代词、介词、连词、冠词

1、2012初三英语语法讲义（三）代词、介词、连词、冠词（教师）一.代词1 左义：为避免重复而用来代替前文提到的名词的词2分类：共4类，分别为血代词（主格和宾格）、物主代词（形的性和名词忤.）、囱 叠代词（sclf）、指示代词（this,山肚fhese, thosQ）、疑问代词（vh）,丕定代词（somc,any及其与 thing» body构成的复合词等等），相互代词（each other, one another）和关系代词。3 人称代词的重难点：1）不同人称代词的顺序问题a.单数人称代词并列作主语和宾语时，其顺序为:you, he/she and I：yo” Jiim/her cu

2、idme （宾 格）b复数人称代词作主语和宾语时，其顺序为：祝joh mid （hev;（主格）；us, you and them 注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面a. 在承认错误，承担责任时。It was / a”d John that made her angry.（我和约翰）b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称。I（uidyou try to finish it.（我和你）2）it的特别用法a 作形式主语或宾语Ifs necessary to buy that dictionary.I consider /important to ask the teacher.（

3、不用that）b. it表示时间;天气，季节，距离，还可以指代上文内容。It rains all the year.Professor Lee gave us a lecture yesterda y. Itwas of sreat interest.3）人称代词单独使用时，常用宾格而不是主格厂J-Fd like to stay here for another week. - Me too. （I）4. 物主代词的重难点：1）形容词性物主代词起形容诩用,后而一立要直（有/没有）名词：需词性物主代词相当于 名词、后而一泄没有（有/没有）名词。比较：这本书是我的。This is /W£

4、 bookThis book is mine2）物主代词不可与 a, an, the, this, that, these, those, some, any, several no, each, every. such, another, which等词一起前置修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所着格3）双重所有格（a friend of mine的用法）公式为：a. an. this, that +名词+Qf+名闻性物主代词e.g. How many /hZMs of $ outs （你的多少朋友）will come to the party?5. 反身代词的重难点：1）可作宾语.同位语、表语等，

5、但不能单独作主语。判断正误：Myself drive the car.血I myself drive the car. （T）2）当宾语代词与主语指同一人时，宾语要用反身代词。You should be proud of yourself, （you）比较：Mary saw herself in the mirror. （she）（看到她自己）Mary saw her in the mirror, （she）（看到另外一人）3）oneself亲自（做）,相当于personally, in person； by oneself独自（做），相当于alone或独立做; for oneself独立（做

6、），首己动手做，相当于without being helped或者"为自己"b. You should go to see him yourself, （you）你应该亲自去见他 He likes to take a walk by himself, （he）他喜欢独自一人去散步。You should work out problem tor yourself, (you)你应该独立解决这个问题。enjoy oneself过得愉快 can't help oneself 情不自禁 talk / speak to oneself 自言自语4) teach oneself

7、 自学dress oneself自己穿衣服help oneself to随便吃请自便6 指示代词的重难点：1) this, theses指时间，空间离说话者较近人或物：血如£常指时间，空间离说话者较远人 或物。2) that, those用来代替前而说过的事物以免重复。The weather in Wuhan is much colder than tha£ in Guangzhou in winter.（用this/that填空） The radios made in Guangzhou are better than those made in Changchun.3）

8、that有时可代替句子或句中的一部分。He was ill. Thafz why he didn't come.7疑问代词who/whom曲0 put the light out before I finished my work?Whom/ who have you chosen to take part in the sports meeting?With whom did you go to the concert?&不能代词的重难点：1）包括all. both, each either, neither, more 1 ittle, few, much, many, *

9、another, “other, others, some, any, *every, *no, one 以及something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, no one. none, everybody, everyone2）以上既可起需词作用也可用作形容词，但标牝的除外，他们只能作泄语："以及''后面的只能 起名词作用。3) all VS both:世指三者及三者以上;泌指两者。a. all的主谓一致：al啲单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复

10、数决左。All 衣oes (go) well.All of the students come (come).b. both一般修饰可数需词(两者)，谓语用皇数Both Mary and Mike are students. (be)We both can speak English. (speak)We are both students.位置在名词血，行为动词墜 be动词之宦。(前/后)4) either VS neither: aifh纣指两者中任意一个;e"力纣指两者中没有一个,全否泄©a作主语时，脅融司多用单数，但有时复数也可以。Either of the fil

11、ms is/are good Neither of the films is/are good b 作定语与单数名词连用。Either film is goodNeither film is good.c可用于下列句型，避免重复。She can*t sing, neither (can) he.5) neither VS nora. 如不同的人不做同一件事用neither。e.g. If you don't do it> neither should I.(neither/nor)b. 如同一个人不做不同的事用nor,不用neithero e.g. He can't si

12、ng» nor dance, nor skate.6) no one VS none:No one 一般指人，其后不能加of短语：none既可指人也可指物，其后能加of短语。No。必 常用来回答who的提问；/址常用来回答how many/ much的提问。 - Who told you the news? - No I read the newspaper, (no one/ none) -How much money have you got on you? None.a. none of表示若干人(物)中一个也不，谓语动词可両复。b. 在答语中none可单独使用。e.g. Ar

13、e there any pictures on the wall? None7) one VS that VS it: one表示泛指与前面的名词同类的另一事物，既'同名异物：“砒"表示 特指。她与所指名蔽同类，但不是同一个，而X与所指名词为同一个。e.g. I can't find my hat. I think I must buy 不怎) (one/ that/ it)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)I can't find my hat. I don* t know whe

14、re I putjff(同一物)8) some VS anya. some也可与单数名词连用，意为”某一” (=a certain) e.g. You will be sorry for this some day.b. any可用于肯上句，含有任何的意思e.g. Here are three novels. You may read a狞.c. some用于肯左疑问句中:两舌人认为对方的答案会是肯泄的.或期望得到肯左回答时。Would you like句式中表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee?9) one/ another/ the other /

15、others:omthe ofher只有两个sow, the others有三个以上others = other people/things; the others = the rest剩余的全部 cuioUwr泛指另一个a一定范围内两人(物)，一个用one,另一个用the other。b. 泄范用内三者，一个用one.另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other, a third.c. 一建范围内，除去一部分人/物some,剩余的全部fflthe othersc10) a few, little, a few, a little: (a) few + 可数匕词，(a) l

16、ittle + 不可数名词;a 伽/a litHe 为肯怎 含义，还有一点:伽/皿8 为否定含义，没有多少了。固世搭配：only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)* many a (=many)Generally, a mild, sunny climate, with little rain.11) 形容词修饰复合不立代词时，要放崔冠代词后面。I have nothing important to deal with now.(没有什么重要的)二介词1. 当介词后直接跟动词时，动词用嘶形式。They are frightened

17、 of going into the area.2. 意义相近的介词的区别：1）in, after, latera. 辺表从现在开始一段时间以后，往往和一般将来时肯左句连用e.g.He'll reach here in two days.b. 血空表以过去的某一时间为起点，“过之后3其后既可接时间点，又可接时段。但 是，如果after用于一般将来时，那么英后应接时间点。He left （here after two o 'clock that afternoon.They started to go again after 加0 days I think he'll c

18、ome here a伽 fhree o'clock.c. later指“以后二“后来二可以指过去，也可指将来，是副词，常常放在时间段的需词 之后。Thug days later he got to Beijing.2）at, in, on表示时逻的区别a. 型用于表示时刻、时间的某一点。e.g. at noon, at present, at Christmasb. 五用壬表示周、月.季节、年，泛指的上午、下午.晚上。C. 0表示具体的V/日、几月几号、星期几。on Teachers Day, on Tuesday morning d辰：泛指一般的上午（下午）时用也，但特指某日的上午（

19、下午）时用on. e.g. on a cold nighte.在this, last, next, every等词前面不能再加介词this morning, last Friday, next Sunday3）in, by, with表示"用"a. with表“c用工具"后面的名词，要加上冠词或代词。b. 也表用材料"后而加物质名词，不能加冠词。c. 莎表咽手段"后面用名词单数，不能加冠词。She always goes to school by bike.The guard cut one boot open with a knifeHe w

20、rites in black ink.4) 表示"排曦九包括"的介词初中阶段，表示"排除'啲介词:but. expect, expect for.表示"包括"的介词:besides.besides除还，计算在内;except除之外,不计算在内.I like English, math, Chinese besides P.E.除了体冇，我还喜欢英语，数学和语文。We are all Chinese except Tom in our class.嗓了Tom,我们都是中国人。5) 表示地点，方位的介词：on, over, under, a

21、bove, belowa. on表示在某物而上，与此物接触匚e.e. There are two maps on the wall.b. over表示在某物正上方.与此物不摟触或横在某物上或覆豆在某物上；under在正下方，是 over的反义词。There is a lieht over Li Mins There is a ball imdcr the tablec. above意为在壬？！虽调"髙于X below是above礦文词。也指温度.海拔。We were flying above the cloudsPart of the Netherlands is below the

22、 level of the sea.6) by, until (till)a. by在前(时间)；截至(到) 一般和完成时连用，不可作连词How many English books had you read bv theof last war 】b. until (till)直到为止(时间)可与多个时态连用，既可以作介词,也可以作连词，untilWtill 可以通用，till一般不用于句首。在肯左句中，表示“做某事直到时间为止二要用延续性动词: 在否定句中，表示“直到才"，可用瞬间动词。Eg. Nothing happened until 5 o'clock.(作介词)Th

23、e street is full of traffic from morning till night.(作介词)Continue in this direction imtil you see a sign. (作连词)I wo” Y stop shouting until you let me go.(作连词)They went to other towns and waited imtil the water level fell again.(作连词)7) 某些介词的省略be busy (in) doing sth.have difficulty/ trouble doing (in)

24、 sth.(in) this/ that wayspend.(in) doing sth.have a good time (in) doing sth.waste.(in) doing sth.There is no use/good (in) doing slh.三.连词1 定义：连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子的词2分类：从连词本身的含意及英所连接的成分的性质来看，可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。1) 常用来并列同类性质的词与词、短语与短语或分句与分句的并列连词and, or、neithcFeifheoi “o/ oMvbi" also、bothand2) 引导从句的连词叫做

25、从属连词，分连接代词和连接副词两种。3 重难点：1) or在非否定句中表“或者二在否宦句中代替ande.g Are you a teacher or a student? I don't like reading or writing2) 当either.or., neither.nor, not only., but also.并列主语时，谓语动词与最靠近的主语在人 称和数方而保持一致，即就近原则。Either his parents or he himself 空(be) at home now.Neither my classmates nor I am (be) reading

26、 now.Not only her friends but also Lucy was (be) here yesterday3) 当连接两个并列主语时，谓语丽与as well as 漏的主语一致;谓语动词与not only.but also.与后面的主语_致。My parents 处 well as my elder sister 呵oy classical musicNot 0呛 my parents but also my elder sister Hijoys classical music4）thatffl于引导陈述句袞化而来的宾语从句，可以（可以/不可以？）省去。She says

27、that she likes watching TV very much5）because和so不能同时出现在一个句字；（hough /although不能和加"连用。6）if、whether连接由一般疑问句转化过来的宾语从句。They are wondering if they can get the money back.四、冠词：定冠词the，不定冠词an1 要用the的特别情况：1）两人或物进行比较时特定的比较级前。He is tli£ taller of the two children in his family.2 ） only, very, same 修饰名

28、词时。That's the very thing I've been looking for.3）用在形甌 动名泳 过去分词讹表示一类人或物或某种抽彖概念。the rich （poor, old, young, sick. dead, new, blind .wounded）; the true: the living :the dying; the unexpected: the unknown:4）用在磁名词前表示某一类人或事物The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.5）惯用语：the day after tomorrow.in

29、 the sky （water, field, country）, in the middle （of）,by tlie way .三军、船只.飞机等名词前。in the day, in the morning （afternoon, evening）, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the dark. in the rain, in the distance, in the end, on the whole （大体上，基本上）6）用在海洋、河流、山脉、群岛、某些国名等名词前。the Atlantic: the Alps: th

30、e Yellow sea;7）用在某些组织机构、报刊、杂志、学校、历史朝代、The World Trade Center, the Empire State Building,die People's Daily, the Tinies, the University of Beijing （但Beijing University）, the International Climate Conference, the YHA,8）用于姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人，夫妇俩” oThe Greens arc watching TV. （Green全家）2 要用不定冠词的特别情况：1）用在可

31、数名词前，泛指人、事或物的类别，相当于an* e.g. A child needs love.2 ）用在某些物质名词前，表示"一阵、一份、一类、一场"等e g. I d like an ice-cream.3）用在姓需前或+姓氏前，表示"某一个，某位二有不肯左的意味;也可表示“一位二指某家庭成 员。 A_Mr Thomson wanted to see you.4）丽数词用表再一，又一She has called on tlie president a third time but hasn't seen him yet.5）要用不定冠词的惯用短语：in

32、a way;have a try;make a living;take an interest in;lend a hand;for a while;in a hurry;in a word;take a resath/walk3有些词组中有无冠词含义是不同的，比较：in hospital住院in （he hospital在医院（参观或工作） at table在吃饭by day白天at the table在桌子旁by the day按日计算take place 发生in future 今后take the place of 取代in the fuaire 将来go to church / co

33、llege/ prison /school 做礼拜 上大学/ 坐牢/上学 go to the churcli/ college / prison /school到教堂去/到大学去/到监狱去 到学校去4. 表示某一类事物的方法。A cat has sharp eyes at night.Cats are loved by many peopleThe cat can catch the mouse. 第三讲 代词、介词、连词、冠词 巩固练习(教师)I.选择(C ) 1. Onlyknow it.A. I and heB he and youC he and ID I and you(D ) 2.

34、 The price of a watch is higher thanof a pen.A. itB. priceC. anyD. that(D ) 3. -Do you like these computers? - No, I don't likeA. all themB. them all C. someD. any(C ) 4. -Look, who is comi ng? -must be our Eng lish teacher A. SheB. HeC. ItD. This(B ) 5一How many policemen did you see? 一A No oneB

35、 NoneC Not many ones D No many(D ) 6. He ran too fast forto catch up withA. everybody B somebodyC nobodyD anybody(A ) 7. - Mum, do we havemeat in the fridge? - No, we haveleft.A. enough, littleB lots of, anyC. much, manyD. a few, few(B ) 8. If you drove more carefully, your uncle would be all right

36、and you wouldn't have hurtA. youB yourself C. yoursD. yourselves(B ) 9一 When shall we meet next time, next Wednesday or Thursday? -day is OKA. AnyB. Either C. Every D. Some(D ) 10. Here is a seat forA. both usB. us both C. both of usD. B and C(B ) 11. -Which of your parents is a doctor? They'

37、;reteachersA. Neither, allB. Neither, both C. None, all D. None, both(B ) 12. The moon light is coming inthe window and the room seems quiet andbeaut 讦 ul.A. acrossB through C overD past(B ) 13. You can study the grammarmemorizing it.A. withB. byC. inD. on(A) 14. In the UK, smoking kills about 114,0

38、00 people each year, 300 people die every day because of smoking, andthem many are young smokersA. amongB between C. fromD in(D ) 15. It was a great day but we did not enjoy itthe beginning.A. onB. forC. withD. at(C ) 16. Many sportsmen are getting readythe 2008 Beijing Olympic GamesA. toB. withC. f

39、orD. on(C ) 17. -How soon shall we start the bicycle trip? A. In three days'.B. After three days.C. In three days' timeD. Three days later.(A ) 18. He went to Shanghai September, 1991 and came back a coldmorning last year.A. in; onB on; inC on; onD in; in(C ) 19 I hear you have got a tickett

40、he Opening Ceremony of the BeijingOlympics. Yes, I got itmy uncle.A. of, fromB. to, by C. to, from D. or; to(D ) 20. Tom sat the classroom, looking at the old trees theclassroom A. behind, in the front of C behind, in front of (A ) 21. I don't like to sit _A. on; in(B ) 22. Children get giftsB a

41、t the back of, in the front ofD. at the back of, in front ofTom's right I would like to sitthe back row.B in; onC on; atD at; onChristmas andtheir birthdaysA. on, onB at, onC in, inD in, on(D ) 23.How do you like the two pairs of shoes?They don't fit me well They aretoo bigtoo smallA. not on

42、ly; but also B both; andC neither; norD either; orC. not only, but also D either, orshe didn't catch the first busC. soD or(C ) 24. -What do you think of the book about Harry Potter? -I like it very much. It's interestingexciti ng.A. neither, norB not, but(C ) 25. Mary got up late this morni

43、ng,A. becauseB for(B ) 26. -Ifs a long story, but there are few new words in it. -Good!it will be hardfor children.A. SoB. OrC. ButD. And(C ) 27. I hardly knew anything about ityou told meA. sinceB afterC untilD when (C) 28一What's wrong with my son, doctor? serious .Just a slight cold A. SomethingB. AnythingC. Nothing D. Everything(A ) 29. How dangerous! She was driving the car with one hand and holding an ice cream with.A. the otherB another C othersD other(B) 30. - Can I get you a drink? That's ver