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1、第九章第九章 真核基因表达的调控真核基因表达的调控本章的主要内容:本章的主要内容:1. 真核基因表达调控的主要特点。真核基因表达调控的主要特点。2. Dhfr基因加压筛选的机制。基因加压筛选的机制。3. 免疫球蛋白(抗体)基因表达过程中的染色体重排免疫球蛋白(抗体)基因表达过程中的染色体重排机制。机制。4. mRNA前体的可变剪接机制。前体的可变剪接机制。5. RNA编辑的机制及其生物学意义。编辑的机制及其生物学意义。6. 细胞周期的主要调控因素有哪些?细胞周期的主要调控因素有哪些?前前 言言真核生物与原核生物基因表达调控的特点比较:真核生物与原核生物基因表达调控的特点比较: 1. 真核生物的
2、基因数目比原核生物的多,而且多数基因真核生物的基因数目比原核生物的多,而且多数基因组基因含有内含子以及功能不清的重复序列等;组基因含有内含子以及功能不清的重复序列等; 原核的染色质是裸露的原核的染色质是裸露的DNA,而真核的染色质则是由,而真核的染色质则是由DNA与组蛋白紧密结合形成为核小体;与组蛋白紧密结合形成为核小体; 在原核细胞中,染色质的结构对基因的表达没有明显的在原核细胞中,染色质的结构对基因的表达没有明显的调控作用,而在真核中,这种作用是明显的。调控作用,而在真核中,这种作用是明显的。 2. 在原核基因转录的调控中,既有激活物的调控(正调在原核基因转录的调控中,既有激活物的调控(正
3、调控),也有阻遏物的调控(负调控),二者同等重要。在真核控),也有阻遏物的调控(负调控),二者同等重要。在真核中虽然也有正调控成分和负调控成分,但迄今已知的主要是正中虽然也有正调控成分和负调控成分,但迄今已知的主要是正调控。而且一个真核基因通常有多个调控序列,必须有多个激调控。而且一个真核基因通常有多个调控序列,必须有多个激活物同时特异地结合上,才能启动基因的转录;活物同时特异地结合上,才能启动基因的转录; 3. 原核基因的转录和翻译通常偶联在一起,而真核基因的原核基因的转录和翻译通常偶联在一起,而真核基因的转录是在细胞核中进行,翻译在胞质中进行;转录是在细胞核中进行,翻译在胞质中进行; 4.
4、 生成的初级转录物需在核中进行转录后的加工和运输,生成的初级转录物需在核中进行转录后的加工和运输,所以,真核基因的表达有多种转录后的调控机制;所以,真核基因的表达有多种转录后的调控机制; 5. 真核生物大都为多细胞生物,在个体发育过程中逐步分真核生物大都为多细胞生物,在个体发育过程中逐步分化形成各种组织和细胞类型。分化是不同基因表达的结果。不化形成各种组织和细胞类型。分化是不同基因表达的结果。不同类型的细胞,功能不同,基因表达的情况也不一样。某些基同类型的细胞,功能不同,基因表达的情况也不一样。某些基因仅特异地在某种细胞中表达,称为细胞特异性或组织特异性因仅特异地在某种细胞中表达,称为细胞特异
5、性或组织特异性表达,因而具有调控这种特异性表达的机制。表达,因而具有调控这种特异性表达的机制。 6. 真核生物对外界环境条件变化的反应和真核生物对外界环境条件变化的反应和 原核生物十分不原核生物十分不同。同一群原核生物细胞处在相同的环境条件中,对环境条件同。同一群原核生物细胞处在相同的环境条件中,对环境条件的变化会作出基本一致的反应;而真核生物常常只有少部分细的变化会作出基本一致的反应;而真核生物常常只有少部分细胞基因的表达直接受到环境条件变化的影响和调控,其他大部胞基因的表达直接受到环境条件变化的影响和调控,其他大部分间接或不受影响。分间接或不受影响。第一节第一节 染色体水平的调控染色体水平
6、的调控一、染色体丢失一、染色体丢失 某些生物,在个体发育的早期,体细胞的染色体部分丢失,某些生物,在个体发育的早期,体细胞的染色体部分丢失,而性细胞的染色体数目保持不变。而性细胞的染色体数目保持不变。 例子:例子:马蛔虫马蛔虫(Parascaris equoorum):):2n=2; 动物极动物极植物极植物极小表瘿蚊小表瘿蚊(Mayetiole destructor):):2n=40。极细胞区:极细胞区:2n=402n=8二、染色体扩增二、染色体扩增 染色体扩增的本质是细胞内特定基因拷贝数的专一性大染色体扩增的本质是细胞内特定基因拷贝数的专一性大量量扩增。扩增。 基因组序列的选择性扩增。基因组
7、序列的选择性扩增。以以dhfr基因的扩增为例,说明基因的扩增为例,说明基因组序列的选择性扩增机制。基因组序列的选择性扩增机制。二氢喋啶二氢喋啶 FH2 FH4 CoF衍生物衍生物 嘌呤或嘧啶嘌呤或嘧啶(1)合成酶;合成酶;(2)还原酶。还原酶。(1)(2)四氢叶酸四氢叶酸1. 类型:类型: Stable lines and Unstable lines In stable lines, the amplified genes are retained, because they reside on the chromosome, at the site usually occupied by
8、the single dhfr gene. Usually the other chromosome retains its normal single copy of dhfr. In unstable lines, the amplified genes are at least partially lost when the selective pressure is released, because the amplified genes exist as an extrachromosomal array. Figure 17.28 The dhfr gene can be amp
9、lified to give unstable copies that are extra-chromosomal (double minutes) or stable (chromosomal). Extra-chromosomal copies arise at early times. Figure 17.29 Amplified copies of the dhfr gene produce a homogeneously staining region (HSR) in the chromosome. CHO野生型野生型CHOrFigure 17.30 Amplified extra
10、chromosomal dhfr genes take the form of double-minute chromosomes, as seen in the form of the small white dots. Photograph kindly provided by Robert Schimke. 2. dhfr基因扩增的机理和特点基因扩增的机理和特点 (1)机理:)机理: 非同源重组非同源重组(2)特点:)特点: A. 在用在用MTX加压筛选的初期,细胞大部分或全部是不稳加压筛选的初期,细胞大部分或全部是不稳定的;定的; B. dhfr基因的单细胞拷贝数的变化范围为基因的单细
11、胞拷贝数的变化范围为40400,随着,随着加压程度的提高,拷贝数逐渐增加,对加压程度的提高,拷贝数逐渐增加,对MTX的耐受力也相应的耐受力也相应提高;提高; C. dhfr基因的长度为基因的长度为31kb,但被扩增的,但被扩增的DNA长度可达长度可达5001 000kb; D. 当当MTX压力解除后,压力解除后,dhfr基因将逐渐减少;基因将逐渐减少; E. 当与当与dhfr基因相连的外源基因相连的外源DNA导入细胞后,有整合到导入细胞后,有整合到内源内源dhfr基因位点的趋势。基因位点的趋势。3. dhfr加压系统的应用加压系统的应用 EPO(促红细胞生成素)的高效表达。(促红细胞生成素)的
12、高效表达。pCMV/EPOCHO cell line/dhfr-Stable High ExpressionMTXTransformationEPOExtraction三、染色体重排三、染色体重排(一)酵母交配型的转变(一)酵母交配型的转变 The mating type of a cell is determined by the genetic information present at the MAT locus. MATa allele at this locus are type a; likewise, the MAT allele are type . Cells of opp
13、osite types can mate; cells of the same type cannot. Recognition of cells of opposite mating type is accomplished by the secretion of pheromones. cells secrete -factor (13 amino acids); a cells secrete a-factor( 12 amino acids). A cell of one mating type carries a surface receptor for the pheromone
14、of the opposite type. When an a cell and an cell encounter one another, their pheromones act on each other to arrest the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle followed by cell and nuclear fusion to produce an a/ diploid cell. Figure 17.1 Mating type controls several activities. 1. 不同交配型的特点不同交配型的特点
15、Figure 17.2 The yeast life cycle proceeds through mating of MATa and MATa a haploids to give heterozygous diploids that sporulate to generate haploid spores. 2. 不同交配型的接合过程不同交配型的接合过程Figure 17.3 Either a or a a factor/receptor interaction triggers the activation of a G protein, whose bgbg subunits tra
16、nsduce the signal to the next stage in the pathway. 3. 交配型的信号传递交配型的信号传递Figure 17.4 The same mating type response is triggered by interaction of either pheromone with its receptor. The signal is transmitted through a series of kinases to a transcription factor; there may be branches to some of the fi
17、nal functions. Figure 17.5 Changes of mating type occur when silent cassettes replace active cassettes of opposite genotype; when transpositions occur between cassettes of the same type, the mating type remains unaltered. 4. 交配型的转换交配型的转换80%90%80%90%5%5%5%5%5. 不同交配型转换的机制不同交配型转换的机制WWXXXYYYa/ a aZ1Z1Z1
18、Z2Z2MATaMATa/ / a a HMRaHML a a/ a aFigure 17.6 Silent cassettes have the same sequences as the corresponding active cassettes, except for the absence of the extreme flanking sequences in HMRa. Only the Y region changes between a and a a types. Figure 17.7 In diploids the a a1 and a a2 proteins coop
19、erate to repress haploid-specific functions. In a haploids, mating functions are constitutive. In a a haploids, the a a2 protein represses a mating functions, while a a1 induces a a mating functions. Figure 17.10 Cassette substitution is initiated by a double-strand break in the recipient (MAT) locu
20、s, and may involve pairing on either side of the Y region with the donor (HMR or HML) locus. (二)抗体的多样性(二)抗体的多样性 1. 免疫球蛋白的产生、种类、结构免疫球蛋白的产生、种类、结构 The immune response of vertebrates provides a protective system that distinguishes foreign proteins from the proteins of the organism itself. Foreign materi
21、al (or part of the foreign material) is recognized as comprising an antigen. The immune system provides a striking and extensive case in which the content of the genome changes, when recombination creates active genes in lymphocytes. B cells ,T cells mature in the thymus. Each class of lymphocyte us
22、es the rearrangement of DNA as a mechanism for producing the proteins that enable it to participate in the immune response. For practical purposes, we usually reckon that a mammal has the ability to produce 106-108 different antibodies. B淋巴细胞的分化过程:淋巴细胞的分化过程:骨髓干细胞骨髓干细胞前前B淋巴细胞淋巴细胞未成熟未成熟B淋巴细胞淋巴细胞成熟成熟B淋
23、巴细胞淋巴细胞外周外周B淋巴细胞淋巴细胞抗体抗体骨髓骨髓外周血外周血Figure 24.1 Humoral immunity is conferred by the binding of free antibodies to antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes that are removed from the bloodstream by macrophages or that are attacked directly by the complement proteins. Figure 24.17 Immunoglobulin type
24、 and function is determined by the heavy chain. J is a joining protein in IgM; all other Ig types exist as tetramers. Figure 24.4 Heavy and light chains combine to generate an immuno-globulin with several discrete domains. Each antibody is an immunoglobulin tetramer consisting of two identical light
25、 chains (L) and two identical heavy chains (H). If any light chain can associate with any heavy chain, to produce 106108 potential antibodies requires 103104 different light chains and 103104 different heavy chains. 不同不同Ig家族的家族的V、D、J、C基因片段数基因片段数 V D J C 人人 小鼠小鼠 人人 小鼠小鼠 人人 小鼠小鼠 人人 小鼠小鼠L 6 4L 1000 30
26、12 4 4 9 8家族家族Figure 24.5 The lambda C gene segment is preceded by a J segment, so that V-J recombination generates a functional lambda light-chain gene. 2. 轻链和重链基因的结构与重组轻链和重链基因的结构与重组Figure 24.6 The kappa C gene segment is preceded by multiple J segments in the germ line. V-J joining may recognize a
27、ny one of the J segments, which is then spliced to the C gene segment during RNA processing. Figure 24.7 Heavy genes are assembled by sequential joining reactions. First a D segment is joined to a J segment; then a V gene segment is joined to the D segment. Figure 24.8 The lambda family consists of
28、V gene segments linked to a small number of J-C gene segments. Figure 24.9 The human and mouse kappa families consist of V gene segments linked to 5 J segments connected to a single C gene segment. 3. 抗体的多样性抗体的多样性Figure 24.10 A single gene cluster in man contains all the information for heavy-chain
29、gene assembly. 4. 重组机制重组机制RAG(recombination active gene)基因在抗体基因的重组过基因在抗体基因的重组过程中发挥了重要作用。程中发挥了重要作用。构成抗体多样性的因素:构成抗体多样性的因素:1. 轻、重链基因多样性的物质基础:轻、重链基因多样性的物质基础: 1)V基因的多样性;基因的多样性; 2)D基因片段的多样性;基因片段的多样性; 3)J基因片段的多样性;基因片段的多样性; 4)C基因的多样性。基因的多样性。2. 轻链轻链V-J-C重组方式的多样性;重链重组方式的多样性;重链V-D-J-C重组方式的多重组方式的多样性;样性;3. 轻链轻链V
30、-J和重链和重链V-D连接处碱基的插入或缺失;连接处碱基的插入或缺失;4. 轻链与重链的组合方式。轻链与重链的组合方式。5. 抗体的表达与分泌抗体的表达与分泌Figure 24.15 A V gene promoter is inactive until recombination brings it into the proximity of an enhancer in the C gene segment. The enhancer is active only in B lymphocytes.第二节第二节 染色质水平的调控染色质水平的调控一、染色质的组成与结构一、染色质的组成与结构
31、Chromatin: A mixture is composed of DNA、histones and nonhistones. Euchromatin (lower density) Heterochromatin(higher density):):无表达活性。无表达活性。 Nucleosome: contains 200bp of DNA, organized by an octamer of small, basic proteins-histones into a bead-like structure. They form an interior core; the DNA li
32、es on the surface of the particle. The nucleosome provides the first level of organization, giving a packing ratio of 6. Its components and structure are well characterized. 1. 染色体染色体DNA 线状,无分支。不同生物的线状,无分支。不同生物的DNA长度相差很大。长度相差很大。 生物生物 bp DNA长度长度(mm) 染色体数染色体数(对对) 大肠杆菌大肠杆菌 4.0 106 1.4 1 酵母酵母(S. cerevis
33、iae) 1.4 107 4.6 16 果蝇果蝇(D. malanogaster) 1.7 108 56 4 人人 3.9 109 990 23 Packing ratio(堆积比堆积比): the ratio of the length of DNA to the unit length of the fiber containing it. 2. 组蛋白组蛋白(Histones): H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 在进化过程中,不同生物之间,同种生物的不同发育时期在进化过程中,不同生物之间,同种生物的不同发育时期均高度保守,尤其均高度保守,尤其H2A, H2B, H3 an
34、d H4 。 小牛胸腺组蛋白小牛胸腺组蛋白 组蛋白组蛋白 氨基酸数氨基酸数 分子量分子量(kDa) 精精(%) 赖赖(%) H1 215 23.0 1 29 H2A 129 14.0 9 11 H2B 125 13.8 6 16 H3 135 15.3 13 10 H4 102 11.3 14 11 Unit evolutionary period(单位进化周期单位进化周期):两个进化系趋异:两个进化系趋异后氨基酸序列改变后氨基酸序列改变1%的时间间隔。的时间间隔。H3: 3亿年;亿年;H4: 6亿年。亿年。3. 非组蛋白非组蛋白(Nonhistones) The nonhistones in
35、clude all the proteins of chromatin except the histones. They are more variable between tissues and species, and they comprise a smaller proportion of the mass than the histones. They also comprise a much larger number of proteins, so that any individual protein is present in amounts much smaller th
36、an any histone. The functions of nonhistone proteins include control of gene expression and higher-order structure. RNA polymerase may be considered to be a prominent nonhistone. The HMG (high-mobility group) proteins comprise a discrete and well-defined subclass of nonhistones (at least some of whi
37、ch are transcription factors). 4. 核小体核小体Figure 19.1 Chromatin spilling out of lysed nuclei consists of a compactly organized series of particles. The bar is 100 nm. Figure 19.2 Individual nucleosomes are released by digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease. The bar is 100 nm. Figure 19.7 Mic
38、rococcal nuclease digests chromatin in nuclei into a multimeric series of DNA bands that can be separated by gel electrophoresis. Figure 19.3 The nucleosome consists of approximately equal masses of DNA and histones (including H1). The predicted mass of the nucleosome is 262 kD. 1)组成)组成Figure 19.4 T
39、he nucleosome may be a cylinder with DNA organized into two turns around the surface. 2)结构)结构Figure 19.6 Sequences on the DNA that lie on different turns around the nucleosome may be close together. Figure 19.10 Microccocal nuclease initially cleaves between nucleosomes. Mononucleosomes typically ha
40、ve 200 bp DNA. End-trimming reduces the length of DNA first to 165 bp, and then generates core particles with 146 bp. Figure 19.8 Each multimer of nucleosomes contains the appropriate number of unit lengths of DNA. Figure 19.21 In a symmetrical model for the nucleosome, the H32- H42 tetramer provide
41、s a kernel for the shape. One H2A-H2B dimer can be seen in the top view; the other is underneath. 3)组装)组装Figure 19.27 In vitro, DNA can either interact directly with an intact (crosslinked) histone octamer or can assemble with the H32-H42 tetramer, after which two H2A-H2B dimers are added. Figure 19
42、.22 The crystal structure of the histone core octamer is represented in a space-filling model with the H32-H42 tetramer shown in white and the H2A-H2B dimers shown in blue. H2A-H2BH32-H42Figure 19.19 The 10 nm fiber(left)to the 30nm fiber which has a coiled structure. 5. 30nm 纤丝的形成纤丝的形成Figure 19.20
43、The 30 nm fiber may have a helical coil of 6 nucleosomes per turn, organized radially. 6. 辐射状环结构的形成辐射状环结构的形成Figure 18.7 Histone-depleted chromosomes consist of a protein scaffold to which loops of DNA are anchored. Figure 18.9 The sister chromatids of a mitotic pair each consist of a fiber (30 nm in
44、 diameter) compactly folded into the chromosome. (一)异染色质化(一)异染色质化 (二)活泼转录区(二)活泼转录区DNADNA对核酸酶的敏感性提高对核酸酶的敏感性提高 超敏感位点超敏感位点: : 仅在发生基因表达的细胞中才能发现有这种仅在发生基因表达的细胞中才能发现有这种对核酸酶超敏感的位点,可见它与基因的转录有关。已发现,对核酸酶超敏感的位点,可见它与基因的转录有关。已发现,这些位点通常位于被转录基因的这些位点通常位于被转录基因的5 5端端10001000bpbp的侧翼内,但也有的侧翼内,但也有位于离位于离5 5端更远一些、端更远一些、3 3
45、端和甚至基因内部的。许多超敏感端和甚至基因内部的。许多超敏感位点相当于已知的调控蛋白所结合的位点。位点相当于已知的调控蛋白所结合的位点。 (三)正在转录的染色质处(三)正在转录的染色质处DNADNA的甲基化程度降低的甲基化程度降低 (四)正在转录区的组蛋白和有关蛋白质发生改变(四)正在转录区的组蛋白和有关蛋白质发生改变 活泼转录的染色质趋于缺乏组蛋白活泼转录的染色质趋于缺乏组蛋白H1H1,而且其它的核心组,而且其它的核心组蛋白则被乙酰基化或与蛋白则被乙酰基化或与泛素(泛素(ubiquitinubiquitin)相结合而被修饰。相结合而被修饰。 染色质的体外重组实验染色质的体外重组实验二、染色质
46、的结构对基因表达的调控二、染色质的结构对基因表达的调控染色质体外重组实验:染色质体外重组实验: 用盐或稀酸处理染色质,可将用盐或稀酸处理染色质,可将DNA、组蛋白和非组蛋白分、组蛋白和非组蛋白分开,经离子交换层析、乙醇沉淀等技术处理可分别获得上述三开,经离子交换层析、乙醇沉淀等技术处理可分别获得上述三种组分。种组分。 来自不同细胞的染色质组分混合后,能够重新组建成染色来自不同细胞的染色质组分混合后,能够重新组建成染色质。质。 将无转录活性细胞的将无转录活性细胞的DNA和组蛋白与有转录活性细胞的非和组蛋白与有转录活性细胞的非组蛋白混合,则产生转录活性。组蛋白混合,则产生转录活性。第三节第三节 转
47、录和转录后加工的调控转录和转录后加工的调控一、顺式作用元件与反式作用因子一、顺式作用元件与反式作用因子(一)顺式作用元件(一)顺式作用元件(Cis-acting sequences)1. 启动子核心成分:如启动子核心成分:如TATA box;2. 上游启动子成分:如上游启动子成分:如CAAT box,GC box、八聚体、八聚体(octamer)以及)以及ATF结合位点等;结合位点等;3. 远上(下)游序列:如增强子,酵母的远上(下)游序列:如增强子,酵母的UAS(upstream activator sequences),静息子等;),静息子等;4. 特殊细胞中的启动子成分:淋巴细胞中的特殊
48、细胞中的启动子成分:淋巴细胞中的Oct和和B等。等。哺乳动物哺乳动物RNA polymerase 启动子上游转录因子结合的序列元件启动子上游转录因子结合的序列元件组件组件 保守序列保守序列 DNA长度长度 结合因子结合因子 大小大小(kDa) 丰度丰度/细胞细胞 分布分布TATA box TATAAA -10bp TBP 27 ? 普遍普遍CAAT box GGCCAATCT -22bp CTF/NF1 60 300000 普遍普遍GC box GGGCGG -20bp SP 1 165 60 000 普遍普遍Octamer ATTTGCAT -20bp Oct- 1 76 ? 普遍普遍Oct
49、amer ATTTGCAT 23bp Oct- 2 52 ? 淋巴细胞淋巴细胞B GGGACTTTCG -10bp NF B 44 ? 淋巴细胞淋巴细胞B GGGACTTTCG -10bp H2.TH1 ? ? 普遍普遍ATF GTGACGT -20bp ATF ? ? 普遍普遍结合于反应性元件的特殊转录因子结合于反应性元件的特殊转录因子调节剂调节剂 反应元件反应元件 保守序列保守序列 长度长度 反应因子反应因子 大小(大小(kDa)热休克热休克 HSE CNNGAANNTCCNNG 27bp HSTF 93糖皮质激素糖皮质激素 GRE TGGTACAAATGTTCT 20bp 受体受体 94
50、佛波酯佛波酯 TRE TGACTCA 22bp AP1 39血清血清 SRE CCATATTAGG 20bp SRF 52 (二)反式作用因子(二)反式作用因子(Trans-acting element)1. 通用反式作用因子:一般细胞中普遍存在,如通用反式作用因子:一般细胞中普遍存在,如TBP, SP1, CTF/NF-1,Oct-1等等;2. 特殊组织和细胞中的反式作用因子:特殊组织和细胞中的反式作用因子:Oct-2;3. 与反应性元件结合的反式作用因子与反应性元件结合的反式作用因子: 见下表。见下表。反式作用因子的调控作用途径:反式作用因子的调控作用途径: 1)蛋白质与)蛋白质与DNA相
51、互作用;相互作用; 2)蛋白质之间的相互作用;)蛋白质之间的相互作用; 3)蛋白质与配基结合;)蛋白质与配基结合; 4)蛋白质自身的修饰。)蛋白质自身的修饰。Figure 21.2 The activity of a regulatory transcription factor may be controlled by synthesis of protein, covalent modification of protein, ligand binding, or binding of inhibitors that sequester the protein or affect its
52、ability to bind to DNA.二、调控蛋白与二、调控蛋白与DNA的结合方式的结合方式 调控蛋白通常是结合在特异的调控蛋白通常是结合在特异的DNA序列上而发挥作用的。序列上而发挥作用的。而且调控蛋白通常有独立的结合而且调控蛋白通常有独立的结合DNA的结构域。的结构域。 (一)螺旋转角螺旋(一)螺旋转角螺旋( helix-turn-helix ) (二)锌指(二)锌指(Zinc Finger) (三)同源异型结构域(三)同源异型结构域(homeodomains, HD)Figure 10.13 The structure of a monomer of Lac repressor
53、identifies several independent domains. (一)螺旋转角螺旋(一)螺旋转角螺旋( helix-turn-helix ) The helix-turn-helix motif was originally identified as the DNA-binding domain of phage repressors. One -helix lies in the wide groove of DNA; the other lies at an angle across DNA. Figure 10.15 Inducer changes the struct
54、ure of the core so that the headpieces of a repressor dimer are no longer in an orientation that permits binding to DNA. Figure 21.12 Helix 3 of the homeodomain binds in the major groove of DNA, with helices 1 and 2 lying outside the double helix. Helix 3 contacts both the phosphate backbone and spe
55、cific bases. The N-terminal arm lies in the minor groove, and makes additional contacts. (二)锌指(二)锌指(Zinc Finger) The zinc finger motif comprises a DNA-binding domain. It was originally recognized in factor TFIIIA, which is required for RNA polymerase III to transcribe 5S rRNA genes. It has since bee
56、n identified in several other transcription factors (and presumed transcription factors). A distinct form of the motif is found also in the steroid receptors The steroid receptors are defined as a group by a functional relationship: each receptor is activated by binding a particular steroid. The glu
57、cocorticoid receptor is the most fully analyzed. Together with other receptors, such as the thyroid hormone receptor or the retinoic acid receptor, the steroid receptors are members of a superfamily of transcription factors with thesame general modus operandi. Figure 21.3 Transcription factor SP1 ha
58、s a series of three zinc fingers, each with a characteristic pattern of cysteine and histidine residues that constitute the zinc-binding site.Figure 21.4 Zinc fingers may form a a-helices that insert into the major groove, associated with b b-sheets on the other side. Figure 21.5 The first finger of
59、 a steroid receptor controls specificity of DNA-binding (positions shown in red); the second finger controls specificity of dimerization (positions shown in blue). The expanded view of the first finger shows that discrimination between GRE and ERE target sequences rests on two amino acids at the bas
60、e. 三、调节蛋白与蛋白质结合的方式三、调节蛋白与蛋白质结合的方式 在真核细胞中,许多转录因子以二聚体结合在在真核细胞中,许多转录因子以二聚体结合在DNA上。上。这些调控蛋白除了与这些调控蛋白除了与DNA结合的结构外,还有与蛋白质结合结合的结构外,还有与蛋白质结合的结构域。这些结构域参与二聚体的形成。的结构域。这些结构域参与二聚体的形成。 由相同亚基组成的二聚体,称为由相同亚基组成的二聚体,称为同二聚体同二聚体(homodimer);由不同亚基所组成的二聚体,称为由不同亚基所组成的二聚体,称为异二聚体异二聚体(heterodimer) 。 二聚体的形成是它与二聚体的形成是它与DNA结合的必要条
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