4 Chapter Three选词法

1、English-Lecturer：Seo (徐英Chapter Three :DictionPart 1: IntroductionPart 2: Choice of Grammatical MeaningsPart 3: Choice of Affective MeaningsPart 4: Choice of Contextual MeaningsPart 5: Choice of Collocative MeaningsPart 6: Choice of Ambiguous MeaningsPart 7: Choice of Extended MeaningsPart 8: Assign

2、mentsIntroductionkeywordsDiction: the choice of words and phrases to express meaningDenotation: the direct, explicit meaning or reference of a word or term. （词等的）指示意义，本义Connotation: idea or notion suggested by or associated with a word, phrase, etc. in addition to its explicit meaning, or denotation

3、 内涵意义，隐含意义；转义(p67)E.g.storm（n.）Denotation: a rough weather condition with wind, rain,and often lightning. 使用本义的词不论出现在怎样的上下文中，其意义均固定不变。E.g. 1.The islanders were warned that a storm was coming. 岛民们已经得到警报，暴风雨即将来临。 2.The forecast says there will be storms. 预报称将有暴风雨。 Connotation:3.But his last words brou

4、ght on another storm. 可是，他最后的言辞引起了激烈的反响。 4.The book provoked a storm of controversy. 这本书挑起了一场热烈的争论。 5.Her singing took New York by storm. 她的歌唱在纽约引起了轰动。 6.We thought that they had decided not to get married but their quarrel was just a storm in a teacup. 我们想他们已经决定不结婚了，可是，他们的争吵不过是小题大做而已。Features of Co

5、nnotative meaning 1) Connotative meaning is the intensional meaning which a word suggests or implies. Brain-storming:e.g. mother: home: 2) Connotative meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.e.g. 喜鹊in Chinese is associat

6、ive with happiness, luck whereas magpie in English is associative with gossip. Owl: bad luck in Chinese, calmness, wisdom in English.Questions:*What connotations do the word atomic might have for each of the following people?1. A scientist working a project to develop individual uses for nuclea

7、r power2. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima(广岛)Answers:positive associations-benefit, energy, powernegative associations-suffering, killing, death, horror, radiation, diseaseEach word when used in a new context is a new word!(p67)Context: the words that come just before and after a word, phrase

8、or statement and help you to understand its meaning语境说话有场合，有环境，也有上下文，所有这些都叫 context。一词有多义，该选择哪一个意义至关重要。词义选择必须符合语境。Eg. Tom is a machine. 汤姆是一个有能力且能吃苦耐劳的人。 汤姆是一个很残忍/呆板/固执的人。 Choice of Grammatical MeaningsGrammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept

9、 or relationships. e.g. girl, girls; forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting The dog is chasing a cat. The same word, when used as different parts of speech and playing different roles in a sentence, has different meanings.Choice of Grammatical MeaningsChoice of Grammatical Meaningsround：The

10、Earth is not completely round.地球并不是完全圆的。（形容词）Let's go into the hall and have a look round. 让我们进大厅转一转。（副词）They are dancing in a round.他们围成一圈跳舞。（名词）He worked round the day.他工作了一整天。（介词）The boy's eyes rounded with excitement. 男孩兴奋得眼睛睁得圆圆的。（动词）Choice of Affective Meanings1) Affective meaning indi

11、cates the writer/speakers attitude towards the person or thing.e.g. Famous notoriousDetermined pigheadedForeigner alienLabor organizer labor agitatorStatesman politicianUnique unusual bizarre3 Types of affective meanings: Positive（commendatory） Neutral DerogatoryE.g.portly overweight obese 2) Affect

12、ive meaning is also unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.e.g. individualism, liberalism, pragmatism, propaganda,dogEvery dog has his day.人人皆有得意之时。(p69)3) In most cases, the affective meaning can be decided by the context.e.g. am

13、bition1.One who is filled with ambition usually works hard. 志向远大的人通常也是实干的（勤勤恳恳的）人。2.The reactionarys chief ambition is to become the emperor.乱臣贼子妄图称王称霸。aggressive Jim was an aggressive engineer who did his job quite well. （褒义） He was so aggressive that he offended almost everyone. （贬义） flatter Donal

14、d was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever seen. （贬义） A: Youre really great. Youre a go-getter Ive never seen. B: Thank you, but you flattered me! （中性） 他过于咄咄逼人，几乎冒犯了所有人。 She felt greatly flattered when she received the invitation to deliver a le

15、cture. 她接到去做演讲的邀请时，感到非常荣幸。（褒义） invent Edison invented the gramophone and the electric light. （褒义） People sometimes invent excuses to go out of work. （贬义） scheme The enemys scheme went bankrupt.敌人的阴谋破产了。 We have mapped out a scheme for our trip. 我们制定了一个计划。Choice of Contextual MeaningsChoice of Contex

16、tual Meanings词义选择一个更为重要的方法就是根据上下文来判断词义了。因为很多英语单词即使弄清楚了词性，但仍须从几个或几十个义项中选定确切的词义。这就需要借助于上下文提供的各种线索做出合理的分析、推理、判断。因此，在翻译中，我们一定要随时注意上下文，上下文的不同在很大程度上决定了单词意义的不同，也在很大程度上决定了翻译中理解和表达的正确性、准确性和译文是否通顺。Choice of Contextual Meanings1. That car was really moving.那汽车真的在动/跑得可真快。2. Share prices moved ahead today.股票价格今日

17、上扬。3. The story of their sufferings moved us deeply.他们的苦难经历深深打动了我们。4. Work on the new building is moving quickly. 新大楼的工程进展得很快。5. The government's opinions on this matter haven't moved. 政府对这件事的看法没有改变。Choice of Contextual Meanings6. I move that we support the introduction of this new technolog

18、ical process.我提议我们支持采用这一新工艺方法。7. She moves in the highest circles of society. 她生活在高级社交圈里。8.Unless the employers move quickly, there will be a strike.雇主若不尽快采取措施，就要引起一场罢工。Choice of Collocative MeaningsChoice of Collocative Meanings1) Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in

19、its collocation. e.g. tremble with fear; quiver with excitement wide awake; fully awake; sound asleep2). A word can gain different collocative meaning in different context.e.g. green on the jobgreen fruitgreen with envy; green-eyed monsterChoice of Collocative MeaningsDevelop:1) Scientists are

20、developing new drugs to treat arthritis. 科学家们正在研制治疗关节炎的新药物。 2) She should have developed her own style instead of copying him. 她应该形成她自己的风格，而不是抄袭他的。 3) He had developed a certain affection for me. 他对我有了一定的感情。 4) The course is designed to help students develop their speaking skills. 这门课是为了培养学生的说话技能而设计

21、的。 5) Some alcoholics develop liver disease. 一些酗酒者会得肝病。 Choice of Collocative Meanings6) We will develop a few of these points in the seminar. 我们将在学术讨论会上阐述其中的某几点。 7) We would like to see the land developed for low-cost housing. 我们想看到这片土地开发后用来建造低成本的住宅。 8) Did you ever get the pictures developed? 你有没有

22、把照片冲洗出来？ 9) Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals. 陆地动物被认为是从海洋动物进化而来的. 10) She's developed some very strange habits since she started living on her own. 自从她自己住后，她养成了一些很奇怪的习惯。Choice of Ambiguous MeaningsChoice of Ambiguous Meanings造成英语句子歧义的常见因素有词汇歧义(Lexical ambiguity)和结构歧义(

23、Structural ambiguity)。词汇歧义多是因为一词多义、一义多词、同音词的大量存在所造成的。结构歧义一般起因于结构或形态的含混，有限的语法规则，结构框架。Choice of Ambiguous MeaningsFather: Do you know what happens to liars when they die? Johnny: Yes, sir; they lie still. 说话者如果着重考虑liars这个词，那lie就可理解为“撒谎”，若是着重考虑die这个词，那么lie就可以理解为“躺下”。 She didnt take his tip.a.她没有接受他的建议/

24、忠告。b.她没有接受他的小费。Choice of Extended MeaningsChoice of Extended Meanings引申是英汉翻译的常用手法之一。英语和汉语在长期发展和使用中形成了富有各自特点的修辞方法、搭配习惯和行文规范。明明能够读懂英语原文，但若按照原文形式和字面意思逐字翻译或者生搬硬套的话，翻译出来的译文要么是句子不通，要么是令人费解，有时甚至可能造成误解。 Choice of Extended Meanings（一）通过抽象化加以引申(concrete abstract)英语中有时用表示具体形象的词或短语来表示某种特性、事物、概念等。译成汉语时，往往要将这种含义或

25、短语作抽象化的引申，用比较笼统概括的词加以表达，以使译文明快达意。例如：1. They have their smiles and tears.他们有自己的欢乐与悲哀。2. We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。Choice of Extended Meanings3. When I go around on speaking engagements, they all expect me to assume a Quaker Oats look.实译：我应邀外出演讲时，他们都指望我摆出一副像麦片商