第一章语法结构的层次

1、作者：徐英（广外继续教育学院）学习英语所经历的阶段学习英语所经历的阶段初级阶段（糊涂）初级阶段（糊涂）：有一定的词汇量，能说一些英文句子，但语法很糊涂，说话写文章会出现很多的语法错误。中级阶段（清楚）中级阶段（清楚）：通过系统学习必要的英语语法，了解英语的语法结构，对每个句子的语法结构清楚，知其然也知其所以然。高级阶段（难得糊涂）高级阶段（难得糊涂）：通过大量的语言实践，把语法融入到我们的语言运用中，把规则变成一种习惯，让我们脱口而出讲出流利的英语，脑子里再不想语法规则。 雅思语法课的主要目的：雅思语法课的主要目的：了解并熟悉英语句子的结构，明确英语语法的基本脉络，求得对英语的整体感觉非常重要

2、。语法课程的主要内容：语法课程的主要内容：句子结构，各大从句，非谓语（或非限定）动词的用法。4、分句：、分句：主系表主谓主谓宾主谓双宾主谓宾补五大基本句型五大基本句型主系表：主语+连系动词+表语（主语补助语）The work is difficult for the boy. He remained faithful to his friend.My brother became a doctor.My fathers job is controlling the machine.The students are in the classroom.He looks like his fathe

3、r.被感觉的状态: Feel, look, sound, smell, taste等。I feel well.She feels bad.The furniture feels smooth.It sounds like a bird.The girl looks pretty.The dishes taste delicious.The bread smells nice.系动词的分类系动词的分类2. 变化的状态: grow, become, turn, get, go, come等。 She grows thin.He became a doctor.The flowers turned

4、red.It is getting warmer.The milk went sour.Your dreams will come true.The handle came loose.3. 持续的状态: remain, stay, keep等。 The book remains shut.You keep quiet.The water stays clean.4. 不确定的状态: seem, appear等。The story seems true.She didnt appear at all surprised at the news. He appears a perfectly n

5、ormal person. 主谓：主语+不及物动词（vi)He has arrived. The baby is crying. Im coming.An accident happened.Time flies.Money matters.The lightening flashes. 主谓宾：主语+及物动词(vt)+宾语 主语+动词短语+宾语 主语+不及物动词(vi)+介词+宾语He likes English. His classmate hurt him unintentionally.We should make good use of our time.They paid spec

6、ial attention to the costs.He has listened to the text. (SVO)His father was looking for him.主谓双宾：主语+动词(vt)+宾语(人)+宾语(物)My mother gave me a bracelet. The teacher teaches us English grammar.He showed me his photo.He showed me how to take photos.主谓宾补：主语+动词+宾语+补助语Americans made Obama president of America

7、. We found him keen on politics.The benefit made him anxious to please the guests.He put his books in his bed. His mother didnt allow him to play computer games. I found a boy hiding in the bush. He can make himself understood.5. 句子：简单句复合句并列句简单句：只有一个分句、并且各成分均由词组构成的句子。The students have made better gr

8、ades in the past few weeks.The boy can stay in the room only for a few minutes.The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.The company wants to employ a girl whose English is good.复合句：由两个或两个以上的分句构成，其中某些句子成分由分句充当，分句可以在复合句中充当主语、宾语、表语、状语，构成主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句。如：It is impossible t

9、hat he should give up smoking.I suggest that we should get ready for it ahead of time.I found it strange that no one was in the classroom. The fact is that we have fallen behind them.I wont get down to the work until I send my daughter away.并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句或复合句，用并列连词或其它并列手段连接起来便构成并并列句列句。如：Most of us

10、were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and latecomers had to wait outside.He didnt like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted.They watched television and enjoyed themselves immensely, but we couldnt see the program because our television was broken.一个比较简单的句子，我们可以根据需要给名词增加一些前置或后置定语，给动词短

11、语增加一些状语的方式，来扩展句子，使得句子更丰满，表达意思更准确。如：扩展句子Food is bad. 胆固醇高的食物对心脏不好。Food rich in cholesterol is bad for your heart.The boy is stupid坐在我旁边的那个男孩不采纳我的建议很傻。The boy sitting next to me is stupid not to follow my advice.Those people are to explain the reason.开会缺席的人要去给领导解释原因。Those absent from the meeting are t

12、o explain the reason to the leader.扩展句子My friend arrived. 我在北京工作的朋友昨天晚上到了广州。My friend working in Beijing arrived in Guangzhou last night. The girl was always losing her keys. 住在我隔壁那女孩在小时候总是丢钥匙。The girl who lives next door was always losing her keys when she was a child. The photo looks wonderful. 昨天

13、他照的那张相片在阳光下看起来确实很棒The photo that he took last night looks really wonderful in the sunshine.Mr. Smith will give us a lecture. 史密斯先生，一个语言学专家，下周要给我们作一次关于如何用英语与外国人交流的讲座Mr. Smith, a linguistic expert, will give us a lecture on how to communicate with foreigners in English next week. The guard let the gir

14、l go in. 昨天穿深蓝色大衣的那个守卫在我们离开以后让戴眼镜的那个女孩进入实验室。Yesterday the tall guard in a dark blue coat let the little girl with glasses go into the lab after you left. One will lead a happy life.满足于自己所拥有的人会过得很开心。One content with what he has will lead a happy life.The baby is crying. 这个婴儿, 是我阿姨的儿子, 正在摇篮里哭.The baby

15、, who is the son of my aunt, is crying in the cradle.The professor will teach us linguistics.在第一排穿蓝色西装的那个教授下学期要教我们语言学.The professor in Row 1 who is wearing a suit will teach us linguistics next term.The hunt began.对美洲狮的搜寻在一个摘黑莓的妇女离她五码远的地方看见一个大猫的小村庄开始了。The hunt for the puma began in a small village w

16、here a woman picking blackberries saw a large cat only five yards away from her.非限定动词词组与从句的运用非限定动词词组与从句的运用 如果一个动词短语或一个子句在整个句子中只充当除谓语在外的其中一个成分，我们就要用非限定动词词组或从句。如：Pets can ease stress and anxiety.照顾宠物可以减轻压力和焦虑.Looking after pets can ease stress and anxiety.He brought me a lot of trouble.他的到来给我带来很多的麻烦.H

17、is coming brought me a lot of trouble.He made his parents angry.他考试失败使他的父母很生气。That he failed the exam made his parents angy.你做的事情可能对他人有害。What you have done might do harm to other people.服用这药会对他的健康有好处。Taking this medicine will do good to his health.要消化掉你吃的东西要花费很多的能量。It takes a lot of energy to digest

18、 what you eat.His father is an engineer.他的工作是教书。His job is teaching.他的任务是张贴这些海报。His task is to put up the posters.事实是我们赢了这场比赛。The fact is that we have won the game.Ive always enjoyed my job.我一直都很喜欢听流行音乐。Ive always enjoyed listening to pop music.我想要成为一名歌手。I want to be a singer.我很感激你给我那么多帮助。I apprecia

19、te your helping me so much.我发现他已经走了。I found that he had already left.Ann showed us her photos.安妮给我们看如何照相.The man teaches us Oral English.穿红色衬衫的那人教我们如何提高我们的英语.Ann showed us how to take photosThe man in a red shirt teaches us how to improve our English.I found a dog dead.我发现要解决环境污染问题很困难.I found it dif

20、ficult to solve the pollution problem.我认为今天做这事更好。I think it better to do it today.这电脑使我们算这些难题更容易了。The computer makes it easier for us to work out the problems。我发现教室里没人很奇怪。I found it strange that there is no one in the classroom.老师允许学生进入实验室The teacher allowed the students to enter the lab.她发现一条狗躺在外面。

21、She found a dog lying outside.他发现一条狗被栓的树上。She found the dog tied to the tree.判断下列句子结构I have a beautiful English dream.I am crazy about learning English and making new friends.I consider my English teacher very capable and intelligent.I need to have my hair cut before I begin summer camp.1. I want to

22、 communicate with people all over the world.6. I really like reading difficult English sentences.7. I have been studying English for years.8. I have my compositions checked by my American teacher every week.9. I consider it a great honor to be invited.10. Mr. Li thinks that learning English is physical work.11. Yesterday my father bought me a very