well 等等,这一词类在十大词类中并不重

6、要,了解即可。二、句子成分:句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。1主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首。如:Students study. (学生学习。 We are friends.(我们是朋友这两句话中单词students是个名词,we是代词,它们在句中做主语。2谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。如:Students stu

7、dy. (学生学习。 We are friends. (我们是朋友这两句话中单词study和are都是动词,study叫做实意动词,are叫做be动词,它们在句中作谓语。3宾语:表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。 I play with him. (我和他一起玩。这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词him是带词,它们在句中作宾语。4定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如:This is a red

8、sun.(这是个红太阳. He is a tall boy.(他是个高个子男孩。这两句话中单词red和tall都是形容词,它们作定语。5状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如:The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。I often write to him. (我常给他写信。The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状语。6表语:用来说明主语的

9、性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如:This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:(定语主语(状语谓语(定语宾语(状语如:(The tall boy (often go (to the big zoo.(The happy child - went (his home yesterday.请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分1I have two elder sisters. (我有两个姐姐。2 They don't swim very well.(他们游泳不太好。3

10、Do you go to school every day? (你每天去上学吗?4 I really want a cup of tea.(我真的想要一杯茶。5 Miss Smith teaches English very well.(史密斯先生教英语非常好。三、简单的五种基本句型:1、S(主+ Vi(不及物动词(谓语主动结构例如:Time flies.1S + V + 副词(状语例如:Birds sing beautifully.2S + Vi + 介词短语(状语例如:He went on holiday.3S + Vi + 不定式(状语例如:We stopped to have a re

11、st.4S + Vi + 分词(状语例如:I'll go swimming.2、S (主+ Vt (及物动词(谓语+ O(宾语主动宾结构例如:We like English.1S + Vt + 名词/代词例如:I like music.2S + Vt + 不定式例如:I want to help him.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:decide, hope, learn, need, promise, want, 等。3S + Vt + 疑问词+ 不定式例如:I don't know what to do.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:ask, decide, find out,

12、 forget, know等。4S + Vt + 动名词例如:I enjoy living here.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise等。5S + Vt + 宾语从句例如:I don't think (that he is right.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。3、S (主+ V(谓语( 系动词+ P(表语主系表结构例如:We are Chinese.说明 .除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,表感官的动词,feel, smell,

13、 taste, sound, look, seem 等。表转变变化的动词,become, get, grow, turn, go,等。表延续的动词keep, seem等。表瞬时的动词come, fall等。.表语也就是主语的补足语。1S + V + 名词/代词例如:He is a boy.2S + V + 形容词例如:She is beautiful.3S + V + Adv 副词例如:Class is over.4S + V + 介词短语例如:He is in good health.5S + V+ 分词例如:He is excited.4、S (主+ Vt(谓语+ In O(间接宾语+ D

14、 O(直接宾语主动双宾结构例如:I give you help.1S + Vt + 间接宾语+ 直接宾语例如:I sent him a book.2S + Vt + 直接宾语+ To/for + 间接宾语例如:He sent a book to me.说明 间接宾语前需要加to 的常用动词有:bring, give, lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有:buy, get, make 等。5、S (主+ Vt(谓语+ O(宾语+ O C(宾语补足语主动宾补结构例

15、如:I make you clear.强调宾语和宾语补足语之间通常具有逻辑主谓关系。1S + Vt + 宾语+ 名词例如:We named our baby Tom.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:call, find, make, name等。2S + Vt + 宾语+ 形容词例如:He painted the wall white.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。3S + Vt + 宾语+ 介词短语例如:She always keeps everything in good order.4S + Vt + 宾语+ 不

16、定式例如:I wish you to stay.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:不定式带to的词:ask, invite, tell, want, warn, wish等。不定式不带to的词:have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch等。5S + Vt + 宾语+ 分词例如:I heard my name called(表示被动.I feel something moving(表示进行.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:notice, observe, see, watch等。6S + Vt + 宾语+ 疑问词+ 不定式例如:He show me how to d

17、o it.说明 常用于这句型的动词有:ask, show, teach, tell等。【巩固练习】(一基础题:1.判断下列各句的基本结构。1Mr. Black is English.2The teacher taught us some new words.3The farmer is picking the apples.4The temperature dropped.5I have short black hair and brown eyes.2.句子成分判断:A. 指出下列句中主语的中心词1The teacher with two of his students is walking

18、 into the classroom.2There is an old man coming here.3The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.4To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.5The good omen of his birth was destined to change his fortune.B. 选出句中谓语的中心词1I don't like the picture on the w

19、all.A. don'tB. likeC. pictureD. wall2The days get longer and longer when summer comes.A. getB. longerC. daysD. summer3Do you usually go to school by bus?A. DoB. usuallyC. goD. bus4There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A. will beB. meetingC. the libraryD. afternoon5Did the twins h

20、ave porridge for their breakfast?A. DidB. twinsC. haveD. breakfastC. 挑出下列句中的宾语1My brother hasn't done his homework.A B C D2People all over the world speak English.A B C D3You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.A B C D4Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about y

21、ou?A B C D5They didn't know who "Father Christmas " really is.A B C DD. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语A B C DShe found it difficult to do the work.A B C DThey call me Lily sometimes.A B C DDid you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?A B C DE. 划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语1Please tell us a story.2My

22、 father bought a new bike for me last week.3Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term.4Here is a pen. Give it to Tom.5Did he leave any message for me.(二提高题:I.指出下列各句中斜体词的词性,并将句子译成汉语。1. The man was fined 20 dollars for smoking in the theatre.2. You've done a pretty good job.3. We walked about

23、the school campus during the break.4. These medicines will be shipped to an African country.5. The lady put the fish dish at the window to cool it.6. Harris learned how to milk a cow.7. The crops are growing badly in such dry weather.8. The wastebasket has been emptied.9. Too much fat is bad for one

24、's health.10. The girl has a gift for language learning.11. The rain saved us the trouble to water the flowers.12. They had a good laugh over the story.13. The owner named his coffee shop "Dream".14. The robber was sentenced to death.15. His debt totaled £ 20,000.16. 17. 18. 19. We looked at the eagle flying high in the sky. The old man likes to walk his dog after breakfast. Some road signs were set up along the highway. I booked two tickets beforehand. II. 指出下列各句的基本结构。 1. Mr Wang is C