2016年广播电视大学《岩土力学》期末复习试题及参考答案资料小抄(专升本必备)

1、;.电大岩土力学期末复习试题及参考答案资料小抄一、填空题（每空1分，共25分）1. 土的颗粒分析试验最常用的室内试验方法有 和 。2. 土的不均匀系数Cu= ;曲率系数Cc= 。3. 土的压缩性指标可以用 和 来表示，e-p曲线愈陡，土的压缩性就愈 （高、低）。4 土的抗剪强度试验的目的，是测定土的抗剪强度指标 和 。 5. 某土单元体抗剪强度指标c20Kpa，大主应力1400Kpa，则该单元体小主应力3 Kpa时，该土处于极限平衡状态，若3200Kpa，该土处于 状态。6 表示岩石吸水能力的物理指标有 和 ，两者的比值被称为 ，它对于判别岩石的 具有重要意义。7. 岩石的破坏形式： 、 、

2、。8. 均质岩石破坏面与主应力面总成一定的关系，当抗压破坏时，破裂面与最大主应力成 角，当拉断时，破裂面就是 。9. 无裂隙围岩的应力计算方法有 和 。10.岩滑根据滑动面的形式，组合可分为： ， 和 。二、判断题（每题2分，共10分）1. 不均匀系数Cu愈大，说明土粒愈不均匀。 （ ）2. 土的压缩模量是指在安全侧限条件下竖向应力增量与竖向应变之比。 （ ）3. 根据莫尔-库伦准则可证明均质岩石的破坏面法线与大应力方向间夹角为（ ）4. 由于洞室围岩的变形和破坏而作用于支护或衬砌上的压力称为山岩压力。（ ）5. 岩石浸水饱和后强度降低的性质称为岩石的软化性，用软化系数表示。 （ ） 三、简答

3、题（每题5分，共25分）1. 土的级配曲线的特征可用哪两个系数来表示？这两个系数是怎样定义的？2. 什么叫土的抗剪强度?常用的试验方法有哪些?3. 什么叫滑坡？滑坡滑动面的形式有几种？4. 直剪破坏试验全过程曲线可分几段？各区段的特点是什么？岩石直剪破坏试验全过程曲线如图所示四、计算题（每题10分，共40分）1. 某试样，在天然状态下的体积为140 cm3，质量为240g，烘干后的质量重为190g，设土粒比重为2.67，试求该试样的天然容重、含水量、孔隙比、饱和度。2. 有一8m厚的饱和粘土层，上下两面均可排水，现从粘土层中心处取得2cm厚的试样做固结试验（试样上下均有透水石）。试样在某级压力

4、下达到60的固结度需要8分钟，则该粘土层在同样的固结压力作用下达到60的固结度需要多少时间？若该粘土层单面排水，所需时间为多少？（12分）3. 某岩样C=20Kpa，若该岩样受到最小主应力，最大主应力，试判断该岩样是否处于稳定状态？4. 某圆形洞室围岩=25千牛/米3，埋置深度H=160米，洞的半径米。设折减后的凝聚力MPa，求松动压力。 系数k1曲线 系数k2曲线参考答案一、填空题1. 土的颗粒分析试验最常用的室内试验方法有 筛析法 和 比重计法 。2. 土的不均匀系数Cu= ;曲率系数Cc= 。3. 土的压缩性指标可以用 压缩系数av 和 压缩指数Cc 来表示，e-p曲线愈陡，土的压缩性就

5、愈 高 （高、低）。4土的抗剪强度试验的目的，是测定土的抗剪强度指标内摩擦角和凝聚力。 5. 某土单元体抗剪强度指标c20Kpa，大主应力1400Kpa，则该单元体小主应力3 182 Kpa时，该土处于极限平衡状态，若3200Kpa，该土处于 稳定 状态。6表示岩石吸水能力的物理指标有吸水率和饱和吸水率，两者的比值被称为饱水系数，它对于判别岩石的抗冻性具有重要意义。7. 岩石的破坏形式：脆性破坏、延性破坏、弱面剪切破坏。8. 均质岩石破坏面与主应力面总成一定的关系，当抗压破坏时，破裂面与最大主应力成角，当拉断时，破裂面就是最大主应力面。9.无裂隙围岩的应力计算方法有内应力分配法和抗力系数法。1

6、0. 岩滑根据滑动面的形式，组合可分为：平面滑动，楔形滑动和旋转滑动。二、判断题1. 不均匀系数Cu愈大，说明土粒愈不均匀。 （ ）2. 土的压缩模量是指在安全侧限条件下竖向应力增量与竖向应变之比。（ ）3. 根据莫尔库伦准则可证明均质岩石的破坏面法线与大应力方向间夹角为（）4. 由于洞室围岩的变形和破坏而作用于支护或衬砌上的压力称为山岩压力。（ ）5. 岩石浸水饱和后强度降低的性质称为岩石的软化性，用软化系数表示。（ ）五、简答题（每题5分，共25分）1. 土的级配曲线的特征可用哪两个系数来表示？这两个系数是怎样定义的？答：不均匀系数和曲率系数 ， ，为粒径分布曲线上小于某粒径的土粒含量分别

7、为10%，30%，60%时所对应的粒径。2. 什么叫土的抗剪强度?常用的试验方法有哪些?土的抗剪强度是指土体对于外荷载所产生的剪应力的极限抵抗能力。抗剪强度试验的方法有室内试验和野外试验等，室内最常用的是直剪试验、三轴压缩试验和无侧限抗压强度试验等。野外试验有原位十字板剪切试验等。3. 确定地基承载力的方法有那些？答：(1)按土的强度理论确定地基承载力（普朗特极限承载力公式、太沙基极限承载力公式、魏锡克极限承载力公式）(2)规范查表方法（根据野外坚定结果或土的物理性质指标查表确定）。(3)静载荷试验及其它原位测试方法（标准贯入试验、静力触探试验，轻便触探试4. 直剪破坏试验全过程曲线可分几段？

8、各区段的特点是什么？岩石直剪破坏试验全过程曲线如图所示该曲线共分三段。第一段：原点p区段，该段近似为一直线即变形为弹性，p为极限强度(即裂隙开始发展的强度)；第二段：p f区段，f为峰值强度，该段内裂隙发展至破坏；第三段：fo区段。o为剪断面上的摩擦力(剩余强度)5. 什么叫滑坡？滑坡滑动面的形式有几种 当岩坡受力过大或岩石强度过低，一部分岩体向下或向外滑动叫滑坡，滑波滑动面有三种：软弱结构面；结构面；在岩体中。六、计算题（每题10分，共40分）1. 某试样，在天然状态下的体积为140 cm3，质量为240g，烘干后的质量重为190g，设土粒比重为2.67，试求该试样的天然容重、含水量、孔隙比

9、、饱和度。解：（1）试样的天然容重 （2）含水量（3）孔隙比（4）饱和度 2. 有一8m厚的饱和粘土层，上下两面均可排水，现从粘土层中心处取得2cm厚的试样做固结试验（试样上下均有透水石）。试样在某级压力下达到60的固结度需要8分钟，则该粘土层在同样的固结压力作用下达到60的固结度需要多少时间？若该粘土层单面排水，所需时间为多少？（12分）解：由于原位土层和试样土的固结度相等，且值相等，因而又土的性质相同， （如改单面，其达到60%固结度时间为由 ， 则 3. 埋深200m处的岩体内开挖一硐径为2a=2m圆形断面隧道，如果岩体中初始地应力为静水压力式，并且上覆岩层的平均容重为g/cm3，若隧道

10、周岩的抗剪强度指标MPa，试用莫尔-库仑强度条件评价其硐壁的稳定性。解： 洞壁：1=2z 3=0 (不稳定)4. 某圆形洞室围岩=25千牛/米3，埋置深度H=160米，洞的半径米。设折减后的凝聚力MPa，求松动压力。 系数k1曲线 系数k2曲线 解：MPa， ，则由查图6-27和图6-28的曲线得：，所以MPa请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American inven

11、tion. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Asso

12、ciation (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court.

13、 The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-6

14、24 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather co

15、vers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The

16、 ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the a

17、ir pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On D

18、ecember 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later becam

19、e Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of ba

20、sketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspape

21、r, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all player

22、s, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gy

23、mnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in

24、the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at s

25、chools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India betwee

26、n 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed

27、 less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committee

28、s in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the Natio

29、nal Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the

30、Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in th

31、e game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor

32、 (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the w

33、omen as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts b

34、asketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States wa

35、s the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association

36、 of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball As

37、sociation (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were a

38、ttempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in

39、 Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soo

40、n changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now co

41、nstructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while i

42、n 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professiona

43、ls, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost excl

44、usively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were

45、 played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot,

46、 and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original

47、 Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notab

48、le players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at

49、 Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college b

50、asketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York

51、 City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter,

52、Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In

53、1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athle

54、tic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dri

55、bble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan be

56、came the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other

57、 coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the