UnitpptConvertor

1、Unit 6Culture and Nonverbal CommunicationTips for a Successful InterviewWarming-up questions1. Why do you have to do so much about your appearance to get yourself ready for an interview?2. What messages are sent to one another without sajing any words? Can these messages be sent as effectively by wo

2、rds?Our appearance may communicate very much to other people we meet. It is often one of the most important means by which we can leave an impression upon people, especially those who we meet for the first time. In this case, even before the interview begins, a lot of messages about the persons invo

3、lved in it are already sent to each other, by the light but decisive knocking at the door, the large oak desk behind which the woman is sitting, the clothes she is in, the smiles they exchange, the way they look at and shake hands with each other.Reading IAn Overview of Nonverbal ConununicationPre-r

4、eading questionsApart from verbal language, what other means of communication do you know?How do you use the nonverbal means of communication in evervdav life?Another means of communication is non-verbal communicatioiL the process of conveying meaning without using words. Research shows that the maj

5、ority of communication is non-verbal. Non-verbal communication includes gestures, posture, facial expression, eye contact, etc. Non-verbal communication is also called silent language.The Definition of Nonverbal CoininunicationNonverbal communication is the process of communication by sending and re

6、ceiving wordless (mostly visual) messages. Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by body language or posture, by facial expression and eye contactMeaning can also be communicated through object or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstyles or architecture).Speech contains nonverbal e

7、lements known as paralanguage (辅助语言),including voice quality, rate, pitch, volume, and speaking style, as well as prosodic features (韵律成分)such as rhythm, intonation and stress.Dance is also regarded as a form of nonverbal communication.Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwrit

8、ing style, spatial arrangement of words, or the physical layout of a page and removal of things.Characteristics of Nonverbal ConununicationNon-verbal messages primarily communicate emotions, attitudes.Non-verbal cues substitute for, contradict, emphasize or regulate verbal message.Non-verbal cues ar

9、e often ambiguous.Non-verbal cues are continuous.Non-verbal cues are more reliable.Non-verbal cues are culture bound.Non-verbal behavior always has communicative value.Non-verbal communication is powerful.Voice or Intonation (paralanguage)We communicate with more than the words we speak.The quality

10、of a voice can communicate as much as the words.The same words can be tender, mocking, sarcastic, angry, authoritative, humble and hesitant, depending on how they are said.Effective speakers use vocal qualities to suggest different meanings from exactly the same words.Intercultural communication, mi

11、sunderstanding things like intonation man have tragic consequences.1Main ideasA pause in the wrong place or an intonation misunderstood may cause a whole conversation to go awry.She is my best friend.Ybu ve done really good job.Come here, please.That's all right.Comprehension questions1. Can you

12、 say each of the following sentences in different ways to mean differently?Speaking the same sentence with the stress on different words may mean different things. For instance, if the stress falls on "she in the first sentence, it means it is SHE. not you or somebody else, that is my best frie

13、nd. But if the stress falls on k my", it implies that she is NIY, not your or somebody's, best friend.2. Speakers of British English use loudness only when they are angry, speakers of Indian English use it to get the floor, a chance to speak. So when an Indian speaker is trying to get the f

14、loor, what would the British speaker think of the Indian and what would the British behave in response?The British speaker may think that the Indian gets angry with him or behaves rudely towards him, so he may complam about the Indian's nideness or even return his mdeness as a response. Body Lan

15、guage: GesturesGestures are an important component of non-verbal communication. It must be emphasized that gestures vary in meaning from culture to culture.How people use their hands and whether they use them depends on their cultural background.2Body Language: Hand GesturesDifferent Gestures1. The

16、ring gesture:Iii America, it means OK. It's great.In Japan, it means money;In France, it means zero or worthless;In Tunisia, Til kill you."2. The single finger beckon:In America, it simply means: come here.In Yugoslavia and Malaysia, it is only used for beckoning animals.In Indonesia and Au

17、stralia, it is used for beckoning prostitutes, i.e. ladies for the night.3. The thumbs-up sign:In Britain it means OK and is also used as a sign for hitch-hiking.In Greece it is an insult.4. The ear-tug:In Spain it means someone is a sponger, i.e. using other people's money and ne-er spending hi

18、s own.In Greece it is a warning .In Italy it is used to call someone a homosexual.5. The eyelid-pull:In France and Greece, it means: you can't hill me.In Spain and Italy, that you should be alert.In South America, it means he finds a woman very attractive.Italians. Russians, and Latin Americans:

19、 great hand moversEnglish men seldom use handsAmericans, with a mixture of cultures, use hands in any type of movement.Questions:What are the hand gestures Chinese people use most? And their meanings?What other kinds of gestures do you know?Comprehension questions3. What differences in body language

20、 use have you noticed between your Chinese teachers and foreign teachers?There are really some differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers in their use of body language. For instance. Chinese teachers in general do not use gestures as much as foreign teachers do, and their facial expre

21、ssions often seem to be less varied than those of many foreign teachers.4. Do you know any gestures we often use that might be misunderstood by people from other cultures?For example, the way we Chinese motion to others to come over might be misunderstood by people from some Western countries to mea

22、n bye-bye.3Eye Contact / Eye GazeEye contact can indicate interest, attention, and involvement. It is a form of nonverbal communication and has a large influence on social behavior.Frequency and interpretation of eye contact vary between cultures and species. Eye aversion is the avoidance of eye con

23、tact. Eye contact and facial expressions provide important social and emotional information. People, perhaps without consciously doing so, probe each other's eyes and faces for positive or negative mood signs. Gaze comprises the actions of looking while talking, looking while listening, amount o

24、f gaze, and frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate.Main IdeasBody language is more than hand movements. The eyes play a large part, too.In every situation, there is a proper looking time, a definite period during which you are allowed to meet and hold someone'

25、s eyes.In an elevator, the time is very brief.In a crowded bus, a subway or train, you can look a little longer.In all conversations we look away frequently and break eye contact.Only a lecturer or a politician addressing an audience can hold eye contact as long as he wishes.In USA, in the cities, w

26、hen people are within definite recognition distance (16-32 feet /5- 10 meters), there is mutual avoidance of eye contact.Iii small towns, people are much more likely to look at and greet one another, even if they're strangers.The language of eyes is both subtle and complex.Men and women use thei

27、r eyes differently.There are also class, generation, regional, ethnic and national differences.Americans complain about the way foreigners stare at people or hold a glance too long.Japanese are not taught to look another in the eye but at a position around the AdanVs apple (喉 结).Chinese, Indonesians

28、 and rural Mexicans lower their eyes as a sign of deference.Arabs look directly into the eyes of another person.ExercisesRead the following statements and decide whether they are true or false:(T) 1. Different cultures have different niles for what is considered appropriate eye contact.(F) 2. Within

29、 any one culture, the rules for eye contact are usually the same for different situations. (T) 3. In dealing with strangers the rule for British society is that you should look at them but you shouldn't look at them for a long time.(F) 4. In Britain, you can look at a stranger for as long as you

30、 like providing that they are not standing next to you.(T) 5. If you don't look at a British person while you are speaking to hini. he will have a negative impression of you.(F) 6. When addressing a British audience you do not need to bother to look at its members.(T) 7. In a conversation, turn

31、taking can be signaled by the eye movements of the speakers.(F) 8. It's important to look at a person when you are speaking to him. but not that important when you are listening to him.(T) 9. There are cultures that value looking someone straight in the eye no matter who that person is.Comprehen

32、sion questions5. How do we Chinese people use eye contact in cominunication?During a conversation between two Chinese, it seems that the speaker and the hearer would usually look at each other (not necessarily in the eye) from time to time. How much eye-contact there is may depend on the relationshi

33、p between the speaker and hearer and the situation they find themselves in.6. How will you eye them when you are coininunicating with people from the United Statesor people from JapanWhile talking with Americans, we should look directly into the eyes of the person with whom we are talking. However;

34、while talking with Japanese, we are not expected to look at them in the eye but at a position around the Adam s apple.4Body Language: Smiles & LaughsMain ideasNonverbal behaviors such as smile and laugh seem to cut across cultural lines. But in reality, they are often found to be not universal.A

35、 Japanese girl, when smiled at by a male stranger, may assume he is either a sexual maniac or an impolite person.Most Korean people take time to get to be friendly with people. They never talk or smile at strangers.Arabs may feel embarrassed when smiled at by strange people.Vietnamese think that Ame

36、ricans talk and smile too much.To people of different cultures, a smile or a laugh may have very different meanings.In eastern Asian countries, people do not readily show emotions.The Japanese smile is not necessarily a spontaneous expression of amusement, but a law of etiquette.Japanese children ar

37、e taught always to show an appearance of happiness to avoid inflicting their sorrow upon their friends.In Africa, laughter is used by black people to express surprise, wonder, embarrassment and even discomfiture.7. Do you often smile at others? Why or why not?It depends. For instance, it seems that

38、we Chinese, as well as people of other Eastern Asian countries, do not usually smile at strangers as much as Americans.8. What function may laughter serve in our culture? Does it sometimes cause intercultural misunderstanding?Laughter in our culture may serve various functions. Sometimes, it is used

39、 to express amusement or ridicule, and sometimes it is simply used to make one feel less embarrassed.5Touch / Haptic Communication (触觉交际)DefinitionHaptic communication is the means by which people communicate via touching. Touch, or the haptic sense, is extremely important for humans; as well as pro

40、viding information about surfaces and textures, it is a component of nonverbal communication in interpersonal relationships, and vital in conveying physical intimacy. It can be both sexual (kissing is one such example that is sometimes sexual) and platonic (such as hugging or tickling).Main ideasDif

41、ferences in touching behavior are highly correlated with culture. People in high contact cultures evaluate "close、as positive and good、and as negative and bad.People in low contact cultures evaluate "close as negative and bad, and 'far ' as positive and good.Latin America and the M

42、editerranean countries, high contactthe U.S. moderate contactthe Far East, low contectIn some cultures, shaking hands is the only form of public touch.In England, shaking hands lightly is fine, but other forms of touching are not common.People from the South Pacific, Eastern and Western Europe, and

43、the Far East and parts of Africa greet each other with a handshake and may wave at each other at a distance.In parts of Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East, handshaking can be followed by an embrace or a kiss on the cheek.In parts of Africa, India, and the Middle East, handshakes are reserved

44、 for men.In Germany, a man shakes a woman s hand before he shakes the hand of another man.In some European countries (Australia, Poland, and Romania) handshaking between women and men is sometimes accompanied by a kiss of the woman's hand by the man.Touch in the multicultural U.S. is very indivi

45、dual.Many Middle Eastern and Asian countries discourage physical affection in public between unmarried males and females.In the western countries, the number of nonsexual uses of the kiss is staggering.The simple kiss has served any or all of several purposes:greeting and farewell;affection;religiou

46、s or ceremonial symbolism;deference to a person of higher status9. Do you often touch others while talking with them? Whom do you touch more than others?We Chinese generally do not often touch others while talking with them unless they are our intimate friends or younger children.10. In small groups

47、 or in pairs, demonstrate all the possible ways you can think of to greet another person. Is touching always part of a greeting?No. Touching is not always part of a greeting in our culture as in some other cultures.11. Will you apologize if you accidentally touch other people in public places? Why o

48、r why not?Many people will apologize if they accidentally touch other people in public places since in our culture people who are strangers to each other should not touch. However, whether people will apologize or not depends on the situations. If a person accidentally touches a stranger in a very c

49、rowded place, he or she may not apologize for it.Gender and Nonverbal ComnninicationLike language, nonverbal communication is also related to culture and gender:First, nonverbal communication conveys cultural meanings of gender.Second, men and women use nonverbal communication to express themselves

50、as gendered.Body Movement (including gestures, facial expression, posture)Women:1. use facial and body motions generally to signal approachability and friendliness2. use fewer and more restrained gestures3. smile even when not happy due to socialized niles of women needing to be more expressive4. ar

51、e attracted to those who smile more5. use facial expression a lot to send and receive messages6. tilt their head and body to the side more oftenMen:1. use facial and body motions to indicate more reservation and control2. use gestures more often3. display less emotion through smiling due to socializ

52、ed mles to remain emotionally neutral4. are more likely to intemipt speakers who are smiling (often women)5. don't send or interpret facial expressions as frequently6. have a more relaxed posture7. nod their head a lotMen aren't as used to showing or reading facial expression, posture, or ge

53、stures. Therefore they can easily miss physical clues their girlfriends are sending about their own feelings.And women expect that men will be tuned into the feelings they are exhibiting through their body language. This nonverbal gender difference causes a lot of confusion as men often just don'

54、;t get what they're supposed to be lookmg for and why, and women feel unloved or out of touch with their partner.Eye Contact / GazeWomen:1. rarely stare2. engage in more eye contact while conversing3. signal interest by sustaining eye contact4. break eye contact more often5. are generally the fi

55、rst to avert their eyes on an initial gazeMen:1. stare, perhaps to challenge power or status2. signal interest by staring3. generally don't make as much eye contact as women4. generally maintain initial gaze until another person averts his/her eyesAttentionMen have a tendency not to make as much

56、 eye contact as women would like to do during conversations. Tliis nonverbal gender difiereiice makes women feel men aren't listeiimg, aren't interested, or are distracted by something else.Women use eye contact as a way to show their interest and attention and can be hurt when they don'

57、t get that in return from men. And since men don't do that with other men, they don't know to do that with women.The Use of TouchWomen:1. are touched more than men2. associate touch with warmth and expression3. are touched more gently4. initiate more hugging and touching that expresses suppo

58、rt, affection, and comfortMen:1. are touched less than women2. initiate touch towards women more3. are often touched roughly4. use touch to direct, assert power and express sexual interestAttentionIt's easy for men to misinterpret women s physical contact as sexual interest. In fact tliough, man

59、y women simply express their camaraderie and connection with others through physical touch. This misinterpretation can result in hurt feelings on both ends.The Use of Space Women:1. use less personal space2. have their space invaded more frequently, especially by men3. prefer face to face conversationMen:1. use more