试谈英语研究论文写作常识

1、英语研究论文写作常识(仅供参考)：I摘要写作要点： 中心论题、研究背景、研究目的、理论支撑、研究对象、方法、步骤、样本抽取、研究发现、研究意义。2. APA 论文格式的摘要写作要求（供参考）In writing the abstract, use no more than 120 words. (Remember that the whole point of abstracting is to condense.) The abstract always falls on page 2, the page after the title page. It should have a runn

2、ing head and page number. Center the title “Abstract” (without quotation marks) one inch from the top of the page. The abstract should observe the following conventions:1)Reflect accurately the purpose and content of your paper.2)Explain briefly the central issue or problem of your paper.3)Summarize

3、 your papers most important points.4)Mention the major sources used.5)State your conclusions clearly.6)Be coherent so that it is easy to read.7) Remain objective in its point of view.II.目录写作要点： 体现论文的结构及论证过程：ContentsPart One Introduction. . 11.1 Research Background.（研究背景）.11.2 Theories on Language an

4、d Culture (理论与方法简要介绍) .21.3 Research Purpose, Significance and Structure of the Thesis.（研究目的、意义.及论文结构）. . .2Part Two Kinship-term Differences in Chinese and English .32.1 Theories on Language and Culture.（理论支撑?可以独立成章）. .32.1.1 Relation between Language and Culture. .42.1.2 Culture at the Material, I

5、nstitutional and Psychological Levels. .42.2 Specific Kinship Terms VS. General Kinship Terms. . .62.3 Extended Family VS. Nuclear Family（研究对象，样本抽取）. .9Part Three Cultural Interpretation at the Three Levels .123.1 Geographical Distinction at the Material Level. .12 3.1.1 A Continental Economy. .12 3

6、.1.2 An Oceanic Economy. .133.2 Ethical Inclination at the Institutional Level. .14 3.2.1 Moral-Orientation in China. .143.2.2 Law-Orientation in Western Countries. .153.3 Spiritual Support at the Psychological Level. .16 3.3.1 Confucianism: a Hierarchical Doctrine. .16 3.3.2 Christianity: an Equal

7、Conception.（论证）. .17Part Four Conclusion.（研究发现）. .19Notes. .21Bibliography. .22Acknowledgements. .24Appendix. .25III正文写作要点：（The text）1 IntroductionThe introduction may contain a few paragraphs, including:1） Defining your specific topic；2） Suggesting the significance of your research；3） Developing a

8、brief discussion of relevant literature on the topic; 4） Historical background； 5） Stating your position to establish the direction of the study to point towards your conclusions；6） Briefly introducing each part of your thesis；（注意：主要是提出问题和观点；对于上述的引言要点和叙述顺序可以根据情况灵活运用）2. Body A logical development of

9、your outline subdivisions and requires orderly presentation of ideas, well-developed arguments and proper documentation, which together guarantee unity, coherence, clarity and accuracy of your paper with a thorough analysis, bringing a conclusion from known facts, premises, data, etc. 3. ConclusionF

10、ocus on your topic, a summary of your whole thesis or restatement of your thesis, but it is not a simple repetition, but a concise well-organized conclusion in theory, including statement of the subjects significance, to let readers know the value of your study; put forward a solution of a problem,

11、etc. (Remember to avoid additional ideas, irrelevant information, or asking questions that raise new issues，etc注意：在结论部分，避免提出论文以外的观点，不相干内容、问题等)IVDocumentation and Bibliography1. Basic concepts1） Documentation: Documentation refers to furnishing the paper with exact references to authoritative support

12、ing informationAll academic papers should be well documented to credit each and every source material that is borrowed or referred to in the textDocumentation consists of two parts in different forms: in-text documentation and extra-text documentation；the former taking the form of in-text citation o

13、r in-text numbering，while the latter taking the form of notes and a bibliography attached to the text as integral parts2） In-text citationIn-text citation means quoting or mentioning in the text other source materials (put in parentheses) as evidence to the paper writers ideas or arguments on certai

14、n issues3） In-text numberingIn-text numbering means referring to the source materials by superscript (Arabic) numerals arranged consecutively within the text, which are always supplemented by footnotes or endnotes4） NotesNotes are brief comments or explanations or references giving evidence or suppo

15、rt to the paper writers arguments in the textThey may be classified into documentation notes and content notes according to their meanings or functions，footnotes and endnotes according to their locationsAs mentioned above, notes may be divided into documentation notes and content notes according to

16、their functions, or footnotes and endnotes according to their locationsFootnotes and endnotes are both used in the traditional style of documentation, but as endnotes are more manageable to the paper writer and less distracting to the reader，they are preferable to footnotes and are quite popular wit

17、h university students in their academic research paper writing. Both footnotes and endnotes must match the numbering of in-text citationsNotes provide the following items of information about the source materials, and are put in the given ordera. Name(s) of the author(s) (Given names precede family

18、names for Western authors whereas family names precede given names for Chinese authors)；b. Title of the cited articlepoemstorychaptersection of a book (in quotation marks)；c. Title of the cited bookjournalperiodicalmagazinenewspaper (in italics if printed or underlined if handwrittentyped)；d. Name(s

19、) of the editor(s) (preceded by “ed.”)，translator(s) (preceded by “trans.”)，or compiler(s) (preceded by “comp.”);e. Edition of the book；f. Number of volumes of a book if all the volumes are cited；g. Place of publication followed by a colon，name of the publisher followed by a comma, and date of publi

20、cation (all together put in parentheses)；h. Volume number if the reference is a multi-volume work；i. Page number(s), with “page(s)” abbreviated to “p.” “pp. ” followed by a space and the number or the hyphenated numbers (e.g. pp. 10-20)Rules for the numbering of in-text citationsa. In-text citations

21、 are numbered consecutively beginning withb. The number is put right after the part of the sentence where the citation ends c. Superscript Arabic numerals are usedd. The number is put after all punctuation marks5) Documentation notesThey are brief notes that acknowledge the source materials borrowed

22、 in the text，mostly taking the form of in-text citation, especially in the MLA style and the APA styleBut they may also be listed at the bottom of the page or at the end of the paper in the traditional style of documentation6) Content notesContent notes are put either at the bottom of the page as fo

23、otnotes, or at the end of the paper as endnotes. They provide whatever supplementary information needed to reinforce evidence or clarify the sources referred to in the text, giving matters related to the research, explaining some point of view, offering statistics, acknowledging assistance or suppor

24、t, etc.For example： a.“AustraliaS Folk Songs”，Twentieth Century：An Australian Quarterly Review, Vol1，No1(Specifying the source) b. A phrase used by literary and social critic AAPhilips in his article，“The Cultural Cringe，”Meanjin，IV1 950，to describe a sense of inferiority felt by Australian writers

25、and artists when faced with the intimidating mass of Anglo-Saxon culture”(Giving explanation) c. See JDLang，Transportation and Colonization，etcLondon，1837，ppiv- vi：RTherry，Reminiscences，etc，London，1863，p146；and TPotter Macqueen，Australia As She Is and As She May Be，London，1840，p17 (Giving related ma

26、tters) d. For details of the Gardiners“case”and its treatment in Parliamentsee Votes and Proceedings Legislative Assembly of New South Wales，18731874，vo12，pp189-245；and Sydney Morning Herald and Empire files for June 1874 (Supplying further references) e. EGR Cunningham，Two Years in New South Wales，

27、etc，2 vo1sLondon (3rd ed1828)，vo11，pp57-58(Citing examples, 作者名在前，姓在后)f. Between 1871 and 1891 the distribution of the population in New South Wales changed as follows： Sydney & Suburbs Other Towns Rural1871 137,776=27.5 97,037=1 9.3 266,766 = 53.21891 383,283=343 346,736=3 1.0 388,231 = 34.7 (P

28、roviding statistics) g. CfJames Baird who argues that the whiteness of Melvilles whale is“the sign of the all-encompassing God” (p.257)(“cf.” means making comparison)h. Funds to finance this research were graciously provided by the Thompson-Monroe Foundation(Acknowledging support)7) BibliographyA bi

29、bliography is a list of works referred to in the text or consulted by the paper writer in the production of the paper. Bibliography is indispensable to all academic research papers. It lists in the alphabetical order all the reference materials you have used in your research. It follows the Endnotes

30、 section of the paper Bibliography provides almost the same information about the source materials as the notes, but it abides by somewhat different conventions. In-text citations in the MLA or APA style make notes omissible while bibliography entries can never be omitted Rules for bibliography entr

31、ies:a. This section is put on a separate page following the Endnotes sectionb. It adopts the heading Bibliography(a fairly complete listing of all works related to the subject under investigation)or Works Cited fan inclusion of only those printed works quoted or paraphrased in the paper)or Reference

32、s(an inclusion of all works that contributed to the research even though you did not quote or paraphrase from them all)c. Triple space is used between the heading and the first entryd. All the entries are arranged alphabetically by the authors family name or, if anonymous, by the title of the work w

33、ith the initial article Janthe ignorede. Single space is used within an entry but double space, between entriesf. Periods are used instead of commas or parentheses that are used in notes, except after the place of publication, where colon is used，and after the publisher or between co-authors，where c

34、omma is usedTwo spaces are left after each period and a capital letter is used after the period as if beginning a sentenceg. The complete title of a work, including the subtitle, is givenh. The entries, arranged alphabetically, are not numberedi. Hanging indentation is used for each entryj. Page num

35、ber of the reference is not necessarily provided except for articles from periodicals or newspapers.Since the MLA and APA styles make full use of the in-text citations, they need only content notes, but no documentation notes. It is supplemented by a bibliography at the end of the paper, giving all

36、details of the source materialsV. Forms of documentation1. CMS-Chicago Manual Style (Traditional style)This style is characterized by the use of superscript (Arabic) numerals within the text，namely the in-text numbering, and documentation notes at the foot of each page or at the end of the paper: on

37、e for in-text numbering plus footnotes；the other for in-text numbering plus endnotesFor example:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion. The traditional style is still widely adopted in English-speaking countries for academic paper writing in fine

38、 arts and some fields of humanities.2. APA -American Psychology Association (Author-date style) This style features brief in-text citations to the sources，indicating the author and the year of publication of hisher workIf more than one work by the same author is cited, the title of the work is also

39、givenObviously，this style puts more emphasis on the date or up-to-datedness of the source materials，and it is mainly used for social sciences such as education, linguistics, politics, psychology, business, etcFor example： The approach begins with the before-reading activities, which are planned for

40、two purposes：(1) To interest and motivate studentsAccording to Goodman (1967)，reading is“a complex process by which a reader reconstructs, to some degree, a message encoded by a writer in graphic language”This psycholinguistic view of reading assumes reading to be an active processin which the“reade

41、r is an active information processor”(2) .(Widdowson，l 983) Author-date-page style: For example:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin, 1984, p. 2).Nowadays，many scholars get the two styles combined in their academic writing，indicating t

42、he author，the work (page number) and the publication date in the order of author-date-page numberFor example： For example:“For many students, reading is by far the most important of the four skills in a second language, particularly in English as a second language or foreign language”(Carrell，1989：1

43、)For students in China，where English is learned as a foreign language and face-to-face communication with native speakers of English is still largely confined, reading is paramount. This is not just because English is learned primarily as a means of gaining information through the written language,

44、but also because reading provides the most efficient and hence the most important channel of linguistic input through which students improve their linguistic competenceThe teaching of reading in such a context is, therefore，indispensable from two objectives：to develop both reading proficiency and li

45、nguistic competence. According to Clark(1987: 38-40), reading skills, from the methodological viewpoint, include scanning, skimming, reading for thorough comprehension and critical reading while language skills refer to vocabulary, structure and discourse. Examples of bibliography of APA:Book by one

46、 authorJones, E. (1931). On the nightmare. London:Hogarth.Book by two or more authors:Terman, L.M., & Merrill, M.A.(1937). Measuring intelligence. Cambridge, MA: Riversides Press.Edited book:Friedman, R. J., &Katz, M.M. (Eds.).(1974). The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and res

47、earch. New York: Wiley.3. MLA -Modern Language Association (Author-work style) This style applies to the study of language and literature. MLA is characterized by brief in-text citations to sources，indicating the author and the work，especially the chapter and page number from which the source materi

48、al is taken.For example:Even Einstein recoiled from the implication of quantum mechanics that reality is an illusion (Gribbin 2).The following passage shows the use of the author-work styleYou can use the page numbers instead of the chapter numbers or add the page numbers to the chapter numbers with

49、in the parentheses to achieve greater precision of the citationsFor example： Far from the Madding Crowd is less concerned with the external influences that shape our lives than with actions that spring from characters and with the conflicts between the charactersYet in this novel, too, Hardy repeate

50、dly hints at some external force or forces at work，and several important developments are made to hinge on those whimsical coincidences (ch. 2, 27) which assume such large proportions in others of his novelsExamples of Bibliography of MLA:References to a bookBook by one author：Philips，AAThe Australi

51、an Tradition. Melbourne：Robertson and Mullens.1958Wright，JudithPreoccupations in Australian PoetryMelbourne：Oxford University Press，1965Book by two or more authors：（第一作者姓在前，名在后; 第二作者名在前，姓在后; 以此类推）Barnard，MF and FSP Eldershaw. Essays in Australian Fiction. Melbourne：Melbourne University Press，1938(No

52、te：The second authors name follows the normal order.)Quirk，R. et a1A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London：Longman，1985Anonymous book：The Church and the Law of Nullity of MarriageLondon：Society for Promoting Christian, 1955.Multivolume book：Churchill，Winston SThe Age of RevolutionV01

53、III of A History of the English-Speaking PeoplesNew York：Dodd，Mead，1 957GreenHMA History of Australian Literature Vol. II. Sydney：Angus and Robertson, 1961.Book by an editor：HillDC“Who Is Communicating What?”in Essays for StudyEdJames L._McDonald and Leonard R DoanNew York：Appleton Hall, 1973JohnstonF (ed)Australian Literary CriticismMelbourne：Oxford University Press, 1962Book by a translator：HomerThe OdysseyTransGHPalmerBoston：Houghton Mifltlin Company, 1929Book in other edition than the first：Joyce，AA Homestead HistoryEdJames, GF2nd edMelbourne：Me