2009年高中英语全国阅读理解专题讲解

1、阅读理解阅读理解(猜词训练）猜词训练） 根据上下文正确猜出生词词义：根据上下文正确猜出生词词义： 1. 根据定义或解释说明猜测生词的词义根据定义或解释说明猜测生词的词义 1）根据定义或解释说明猜测词义）根据定义或解释说明猜测词义 在在be或或be called等判断词出现的判断句中，生词是被解释说明的等判断词出现的判断句中，生词是被解释说明的表语，或是用来下定义的主语。表语，或是用来下定义的主语。 A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. A mosquito is

2、a small flying pest that thrust the skin and then drink blood. 定语从句或同位语对其先行词起修饰或解释说明的作用，有助于定语从句或同位语对其先行词起修饰或解释说明的作用，有助于猜出该先行词的词义。猜出该先行词的词义。 Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a persons lungs and his heartbeats. Perhaps the most astonishi

3、ng theory comes out of the medical research of kinesics, the study of body movement which was suggested by the famous doctor and professor named Sweeny. 有时标点符号中的破折号有时标点符号中的破折号“”也可引出起解释也可引出起解释说明作用的同位语或具有同义的短语或从句。说明作用的同位语或具有同义的短语或从句。 Down from the sky came a dark funnel-like（漏斗状的）漏斗状的）cloud. This dark

4、 cloud reached the ground all of a sudden. This terrible tornadoa wind which went round and round as fast as 500 miles an hour and picked up everything in its path, such as large trees, cars and even houses. 只要读懂以上五句话，猜出只要读懂以上五句话，猜出carpenter的词义是的词义是“木匠木匠”，mosquito的词义是的词义是“蚊子蚊子”，stethoscope的词义是的词义是“听

5、诊器听诊器”，kinesics的词义的词义是是“人体运动学人体运动学”，而，而tornado的词义是的词义是“龙卷风龙卷风”应是完全可能的。应是完全可能的。 2. 根据对比关系猜测生词的词义根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在在but, however, yet, otherwise或或though这些表示意义转这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，很容易猜出生词的根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，很容易猜出生词的词义，例如：词义，例如： If you agree, write“yes”;

6、if you dissent, write“no”. Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate. Though Toms face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very thrifty. Although a large number of

7、people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theft（n. 偷窃）偷窃）. 通过上面各句的对比，不难猜出通过上面各句的对比，不难猜出dissent的意义是：的意义是：不同意，不赞同；不同意，不赞同；innate的词义是：天生的；的词义是：天生的；grubby的词义是肮脏的；的词义是肮脏的；thrifty的词义是：节俭的；的词义是：节俭的；innocent的词义是：无辜的。的词义是：无辜的。 3. 通过因果关系猜测词义通过因果关系猜测词义 because, sinc

8、e与与as是连结原因状语从句的从属连是连结原因状语从句的从属连词，词，so是连结表示结果的并列句的连词，是连结表示结果的并列句的连词，so that与与such that的中的中that是连结结果状语从句的是连结结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句中，通过因果。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句中，通过因果关系，依据已知部分，就能猜出生词的词义，例关系，依据已知部分，就能猜出生词的词义，例如：如： Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic. T

9、he river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. Hes such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. Turgid with the water of the melting（融化的）（融化的）snow, the rivers would soon overflow their banks. She wanted the hairdresser（美发师）（美发师）to trim her ha

10、ir a bit because it was too long. 通过上面五个句子的因果关系，依据已知部分，可以猜通过上面五个句子的因果关系，依据已知部分，可以猜出出elastic的词义是：的词义是：( )；turbid的词义是：的词义是：( )；shrewd的词义是：的词义是：( )；turgid with的词义是：的词义是：( )；trim是个动是个动词，其词义是：词，其词义是：( )。【模拟试题】【模拟试题】 利用上述三种猜词技巧猜出下列练习中划线生词的词义利用上述三种猜词技巧猜出下列练习中划线生词的词义 1. 根据定义或解释说明猜出下列各句中划线的生词词义根据定义或解释说明猜出下列各

11、句中划线的生词词义 1）Archaeology is the study of the buried remains of ancient times, such as houses, pots, tools and weapons. 2）A magnet is a piece of iron or steel which can pull other pieces of iron to itself, and a magnet is sometimes used by some people to find their lost bits of iron from the places wh

12、ere its difficult for them to find them without a magnet. 3）Travellers in deserts or thick forests always bring with them compasses, a kind of very helpful instruments that help them to know the directions and which always consist of a freely-moving MAGNETIC needle that always moves to point to the

13、north. 4）Some armed policemen have to wear bullet-proof Vests, a piece of clothing that can protect their chests（胸部）（胸部）and that are used to stop bullets or a vest which cannot be passed through by bullets. 5）This strict officer is a martinet, a person who demands total obedience（服从）（服从）to rules, de

14、scipline and orders. 6）His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. 7）Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool at different speeds. 8）If you want to build your new houses with stones of regular shape, youd better consult excellent stonemas

15、ons, whose jobs is cutting stones into the desired shapes for building. 9）Some organizations of United Nations prefer to take on polyglots as their workersthose who can understand as well as speak many languages. 10）On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, both for t

16、heir eggs and their meat.【试题答案】【试题答案】 1. 11. 1）考古学）考古学 2 2）磁铁）磁铁 3 3）指南针）指南针 4 4）防弹背心）防弹背心（马甲）（马甲） 5 5）要求严格服从纪律和命令的人）要求严格服从纪律和命令的人 6 6）动物学家）动物学家 7 7）淬火）淬火 8 8）石匠）石匠 9 9）懂而且会说多种语言的人）懂而且会说多种语言的人 10 10）家）家禽禽 4. 根据生活常识猜测词意根据生活常识猜测词意 运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常运用逻辑推理能力，自身的生活经验及生活常识，根据上下文能读懂的部分，正确猜出生词词识，根据上下文能读懂

17、的部分，正确猜出生词词意，是一种行之有效的猜测词意的方法。下面两意，是一种行之有效的猜测词意的方法。下面两段文字中分别有三个下面划线的生词，依据已知段文字中分别有三个下面划线的生词，依据已知内容，利用生活常识，可以较为准确地猜出它们内容，利用生活常识，可以较为准确地猜出它们的词意。的词意。 （1）Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fishes have slimy skins covered with scales, so it is difficult to get firm hold of th

18、em. 这段文字的已知部分和已具备的生活常识清楚这段文字的已知部分和已具备的生活常识清楚地告诉我们这三个生词地告诉我们这三个生词fins，slimy和和scales的词意的词意分别是：分别是：( )。 鳍，滑溜，鱼鳞鳍，滑溜，鱼鳞 （2）Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects. 这段文字的已知部分和我们对

19、鸟的常识可以准确地猜测这段文字的已知部分和我们对鸟的常识可以准确地猜测出出wings的词意是：的词意是：( )beaks的词意是：的词意是：( )claws的的词意是：词意是：( )。 （3）When you throw a stone into still water of a lake, you will watch a ripple spread in rings on the surface of water. 这段文字的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们这段文字的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们ripple的词的词义是：义是：( )。 （4）Most of the roses are begi

20、nning to winter because of the cold. 句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：因为严寒，大句子的已知部分和我们的常识告诉我们：因为严寒，大多数月季花正在开始（多数月季花正在开始（ ）。）。翅膀翅膀爪子爪子喙喙涟漪涟漪枯萎枯萎 5. 根据同等关系猜测词意根据同等关系猜测词意 所谓同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作所谓同等关系，指的是一个词，一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词意都属于同一义域。在这样的词同一成分，而且它们的词意都属于同一义域。在这样的词组和短语中，通常有并列连词组和短语中，通常有并列连词and或者或者or等作同等关系的等作同等关系的

21、标志词。据此，只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，标志词。据此，只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，在句中的作用和大概的即可确定同等关系中生词的词性，在句中的作用和大概的义域。义域。 （1）In the ancient city of Rome, we visited every mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls. （2）There is no reason to insult and defame the man simply because you do not agree

22、 with him.( ) （3）At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. ( ) （4）Trees, shrubs, flowers and grass are basic to parks or large gardens. ( )诋毁诋毁盛年时期盛年时期灌木灌木 依据这四个生词的语言环境，不难猜出依据这四个生词的语言环境，不难猜出mansion是名词词是名词词性，其义域属于性，其义域属于“建筑物或场所建筑物或场所”的范畴，因为与其处于的范畴，因为与其处于同等关系的词不是建筑物，就是场所。同等关系的词不是建筑物，

23、就是场所。defame是动词词是动词词性，因为它与动词性，因为它与动词insult是同等关系，是同等关系，insult的词意是：侮的词意是：侮辱，那么辱，那么defame的词意不外乎是的词意不外乎是“诋毁诋毁”，“中伤中伤”或或“诽谤诽谤”一类的意思。从年龄一类的意思。从年龄42岁，更重要是从与其有同岁，更重要是从与其有同等关系的等关系的full of energy，不难猜出，不难猜出prime的词义是：盛年的词义是：盛年时期。第四个划线生词处于同等关系的三个词都是熟词，时期。第四个划线生词处于同等关系的三个词都是熟词，trees的词义是：树木；的词义是：树木；flowers的词义是：花朵，而

24、的词义是：花朵，而grass的词义是草地，而的词义是草地，而shrubs是何物，不言自明，肯定属于植是何物，不言自明，肯定属于植物一类，那么只要知道是植物就基本可以了。如果能就其物一类，那么只要知道是植物就基本可以了。如果能就其前面出现的词前面出现的词trees（树木），能推测出（树木），能推测出shrubs是比树木矮是比树木矮的灌木，那就更为理想，因为后半句接着还提供了信息：的灌木，那就更为理想，因为后半句接着还提供了信息：对于公园或大的花园来说是必不可少的。由此根据同等关对于公园或大的花园来说是必不可少的。由此根据同等关系，又根据生活常识能猜出其词义是系，又根据生活常识能猜出其词义是“灌木

25、灌木”是应该可能是应该可能的。的。 6. 根据构词法的知识猜测词意根据构词法的知识猜测词意 中学阶段学过的那部分英语构词知识对于有效地猜出生中学阶段学过的那部分英语构词知识对于有效地猜出生词词意是很有用处的。只要知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义词词意是很有用处的。只要知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义，猜出由它们组成的新词是理所应当的。，猜出由它们组成的新词是理所应当的。 （1）When a wise person misuses his wisdom, he will do great harm to society. （2）The speaker enforce his argument by prod

26、ucing facts and figures. （3）As they went along they saw the fog thickening and the thickness of the fog made them unable to see anything. （4）The colours of Hawaii in summer are unforgetable. （5）The passengers belongings on the train are stored in their holdalls, boxes, baskets and netbags. misuse的词意

27、是：错误地使用；的词意是：错误地使用；wisdom的词意是：智慧；的词意是：智慧；speaker此处的词意是：发言人；此处的词意是：发言人；enforced使使变得更有变得更有力；力；argument的词意是：论点；的词意是：论点；thicken的词意是：使的词意是：使变得更浓；变得更浓；thickness的词意是：浓密（的词意是：浓密（n. ）；而）；而unable的词的词意则是：不能够。意则是：不能够。unforgetable的词义是：令人难以忘怀的；的词义是：令人难以忘怀的；belongings的词义是：（属于乘客们的）物品或东西；而的词义是：（属于乘客们的）物品或东西；而holdall

28、(s)和和netbag都是合成词，再加上它们出现的语境的同都是合成词，再加上它们出现的语境的同等关系都装放或盛放东西的等关系都装放或盛放东西的boxes和和baskets一类器皿，所以一类器皿，所以holdall和和netbag无非是无非是“旅行袋旅行袋”或或“行李包行李包”一类的东西，一类的东西，而而netbag则是则是“网兜网兜”。 根据构词法猜测根据构词法猜测英语中的构词法主要有三种：英语中的构词法主要有三种：派生（派生（Derivation）转化（转化（Conversion）合成（合成（Compounding）派生：派生：由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成一个新的单由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构

29、成一个新的单词，该法是猜测英语单词的主要方法。词，该法是猜测英语单词的主要方法。A.加前缀加前缀 dis-, in-, re-, un-, non-,B.加后缀加后缀 able, -al, -an, -ful, -ive, -er, -ese, -ist, -ment, -ness, -tion, -fy, -ian, -ing, -is(z)e, -ly, -teen, -ty, -th, -y转化：转化：由某一词性转达化成另一词性，其意义也发由某一词性转达化成另一词性，其意义也发生一定的变化。生一定的变化。I was asked to minute the race.“minute”转化成

30、动词，意为转化成动词，意为“为为计时计时”hand(n.)hand(v.) empty(adj.)empty(v.)合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个合成：两个或两个以上的单词组成一个新的单词。新的单词。如：如：blackboard, man-made,overthrow首字母缩略首字母缩略ISBN：International Standard Book Number 国际标准图书编号。国际标准图书编号。VIP：Very Important person 贵宾、贵宾、大人物大人物混合词混合词brunch: breakfast + lunch 早午餐早午餐smog: smoke + fog 烟雾

31、烟雾其他其他VS：versus(=against)Brazil VS ChinaXL: extra large【模拟试题】【模拟试题】 4. 根据下面各句句意和生活常识，猜出各句中划线生词根据下面各句句意和生活常识，猜出各句中划线生词的词义的词义 1）European countries, for the present, are deeply mired in economic troubles, and their economic future looks uncertain and dark.（ ）（）（ ） 2）Scientists group most living things

32、into main groups called“kingdoms”. There are the plant kingdom and animal kingdom. The study of plants is referred to as botany while the study of animals is spoken about as zoology.（ ） 3）One of symptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever.（ ）陷入陷入变化无常的变化无常的植物学植物学症状症状 4）Barometers are used

33、 to measure the pressure of the air in order to help judge probable changes in the weather or to help calculate the height above sea level. Weather experts use the fluctuations of the barometer as one of their guides in forecasting the weather.（ ） 5）Although pencils actually are made of graphite, no

34、t of lead（铅）（铅）, the term“lead pencil”has come to be widely used.（ ） 6）The sound of water gently lapping against the side of the boat during the silent night was very pleasant.（ ）气压表；升降气压表；升降石墨石墨拍打拍打 7）Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid

35、. 8）The argument was finally settled by the arbitrator chosen and considered fair by both sides.（）（） 9）In old days when girls from rich families were married to their husbands they were expected to bring with themselves a large quantity of dowry. 10）In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the t

36、errible cold.（）（） 7）（）（）（）（）易挥发的易挥发的仲裁者仲裁者嫁妆嫁妆颤抖颤抖 5. 根据下面各句句意和下面划线生词前后单根据下面各句句意和下面划线生词前后单词的同等关系，猜出划线生词的大概义域。词的同等关系，猜出划线生词的大概义域。 1）Scientists are now studying how birds such as terns and swans move from one place to another.（）（） 2）Violins, violincellos, violas and mandolins all belong to stringed mu

37、sical instruments.（）（） 3）The hot tropical weather created a feeling of lassitude and encouraged laziness （）（）燕鸥；天鹅燕鸥；天鹅大，小提琴；曼陀林；带铉的；器具大，小提琴；曼陀林；带铉的；器具疲倦疲倦 4）A leader, young or old, must have character traits（特（特性）性）that inspire others to accept his leadership. He must show his courage, integrity an

38、d wisdom.（）（） 5）Sheep are not carnivorous but wolves, foxes, tigers, lions, leopards or hyenas are all flesh-eating animals. 6）This kind of animals enjoy eating dry fruits with a seed surrounded by a hard shell, such as almonds, walnuts, cashew nuts, groundnuts and chestnuts.（）（） 7）In China or India

39、 some pagodas are usually seen together with ancient temples, where Buddhist books or remarkable monks bones unburned to ashes in the fire. 5)( ) 6)( ) 7)( )7)( )正直正直食肉的动物；老虎；狮子；豹子；野狗食肉的动物；老虎；狮子；豹子；野狗杏仁；核桃；腰果；花生；栗子杏仁；核桃；腰果；花生；栗子塔塔 8）In the modernized kitchen youll find electric cooker, pressure cook

40、er, micro wave oven, frying-pan, saucepan, toaster and so on. 9）The planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn have been examined from spacecraft（航天飞机）（航天飞机）sent up by American and Russian scientists. 10）At the dinner party we drank a lot of sherriesthe most famous wine from Spain.6. 根据构词法，猜出

41、下列各句中下面划线的根据构词法，猜出下列各句中下面划线的生词的词义生词的词义 1）Teachers should be good at the method of persuasion（persuade）and education. 2）I like the bird which has a pair of colourful（colour）wings. 3）This is quite a painless（pain）operation for the patients who are afraid of the terrible pain caused by the operation. 4

42、）The city government has decided to have the main streets widened（wide）next year. 5）Oh, how bumpy（bump）the road is! It has to be repaired and made smooth. 6）There are quite a few mistakes in your plan of the new building, so you must have it redesigned（design）as soon as possible. 7）The story in the

43、newspaper isnt completely true; some of the facts have been misreported（report）. 8）Following is a discontinuous（continue）line. 9）It is immoral（moral）of anybody to play with others affection. 10）To quite a great many people, money is an irresistable（resist）temptation（诱惑）（诱惑）. 7. 阅读下面短文，根据短文内容猜出其中下面划阅

44、读下面短文，根据短文内容猜出其中下面划线生词的词义，然后回答或完成短文后面的问题。线生词的词义，然后回答或完成短文后面的问题。 Zip was stopped during the war and only after the war did zip become popular. What a difference it has made to our lives. It keeps people at home much more. It has made the distant parts of the world more real to us. Photographs can sho

45、w a country, but only zip is able to make us feel that a foreign country is real, because pictures given by the zip is movable and can make the scenes near or far, small or large. Also we can see scenes in the street. Big occasions and sudden incidents are zipped and then shown to the people all over the world, such as the Opening of Olympic Games, the election of a p