牛人的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语

1、英文论文写作常用词汇和短语这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上：差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies ， no intergroup differenceNo statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this differe

2、nce failed to achieve statistical significance.存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数， 少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ， a marked majority, handful方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalenceIn cont

3、rast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show ahigh prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize,clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate ， demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit

4、, presented, reveal, display, manifest ， suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose ， report, describe ， facilitatethe identification ofscreening ， isolation改变 change, alteration,高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种， 多种 in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptos

5、is, in a variety of tumors关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,广泛的 in an extensive survey进行 conducte ， perform, carry out,降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient,low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, grea

6、tly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presenteddiscontinuousand weaker expression, completelynegative, was not detectable or dramaticallyreduced, very faint, was undetectableor barely detectable, no expression was found,角 色 ， 起 作 用 role, part ( limited, potential, earl

7、y, possible role ) ， serve antiapoptotic functions可能性feasibility密切地intimately难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,缩写 abbreviations识别，辨别discernment事件Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.a putative tumor initiating eventa (more, extremely

8、, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,a commonevent in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processesa common event associated with the mechanisms ofa common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapya common event following gestational exposure to immu

9、notoxicantsa common event (that occurs ) during apoptosis is a commonevent during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signalingpathwaysa common event through which a common event in vivoa rather common eve

10、nt of unknown biological significance a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrationsa common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significancea common event contributing toa rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful,

11、critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent event提供， 帮助 provide, supply, help （to）, contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调 节 （ 失 调 ， 上 调 ， 下 调 ） dis-regulation, dys-

12、regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,推测 presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce ， deduction （ 推论 ）无所不在地（ 表达，如MEN1）ubiquitously显 着 , 优 先 的 prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking,notable, Conspicuously,r

13、emarkably ， significant, preferential,prevalence, prevalent,相关性the relevance ofrelated, more relevant withno intergroup difference ， irrespective ofThere was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.Neither eNOSnor nNOSexpre

14、ssion was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors.we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parame

15、ters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).相同，同等并列The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itselfwith a similar pattern to协同，加强synergize with研 究 analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observation

16、s, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,which is in accord with the resultswhich corroborated the resultswhich supported the results优缺点 merits and drawbacks ， beneficial and detrim

17、ental异常aberration, abnormality重要 crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反On the contrary,In contrary,but quite on the contraryin sharp contrast,contrary to what would be expectedContrary to the expectation thatContrary to previous beliefs,Contrary to the hypothesis,Contrary to current popu