地理信息科学专业英语

1、地理信息科学专业英语仿射波段制图学剪切数字化仪数字线划图每英寸点数边缘匹配赤道等积大地水准面地理空间全球定位系统栖息地接口项目纬度图例经度中值子午线专业术语英译汉 affine band cartography clip digitizer DLG dpi edgematching equator equiarea geoid geospatial GPS Habitat Interface Item Latitude legend longitude median meridianmetadata neatline Object-Based parcel photogrammetry pre

2、cipitation range raster resample resolution RMS元数据图廓线基于对象的宗地摄影测量降水量范围栅格重采样分辨率均方根扫描仪选址拓扑统一地理编码拓扑数组通用横轴墨卡托投影矢量scanner siting TIGER topology tuple UTM vector专业术语汉译英保护区比例尺标准差标准图幅单精度protected areaScale barStandard deviationStandard picture frameSingle precision地理空间数据Geospatial data点缓冲区Point buffer动态分段Dyn

3、amic segmentation度量标准Metrics多项式变换Polynomial transformation高程基准Elevation base跟踪算法Tracking algorithm规则格网Rules grid过渡带Transition zone基于位置服务Based on location service畸形线Malformation line几何变换解析几何空间要素Geometrie transformationInspection chartAnalytic geometrySpace element平面坐标系统Planar coordinate system曲流河Mean

4、dering river人口普查地段Census Lot上四分位数The upper quartile矢量数据模型Vector data model数据可视化data visualization数据探查Data exploration双精度水文要素泰森多边型 统一建模语言 投影坐标系统Double precisionHydrological elementsTyson PolygonsUnified Modeling LanguageProjection coordinate system线缓冲区遥感数据用材林 晕渲法 指北针 属性表Line bufferRemote sensing data

5、Timber forestHalo rendering methodCompassProperty sheet最短路径分析 最小二乘法Shortest path analysisLeast squares method翻译例子如下。1 .A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced data.L地理信息系统(GIS)是用于捕捉，存储，查询，分析和显示地理

6、参考数 据的计算机系统。2 .A newly digitized map has the same measurement unit as the source map used in digitizing or scanning. If manually digitized, the map is measured in inches, same as the digitizing table.2.新数字化地图与数字化或扫描中使用的源地图具有相同的测量单位。如果 手动数字化，地图以英寸为单位进行测量，与数字化表格相同。3.Although ideal for discrete feature

7、s with well defined location and 9shapes9 the vector data model does not work well with spatial phenomena that vary continuously over the space such as precipitation, elevation, and soil erosion.3.对于具有明确位置和形状的离散特征，尽管理想，矢量数据模型不能很好 地处理在空间连续变化的空间现象，如降水，海拔和土壤侵蚀。4.But the migration from the georelational

8、 to the object-based data model should be relatively easy because it is intuitive to think of spatial features as objects.4.从基础数据到基于对象的数据模型的迁移应该相对容易，因为将空间要素 视为对象是直观的。5.New GIS data can be created from a variety of data sources. They include satellite images, field data, street addresses, text files

9、with x and y coordinates, and paper maps.5 .可以从各种数据源创建新的GIS数据。它们包括卫星图像，现场数据，街 道地址，带有x和y坐标的文本文件以及纸质地图。6 .Proj ection converts data sets from geographic coordinates to projected coordinates, and reprojection converts from one type of projected coordinates to another type.6.投影将数据集从地理坐标转换为投影坐标，再投影从一种类型的

10、投影坐标 转换为另一种类型。7.Spatial data editing refers to the process of adding, deleting, and modifying features in digital layers. A major part of spatial data editing is to remove digitizing errors.7.空间数据编辑是指在数字图层中添加，删除和修改特征的过程。空间数据 编辑的主要部分是删除数字化错误。8.The georelational data model stores spatial and attribute

11、 data separately in a split system:spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database.8.地理数据模型将空间数据和属性数据分别存储在分割系统中：图形文件中 的空间数据和关系数据库中的属性数据。用英文回答下列问题，练习每章后面的问答题。例子如下：1. Describe the two common types of data for terrain mapping and analysis.1. Two important types of field data t

12、hat can be used in a GIS project are survey data and global positioning systme (GPS) data.2. . Describe three variations in buffering.3. The buffer distance can vary by the values of a given field. Buffering can be on either the left side or theright side of the line feature, instead of both sides B

13、uffer zones may remain intact so that each bufferzoneis separate from others, or dissolved so that there are no overlapped areas between buffer zones.4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model vs. the vector datamodel.5. The main advantage of the raster data model is having

14、 fixed cell locations, which make it easier for datamanipulation, aggregation, and analysis. The main disadvant age is its weakness in representing the precise location of spatial features 6. Explain the difference between location errors and topological errors.4. Location errors such as missing pol

15、ygons or distorted lines relate to the geometric inaccuracies of spatial features, whereas topological errors such as dangling lins and unclosed polygons relate to the logical inconsistenci s between spatial features.5 Explain the difference between thegeorelational data model and the object-basedda

16、ta model.5> The object-based data model differs from the georelational data model in two aspects. First, the object-based data mod el stores both the spatial and attribute data of spatial features in a single system rather than a split system.Second, the object-based data model allows a spatial f

17、eature (object) to be associated with a set of properties and m ethods.6. Explain the importance of map projection.7. A map projection offers a couple of advantages. First, a map projection allows us to use two-dimensional maps, either paper or digital, instead of a globe. Second, a map projection a

18、llows us to work with plane or projected coordinates rather than longitude and latitude values. Computations with geographic coordinates are more complex and yield less accurate distance measurements.8. How can an analysis mask save time and effort for raster data operations?9. Because an analysis m

19、ask limits data analysis to cells that do not carry the cell value of no data, it can save time and effort for raster data operations.10. . Name five tools or techniques for vector data analysis.8. Buffering , overlay , distance measurement, spatial stati sties and map manipulation 9. Name the three

20、 types of simple features used in GIS and their geometric properties.10. A point has 0 dimension and has only the property of location. A line is one-dimensional and has the property of length. And an area is two-dimensional and has the properties of area (size) and perimeter.11. Name two examples e

21、ach for integer rasters and floating-point rasters.12. Examples of integer rasters are land use and soil types. Examples of floating-point rasters are precipitation and elevation.13. The georelational data model uses a split system to store vector data. What does a split system mean?11.A split syste

22、m stores spatial data in graphic files and attribute data in a relational database. Typically, a georelational data model uses the feature label or ID to link the two components.14. The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map. What does a binary map mean in this case?12.The output from a viewshed analysis is a binary map, which showing visible and not