高二英语非谓语动词详解

1、高中英语高一年级专属讲义课题：非谓语动词要点：一.动词不定式二.动名词三.现在分词 四.过去分词本节课知识点知识点一、动词不定式一、动词不定式基本构成肯定形式The teacher asked his students to finish their homework on time.否定形式Aunt Li often tells her son not to eat too much sugar.被动形式He would like to be treated as a child.注意：动词不定式在一些感官动词( see, watch, hear等)或使役动词(make, let, have

2、等)的后面， 做宾补时，通常会省略to,如：The boss made me work ten hours a day.=I was made to work ten hours a day by the boss.二、动词不定式的语法功能动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语(即除谓语之外的各种成分)。1 .不定式作主语1) .动词不定式短语作句子主语时，视为单数，谓语动词用第三人称单数，如：To make work more efficient is our goal.2) .不定式短语作主语时，为了考虑句子的平衡，常用 it作形式主语，而将真正的不定式主语 放在句子后

3、面，结构为：It+is/was+adj. (+for sb.)+动词不定式，如上一句话也可写成：It s our goal to make work efficient.It s very importefor us to learn English well.2 .不定式作宾语1) .动词不定式跟在及物动词后作宾语，这种形式非常常见，就是我们平时积累的一些动词后 面跟to do形式，如：I have decided to study hard.常见的这类动词有：begin, choose, continue, decide, expect, fail, forget, hate, help,

4、 hope, learn,manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, pretend, promise, refuse, try, want, wish, determine, afford, agree, start, like 等。2) .在find, think后跟不定式时，常用it代替，而将真正宾语，即不定式放在后面，如：I find it not easy to achieve one s goal.3) .有些不定式结构中的to会省略，直接跟动词原形，这样的结构有：Why not do，Why don tyou do ，had better (

5、not) do ，would rather do：I would rather stay at home.3 .不定式作宾语补足语1) .不定式宾补很常见，结构为：动词 +sb. to do sth,这样的动词有：tell, ask, want, allow, get, would like, encourage 等，如：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.2) . see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to,但变为被动语态以后(即不定式作主补时)要带 to,如：My

6、mom made me clean the house.=I was made to clean the house by my mom.注意：help (帮助)后作宾补的动词不定式可带to,也可不带to,即help sb.(to)do sth.,如：He often helps his parents (to) do their housework.4 .不定式作定语不定式有时起形容词作用，修饰名词，代词，在句中作定语。不定式作定语位于所修饰的名词，代 词之后，如：Who was the first one to get to the top of the hill yesterday?He

7、 is the man to depend on/to believe in.5 .不定式作状语不定式放在不及物动词后可表目的或原因状语，也可以放在一些形容词后。1) .目的状语：She reads China Daily every day to improve her English.2) .原因状语：I m glad to see you.注：这种“ be+形容词+不定式”结构，其不定式有时也可视为宾语，如：He is eager to go to college./ She is sure to come here.3) .结果状语：They lived to see the libe

8、ration of their hometown.(1) .在“too心巴结构中表“太结果不能”，如：He is too weak to do the work.注：too之前如果有only, only too表非常、很意，此时不定式不再表否定意，而表肯定 意。女口： They are only too lucky to go abroad for a visit.另外，too后如果是happy, glad之类形容词时，不定式也表肯定意，如：She was too happy to meet her old friend in the street.(2) .在“形容词/副词+ enough+

9、不定式”结构中表“足以能”，如：He is strong enough to do the work .6 .疑问词+不定式不定式可以和疑问代词who, what, which及疑问副词 when, how, where连用，构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to finish the work in time is a problem.(主语)We don t know when and where to go(宾语)易错点：1 .形式主语的使用在It+is/ was+adj. for sb. to do的结构中，若形容词为表示人的内在品质，则介词不用for而用of,如

10、:It s very clever you to do like that.(正确)It s very kifdr you to help me.(错误)2 .使役动词省略to的不定式的被动形式一些使役动词的不定式中to可省略，被动需还原，如：I was made to finish my homework on time by my teacher.(正确)I was made finish my homework on time by my teacher.(错误)练习随练 1.1 I want(communicate) with you.随练 1.2 There is something

11、 important(talk about).随练 1.3 Did you see him(get on) the bus?随练 1.4 He was too excited(say) it out.随练 1.5 I opened the door(let) the fresh air in.随练 1.6 It was not good(get up) late.随练 1.7 What worries me is what（do） at the party.随练 1.8 We must do everything we can waste water from running into riv

12、ers.A.keepB.keptC.to keepD.keeping随练 1.9 More and more young people are trying to do something the old.A.servedB.to serveC.serveD.serves随练 1.10 The woman made his son finally after she told him some jokes.A.laughedB.to laughC.laughD.laughing随练 1.11 Don t you think important to protect our earth?A. t

13、hatB. howC. itD. this随练 1.12 -Does your aunt only have a piece of bread for supper?-Yes. She eats a little. She looks slimmer than before.A.to save moneyB.to lose weightC.saving moneyD.losing weight随练 1.13 -Have you made up your mind the sick kids?-By singing songs.A .what to tellB .how to cheerupC.

14、when to helpD .where to lookafter随练 1.14 The teacher asked us something for our mothers on Mother s Day.A. doB. to doC. doingD. did随练1.15Would you like for a walk with me after school?Sure, I d love to.A. goB. goneC. goingD. to go知识点二、分词一、分词的基本用法分词在句中通常可以用作表语、定语、补语和状语。下面按照现在分词和过去分词的用法分别作介绍。1 .现在分词的基

15、本用法：现在分词表示主动的意义，表示一般性的或正在进行的动作a.作定语They acted just like a conquering army.Do you know the man standing over there by the door?现在分词作定语，被修饰词就是它的逻辑主语，也就是两者是主动关系。注意一般情况，单个分词 修饰放在名词前，分词短语置于后。b.作状语She sat at a window, reading a book.（伴随）Having won the championship, he was awarded a million dollars.（原因）现在分

16、词作状语表示主语在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作，它对谓语动词起修饰或陪衬的作用。这时要注意现在分词与其逻辑主语在时态和意义上的统一。c.作表语The situation is encouraging.现在分词作表语通常表示主语所具有的特征。d.作补足语I saw him slipping away before the end of the meeting.Dont keep the machine running while you are away.表示感觉和心理状态的动词,如hear, feel, find, listen to , look at, watch , notice ,

17、 observe, smell,see等以及表示致使”等意义的动词，如 catch, get, have, keep, leave, set等词的宾语可以用现在 分词作宾语补足语2 .过去分词的基本用法：与现在分词不同，过去分词表示被动的意义，表示已经完成和被动的动作。a.作定语We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter.Things seen are better than things heard.= Things which are seen are better than things which are heard.前置定语的过去

18、分词通常来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完成意义；用作后置定语的过去分词通常 也来自及物动词，表示被动意义和完成意义，相当于一个定语从句。b.作状语United, we stand; divided, we fall.（条件）Mary was reading a love story, completely lost to the romantic life.（伴随）过去分词用作状语时，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴 随状况等。一般情况，与逻辑主语一致。c.作表语The man looked quite disappointed.过去分词作表语表示主涪所处的状态

19、，而这类表语大多已经形容词化。d.作补足语Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation.I have my clothes washed every day.see, hear, feel, find , think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词，以及 make, get, have, keep等表示致使” 意义的动词可以用过去分词作宾语补足语，表被动或状态。高频考点1 .在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义，如：a moving filmthe moved people2 .在时间上，现在分词表示正在进行的动作，过去分词表示

20、已经完成的动作，如：the developing countrythe developed country3 . have sb. do sth., have sb. doing sth.和 have sth. done 的区另U1） . have sb. do sth意为让某人做，have可用let, make代替，如：The soldier had the boy stand against the wall.2） . have sb. doing sth.表示“使某人做出某种反应或保持某种状态”，如：Within minutes he had the whole audience lau

21、ghing and clapping.3） . have sth. done意为“让某事被做，如：The driver had his car washed once a week.4.现在分词作表语与进行时态的区别现在分词作表语与现在进行时非常类似，但前者表现主语的状态或特征，而进行时强调动作正在进行，试比较：1) . This task is really challenging.2) . What he did is challenging the authority.方法点播1 .分词有现在分词和过去分词之分，区分二者的区别也是考试的重要考点。我们在选择过去分词和现在分词过程中，只看两

22、点：首先是主被动关系，主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词，这也是大多数判断分词所遇到的情况；其次就是看动作完成的状态，现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。2 .区分分词作表语和进行时要牢记：现在分词作表语表示主语的状态或特征，而进行时强调动作正在进行。例题：用动词恰当形式填空I.She caught the student(cheat) in exams.2 .When I got there, I found the farm tools.(repair)3 . “Can you read?” Mary said to the notice. (point)4 .The graduating stu

23、dents are busy material for their reports. (collect)5 .The missing boys were last seen(play) near the river.6.1 had to shout to make myself above the noise. (hear)7. Properly with numbers, the books can be easily found. (mark)知识点三、动名词一、动名词的构成动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，由动词 +ing构成，否定形式为not doing ,具有名词的性质，在句 中起名词作

24、用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语；同时也保留动词的性质，可以有自己的宾语和状语。二、动名词的基本用法1 .动名词作主语动名词是由动词变化而来，所以，动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件事情。例如：Walking is good exercise.Seeing is believing.眼见为实。Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用“It is和” “There is 两种句式来表示。例如：It s nice talking with you.It s no use arguing w

25、ith him.It was very difficult getting everything ready.It is no good learning without practice.There is no littering about.2 .动名词作定语动名词作定语的情况并不是很普遍，一般只限于单个的动名词作定语，表示“用于的”或表示“处于某件事情中的”含义。例如：ming pool 游泳池ng material阅读材料ng stick 手杖ng needle 浮针ng speech 开幕词ing aid 助听器ng room 候车室ng water自来水oping countrie

26、s 发展中国家ing people 劳动人民ing child熟睡孩子当分词短语做后置定语时，可以转换成定语从句，如：She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.=She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai.There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.=There are two roads before us, one which leads to t

27、he beach, the other to the park.3 .动名词作表语动名词作表语的时候，特别要注意：不要与现在进行时混淆。动名词作表语，表达的是“某件事” 等，而进行时则强调动作正在进行，试比较：His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. （动名词）He is promoting new products for the company.（进行时）4 .动名词作宾语。与不定式类似，动名词也经常会跟在动词之后，做动词的宾语。我们经常记的一些短语或固定搭配 其实就是动名词作宾语的语法现象，如：He is f

28、ond of playing football.I like swimming.动名词作宾语，根据用法不同，可以把动词分为以下几类：1） . admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, dislike , enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel, like , finish , forgive , give up, imagine , include , keep, mention , mind, miss, practice, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can ; t help情不自禁

29、），can t stan（d法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语， 即只跟doing2） . forget, go on, mean, regret, remember, stop, try 等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾 语，但意义上有区别，如：I remember doing the exercise.I must remember to do it.Stop speaking.He stopped to talk.3） .在allow , advise, forbid , permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名词或代 词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：

30、We don t allow smoking here.We don t allow students to smoke.4） .动词need, require, want作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形 式作宾语表示事情需要做，这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如：The window needs/requires/wants cleaning= The window needs/requires/wants to be cleaned.Her method is worth trying.5） .在短语 dev

31、ote to（致力于）,look forward to , stick to, be used to 习惯于）,object to （反对）,thank you for, excuse me for, be（kept） busy, have difficulty/ trouble/ problem（in） , have a good/wonderful/hard time(in) , there s no use/ good/needel/ seem like/ get down to 等后的动词也必须用动 名词形式，例如：I look forward to hearing from you

32、soon.6） .在love, hate, prefer, like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别。有时用动名词作宾语时，指一般情况，而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为。如：I like swimming very much. (习惯)I like to go swimming today. (偶尔一次)高频考点：1 . 一些动词或短语后经常跟动名词作宾语，总结如下：完成练习值得忙(finish, practice, be worth, be busy )继续习惯别放弃(keep on, be used to, give up)考虑建议不禁想( consider, suggest, can

33、t help, feel)like喜欢思念还介意( enjoy, miss, mind )2 .注意下列短语中的to为介词，而不是不定式，后接动名词。make contributions to 为做贡献devote oneself to 致力于look forward to 期盼prefer .to比起更喜欢be used to 习惯于3 . need, require, want后加动名词，主动表被动，如：The washing machine needs repairing.=The washing machine needs to be repaired.4 .动名词与现在分词的区别试比

34、较一下几句中 doing的区别：The most important thing for you now is finding a job. (动名词)The situation is very much encouraging.(现在分词)Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year.(不定式)方法点播：1 .动词之后接to do的不定式，还是doing的现在分词作宾语时考试钟爱的考法。攻克这类题目最 直接的方法是积累这些固定用法，把它们当做固定表达的方式记下来，并在写作中经常应用，久而久之,形成习惯，就

35、不会出错了。2 .动名词作表语，容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。我们需要记住它们的区别，即动名词表语表达的是“某件事或动作”(与不定式短语的意义相近)，而现在分词表语表示“具有某个作用”。翻译句子1 .今天去没有用，他不会在家.2 .你写完作文了吗？3 .请原谅我来晚了 .4 .他不声不响地走了进来.(without)5 .他走进来了，没有被看见.(without, see)6 .游泳是我最喜欢的运动。当堂检测例 1 2 2019 高考英语全国卷 I) In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear s

36、ightings around human settlements例 2(2019?全国 n ) A 90-year-old has been awarded Woman Of The Year for (be) Britains oldestfull-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.例 3 (2019?全国 出)Our hosts shared many of their experiences and(recommend) wonderful placesto eat, shop, and visit.例 4 2 2019?全国出)

37、On the last day of our week-long stay , we (invite ) to attend a private concerton a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars , (listen) to musicians and meeting interestinglocals.例 5 (2019?全国 n) When we got a call (say) she was short-listed , we thought it was a joke.例 6 (2019 全国卷 I ) You

38、don t have to run fast or for long(see) the benefit.例 7 (2019 全国卷 I ) You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die) early byrunning.例 8 2 2019 全国卷 n )Since 2011, the country(grow) more corn than rice.例 9 (2018 全国卷 n ) The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2

39、005 when the government(start) a soil-testing program that gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers.例 10( 2018 全国卷 n ) Chinas approach to protecting its environment while (feed) its citizens offersuseful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide, says the bankoegele. s Juer

40、gen V课堂总结家庭作业基础题: 作业 1 I hope(meet) you again.作业 2 -You forgot(close) the window again.-Really? I won t next time.作业 3 Tom stopped(play) with Bob when Bob came to visit him.作业 4It is our duty(protect) the environment.作业 5 Do you find it easy(get along with)?作业 6 Both coats look nice on me. I really

41、don t know which(choose).作业7用所给词的恰当形式填空1. more books can make one live longer. (read)2. She didn t mind overtime. (work)3. We are looking forward to Mary s. (come)4. She ought to be praised instead of. (criticize).5. He came to the party without. （invite）拔高题I .单句语法填空1. （2017 天津卷）I was watching the c

42、lock all through the meeting, as I had a train（catch）2. （2017 d匕京卷）The national park has a large collection of wildlife,（range） from butterflies to elephants.3. （2017 北京卷）Many airlines allow passengers to print their boarding passes online（save） their valuable time.4. （2017 天津卷）The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, （allow） more patients to be treated.5. （2017 江苏卷）Many Chinese brands,（develop） their reputations over centuries, are facing new challenges from the modern market.6. （20 17 江苏卷）A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will h