专业八级-169

1、专业八级-169（总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟）一、PROOFREADDING & ERROR CORRECT总题数：4，分数：100.00）For the most part, the thousands of languages in theworld today fall into one of two categories: tonal or nontonal. Two linguists believe they know the genetic underpinningsfor these differences. During a study of lingu

2、istic and genetic data from 49 distinctive populations, the authorsdiscovered 1 a struck correlation between two genes involved in 2 brain development and language tonality.Populations who 3 speak nontonal languages have newer versions of the genes, with mutations that began to appearroughly 37 thou

3、sand years before. You can consider this as the first of the many 4 possible studies that we could do totry to find a genetic basis for language and language typology and the different populations that speak a language,says Patrick Wong, the 5 assistant professor at Northwestern University, who was

4、not involved in this study. In English,the pitch which a word 6_is spoken convey emotion but usually does not affect its 7 meaning. But in many languages tone changes the meaning8_of words. For instance, the Chinese word huar said in a high pitch means flower, but in a dipping pitch meaning picture.

5、The new research ties this difference to those two genes. 9_The exact functions of both genes are still open to debate, so 10_they are known to affect brain size during embryonic development.They presumably have something to do with brain structure, because there are mutations of the genes that lead

6、 tomicrocephaly, a condition in which a persons brain is much smaller than the average size for his or her age.（分数： 25.00 ）解析：distinctive distinct 解析distinctive的意思是“特殊的，特别的”，distinct的意思是“有区别的，不同的”。本句要表达的是“ 49 个不同的种群”，所以要用distinct 。解析：struck striking 解析struck 是 strike 的过去式和过去分词，做定语修饰时一般跟另一个词构 成复合形容词，

7、表示“遭受的”， striking 的意思才是“惊人的”。解析：whothat解析跟 people 不同，population做先行词时关系代词要用that，而不是 whQ解析：before ago解析当需要表示相对于此时此刻而言的“.时间以前”时，要用ago；如果含义是“过去或者将来某个时刻之前”或者“另一个事件之前”，那么就用before。解析：the an解析这里的 assistant professor at Northwestern University 做同位语，修饰 Patrick Wong 功能上大致相当于一个关系分句，因为是第一次提到，所以要用不定冠词an，不能用定冠词 th

8、e。解析：pitchAwhich at/in解析如果没有介词，关系代词which 在关系分句中无法充当适当的成分。参照下文，就能正确修改：.the Chinese word huar said in a high pitch.解析：convey conveys解析本句主语是 the pitch，谓语动词需要保持主谓一致，根据上下文，应为一般现在时，因此 convey 改为 conveys。解析：meaning means解析but 是并列连词，前后分句是并列关系。前面的分句是一个限定分句meansflower，后面的分句就不能是非限定分句，所以meaning 应该改成 means 表示并列关系

9、。解析：those /解析上文并未提到是哪两个基因，此处应为不定指，所以删除指示代词those。解析：sobut解析前一个分句的意思是“对这两个基因的确切功能尚无一致意见”，后一个分句的意 思是“已知它们在胚胎发育时会影响大脑的尺寸”。显然，前后是转折关系，所以应该用转折连词but 连接。Scientists for decades have clashed over whether evolution takes place gradually or is driven by short spurts of intensechange. In the latest chapter in th

10、is debate, researchers report that it appears that when new languages spin-off fromolder one, there is an initial introductory burst of alterations 11 to vocabulary. Then, the language intends to settle andaccumulate 12 gradual changes over a long period of time. The team believes this discrete evol

11、utionary pattern occurswhen a social group tries to forge a separate identification. Study 13 co-author Mark Pagel says that the latest studygrew out of an earlier finding in which he and colleagues determined that about 20 percent of genetic changes amongspecies occur 14 they first split off, where

12、as the rest happens gradually. It 15 was very natural with us to wonder if asimilar process of 16 evolution happens in cultural groups, Pagel says. We treat the words that the differentlanguages use almost identically so to the way we use genes: . The more divergent two species 17 are, the less thei

13、rgenes have in common, just like the 18 more divergent two languages are, the less their words have in common. Theteam focused on three of the worlds major language families in its study: Bantu, Indo-European and Austronesian.They constructed genealogical trees similarto those they had created previ

14、ously in their 2006 species-related study albeit this time the trees traced existed 19_languages back to their common roots; the length of a branch indicates the extent of word replacement that took 20_place as each old language morphed into its current form.（分数： 25.00）解析：oneones解析被代替的是 languages，所以

15、应该用复数形式ones。解析：intends tends解析intend to do sth. 的意思是“打算做某事，主语应该是人，而tend todo sth.的意思是“往往会”，此处表示“语言渐渐稳定下来”。解析：identification identity 解析identification “身份的确认”； identity 才是“身份，在 心理学和社会学中，identity 的意思是“对于某个群体的认同”。解析：occurAthey when解析前面的分句 about 20 percent of genetic changes amongspecies occur 跟后面的分句 th

16、ey first split off 之间缺少连词，根据句意，应该插入从属连词 when,连接两个分句。 解析：happenshappen解析当 the rest 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于它所指代的名词是否可数。 这里 the rest 指代 changes，是可数名词的复数，所以谓语动词应该用happen。解析：with for解析带有逻辑主语的不定式的形式是for sb. to do sth.，介词只能是 for。解析：so /解析本句大意是“我们对待各种语言的方式跟我们利用基因的方式一模一样。”so 是多余的。解析：like as解析like 只能用作介词，as 可以作介词，也可

17、以作连词。在口语中，可以用 like 代替 as 作连词，但不符合正式语法。解析：existed existing 解析existing 的意思是“现存的”， existed 只是 exist 的过去式，不能作 定语修饰名词。解析：indicates indicated解析根据前面分句的时态，以及后面的关系分句中的took， indicate 应该用过去式，所以将 indicates 改为 indicated 。So why do I talk about the benefits of failure? Simply because failure meant a stripping awa

18、y of the inessential. Istopped pretending to me that I was anything other than 21 what I was, and began to direct all my energy for finishing22 the only work that mattered to me. Have I really succeeded 23 at anything else, I might never have found thedetermination to succeed in the one arena I beli

19、eved I truly belonged. I was set free, because my greatest fear hadbeen realised, and I was still alive, and I yet had a daughter whom I adored, and 24 I had an old typewriter and a bigidea. And so rock bottom became the solid foundation which I rebuilt my life. You 25 might never fail on the scale

20、I did,but some failure in life is inevitable. It is possible to live without failing at something, 26 unless you live so cautiouslythat you might as well as not 27 have lived at all in which case, you fail by default. Failure gave me an inner securitythat I had never attained by passing examinations

21、. Failure taught me things about myself that I could have learned anyother way. I discovered that I had 28 a strong will and the more discipline than I had suspected; 29 I also found out thatI had friends whose value was truly above the price of rubies. The knowledge which you have 30 emerged wiser

22、andstronger from setbacks means that youare, ever after, secure in your ability to survive.（分数： 25.00 ）解析：me myself解析当出现在同一个分句中时，代词me 不能跟主语 I 共指，所以此处需用 myself。解析：for finishing to finish 解析动词 direct 跟宾语的搭配方式是 direct sb. to do sth.。解析：Have Had解析本句不是疑问句，是倒装的非真实条件句。主句用的是might have done ，从句需要用 If.had don

23、e. 由于 if 省略，引起倒装，had 提前到句首。解析：yet still 解析作“还，仍然”解释时，yet 用于否定句和疑问句，still用于肯定句。解析：foundationAwhich on解析指代 foundation 的关系代词 which 在关系分句中无处依着，添加 on 以后，which 作介词补语，同时， build something on something else是一个搭配。解析：possible impossible解析本句的大意是人生不可能从不失败，除非.，因此应用impossible，而 possible 显然跟上下文的意思不符。解析：第二个 as/解析mig

24、ht/may as well 是一个习惯搭配，意义是“不妨”，还可以说成might/mayjust as well 和 might/may well。解析：any no解析本句的大意是“失败教给了我用任何别的方式都无法学到的东西。”所以要用noother way。解析：the /解析此处并非 the more.the more的结构，只是形容词much 的比较级，无需 the。解析：which that解析the knowledge 后面跟的是同位语从句，不是关系从句，因此不能用which，而要用 that 引导。Unlike any other creature on this planet

25、, humans can learn and understand, without having experienced.They can think themselves into other peoples places. Of course, this is power that is morally neutral. 31 One might usesuch an ability to manipulate or control, just as much as to understand or sympathy. 32And many prefer to exercise thei

26、r imaginations at all. They 33 choose to remain comfortably within the bounds of theirown experience, never trouble to wonder how it would 34 feel to have been born other than they are. They can refuseto hear screams or to peer inside cages; they can open their 35 minds and hearts to any suffering t

27、hat does not touchthem personally; they can refuse to know. I might be attempted 36 to envy people who can live that way, except that Ido not think they have any fewer nightmares than I did. Choosing 37 to live in narrow spaces leads to a form of mentalagoraphobia, and that brings its own terrors. I

28、 think the willfully imaginative see more monsters. They are often moreafraid. 38 What is more, those who choose not to empathise enable real monsters. For without ever committing to anact of 39 outright evil ourselves, we collude with it, through our own apathy. One of the many things I learned at

29、the endof that Classics corridor down which I ventured at the age of 18, in search of something I could not then define, was this,written by the Greek author Plutarch: What we achieve inwardly will change out reality. 40（分数：25.00 ）解析： 人 power a 解析 power 通常用作不可数名词， 但此处临时成为可数名词， 原因是它带了关系分句 that is morallyneutral ，整个短语的意思是“一种非