理工类A级卷一

1、2013年职称英语等级考试考前冲刺试题理工类A级（卷一）第1部分：词汇选项（第115题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有 1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定 1个意义最为接近的 选项。1. She exhibited great powers of en dura nee duri ng the climb.A. playB. sendC. showD. tell2. The eternal moti on of the stars fase in ated him.A. lo ngB. n ever-e ndingC. bori ngD. exte nsive3. She c

2、ould not an swer, it was an immense load off her heart.A. n aturalB. fatalC. tinyD. eno rmous4. The book made a great impact on its readers.A. forceB. in flue neeC. surpriseD. power5. Accompa nied by cheerful music, we bega n to dan ce.A. pleasa ntB. colorfulC. fashi on ableD. differe nt6. He was no

3、t eligible for the exam in ati on because he was over age.A. competitiveB. dilige ntC. qualifiedD. compete nt.7. Her novel depicts an ambitious Chinese.A. writesB. sketchesC. describesD. in dicates8. Don irritate her, shes on a short fuse today.A. teaseB. attractC. annoyD. protect9. It is absurd to

4、go out in such terrible weather.A. ridiculousB. funnyC. oddD. in terest ing10. I notified him that my address had changed.A. i nformedB. observedC. mockedD. misled11. The man ager allocate duties to the clerks.A. assig nB. persuadeC. askD. order12. The once barren hillsides are now good farmla nd.A.

5、 hairlessB. bareC. emptyD. bald13. It is postulated that a cure for the disease will have been found by the year 2000.A. challe ngedB. assumedC. deductedD. decreed14. We must abide by the rules.A. stick toB. persist inC. safeguardD. apply15. From my standpoint, you know, this thing is just funny.A.

6、positi onB. point of viewC. kno wledgeD. opi nion第2部分：阅读判断（第1622题，每题I分，共7分）下面的短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择 A ;如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the HeartAccord ing to scie ntists in the USA, stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the he

7、arts of people with heart failure. Researchersat Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.They injected stem cells in to the parts of their hearts that were damaged, They then compared their hearts with those of people

8、who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them（they had also suffered from severe heart failure）. The patie nts who had had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump（用泵抽运）more blood tha n the others.According to Professor Robert Kormos, one of tile researc

9、hers,these results could revolutionize heart treatment. Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a ben efit, this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help the failing heart work better.All the patie nts in this study had hearts that could not pum

10、p blood properly. The scientists measured their ejection fraction（射血分数）.it is a measure of heart performanee; you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ven tricle（心室）.Healthy people s ejection fraction is about 55%. These patients had ejection fraction of under 35%. They a11 had by-

11、pass surgery（搭桥手术performed on them. Some of the patie nts had stem cells take n from their hip bones and injected in to 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle, Six mon ths later their ejectio n fractio n rate was 46. 1%while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37 2%.No s

12、ide effects were reposed.Heart failure is a com mon problem all over the world. In the UK alone about 650,000 people suffer from heart failure every year. As the number of people sufferi ng from heart failure in creases in the world in gen eral these findings are particularly sig ni fica nt.Current

13、treatments relieve the symptoms. This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the pote ntial of curi ng the disease.16. The 20 patie nts had stem cell in jecti ons in stead of surgery.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17. The experime nt proved to be satisfacto

14、ry.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18. The control group patients regretted not having had stem cell injections.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19. The study actually proved for the first time the ben efit of stem cell therapy.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20. The ejectio n fractio n rate of

15、 the patie nts with stem cell injectio ns decreased.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21. Heart failure is more com mon in the UK tha n any where else in the world.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22. Stem cell therapy seems to have great prospects.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第

16、2330题，每题l分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第2326题要求从所给的6个选项中为第27段名其 中4段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第2730题要求从所给的 6个选项中为每个句子确定 1个最 佳选项。A Killing Power of Ancient Volcanic Eruptions Blasts from the Past 1Volcanoes were destructive in ancient history. Not because they were bigger, but because the carbon dioxide they released wipe

17、d out life with greater ease.2Paul Wignall from the University of Leeds was investigating the link between volcanic eruptions and mass extinctions. Not all volcanic eruptions killed off large number of animals, but all the mass extinction cover the past 300 million years coincided with huge formatio

18、ns of volcanic rock. To his surprise, the older the massive volcanic eruptions were, the more damage they seemed to do.3Wignall calculated the “killing efficiency ”for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size f

19、or size, older eruptions were at least 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.4The Permian extinction, for example, which happened 250 million years ago, is marked by floods of volcanic rock in Siberia that cover an area roughly the size of western Europe. Those volcano

20、es are thought to have pumped out about 10 gigatonnes of carbon as carbon dioxide. The global warming that followed wiped out 80 per cent of all marine genera at the time, and it took 5 million years for the planet to recover.5Yet 60 million years ago in the late Palacocene1 there was another huge a

21、mount of volcanic activity and global warming but no mass extinction. Some animals did disappear but things returned to normal within ten thousands of years. “The most recent ones hardly have an effect at all,”Wignall says. He ignored the extinction which wiped out the dinosaurs at the end of the Cr

22、etaceous,265million years ago, because many scientists believe it was primarily caused by the impact of an asteroid.6Wignall thinks that older volcanoes had more killing power because more recent life forms were better adapted to dealing with increased levels of CO2. ocean chemistry may also have pl

23、ayed a role. As the supercontinents broke up and exposed more coastline there may have been more weathering of silica rocks. This would have encouraged the growth of phytoplankton in the oceans, increasing the amount of CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere.7Vincent Courtillot, director of the Paris Geop

24、hysical Institute in France, says that Wign alls idea is provocative. But he says it is in credibly hard to do these sorts ofcalculations. He points out that the killing power of volcanic eruptions depends on how long they lasted. And it is impossible to tell whether the huge blasts lasted for thous

25、a nds or milli ons of years.8Courtillot also adds that it is difficult to estimate how much lava prehistoric volca noes produced, and that lava volume may not n ecessarily corresp ond to carb on dioxide or sulphur dioxide emissi ons.23 Paragraph 224 Paragraph 325 Paragraph 426 Paragraph 5A Kill ing

26、Power of An cie nt Volca nic Erupti onsB Associati on of Mass Exti nctions with Volca nicC Calculation of the Killing Power of Older EruptionsD A Mass Ext in ctio nE Volca nic Erupti ons That Caused No Mass Exti nctio nF Accounting for the Killing Power of Older Eruptions27 Older eruptio ns were mor

27、e devastati ng.28 The Permia n exti ncti on is used to illustrate.29 The cause of the ext inction of dino saurs .30 Courtillor rejects . A tha n more rece nt onesB the killing efficiency for older eruptionsC has rema ined con troversialD Wign alls calculati ons as acceptableE has bee n known to us a

28、llF his ideas第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分） 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有 5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。第一篇 Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking UprightMost of us walk and carry items in our hands every day. These are seem in gly simple activities tllat the majority of us don t question. But an international team

29、 ofresearchers,including Dr.Richmond from GW s Columbian College of Arts andSciences, have discovered that human walking upright, may have originated millions of years ago as art adaptation to carrying scarce, high-quality resources The team of researchers from the U. S. , England, Japan and Portuga

30、l investigated the behavior of modem. day chimpanzees as they competed for food resources, in an effort to un dersta nd what ecological sett ings would lead a large ap& one that resembles the 6 million-year old ancestor we shared in common with living chimpanzees-to walk on two legs.“Theeschimpanzee

31、s provide a model of the ecological conditions under which our earliest ancestors might have begun walking on two legs,”said Dr. RichmondThe research findings suggest that chimpanzeesswitch to moving on two limbs instead of four in situations where they need to monopolize a resource. Standing on two

32、 legs allows them to calTy much more at one time because it flees up their handsOver time, intense bursts of bipedal activity4 may have led to anatomical changesthat in turn became the subject of natural selection where competition for food or other resources was strong.Two studies were conducted by

33、 the team in GuineaThe first study was conducted by the team in Kyoto University “sOutdoorlaboratory ”ainnatural clearing in Bossouo Forest. Researchers allowed the wild chimpanzees access to different combinations of two different types of nut-the oil palm Nut , which is naturally widely available,

34、 and the coula nut, which is not, the chimpanzees behavior was monitored in three situations：(a)when only oil palm nuts were available, (b)when a small number of coula nuts were available. and(c)when coula nuts were the majority available resource.When the rare coula nuts were available only in smal

35、l numbers. the chimpanzees transported more at one time. Similarly, when coula nuts were the majority resource, the chimpanzees ignored the oil palm nuts altogether The chimpanzees regarded the coula nuts as a more highly-prized resource and competed for them more intensely.In such high-competition

36、settings, the frequency of cases in which the chimpanzees started moving on two legs increased by a factor of four. Not only was it obvious that bipedal movement allowed them to carry more of this precious resource, but also that they were actively trying to move ”as much as they could in one go by

37、using everything availableeven their mouths.The second study, by Kimberley Hockings of Oxford Brookes University , was a l4-month study of Bossou chimpanzees crop-raiding, a situation in which they have to compete for rare and unpredictable resources. Here, 35 percent of the chimpanzees activity inv

38、olved some sort of bipedal movement, and once again, this behavior appeared to be linked to a clear attempt to carry as much as possible at one time31 Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and

39、 carrying items.B Chimpanzee s behaviors may suggest why humans Walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as all adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors ecologicaclonditions resembled those of modem day chimpanzees .32Dr Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose o

40、f findingA when humans began walking on two legs.B what made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.33. Kyoto University s study discovered that chimpanzeesA regarded both types of nut as price

41、d resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.34 Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University s experiment?A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wante

42、d to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to the nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they Wanted to carry more nut with two free limbs35. What call we infer from the reading passage 7A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution a

43、s our ancestors WereB Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking oil two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking On two legs developed as a means of survival第二篇 Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers” Research by the Universi

44、ty of Exete1r has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as “ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study, published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.2Firstly, through moving

45、of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including l

46、arger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the university s Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said: “Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial 3 and very aggressive, defending their r

47、esources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area”.”In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an

48、 increase in density and diversity of other animal groups 4. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black

49、garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants

50、 had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increas

51、es, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineerin”g.Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystemengineers. Ant biodiversit

52、y6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystemAnts are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the phy

53、sical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.36 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?A Because they build their own nests.B Because they collect food.C Because their activity affects the environment.D Because they are predators

54、.37. As predators, antsA prey on small as well as large animals.B collect nutritious food from the soilC collect food as decomposers.D prey on species much higher up the food chain.38. Dir Sandersstudy centered on how antsA can manage to thrive in huge numbers.B defend their resources and territory

55、against other predators.C attack those invading animals for survival.D produce such a big impact on the environment.39. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small. B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their popul

56、ation is small. C Ants predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area. D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.40. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live?B H

57、ow do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem?C How do human activities affect antsinfluence on a given ecosystem?D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?第三篇Why So Many Children?In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia , the population is growing fast .

58、The reason for this is simple : Women in these countries have a high birth rate from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman . The majority of these women are poor , without the food or resources to care for their families ? The answer may be that they often have no choice . There are several reasons for this .One reason is economic . In a traditional agricultural economy , large families are helpful .Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone