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1、英语词性的分类及用法一、词性的分类词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。1 名词 noun n. student 学生2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地5动词 verb v. cut砍、割6 数,numeral num. three 三7 冠词 article art. a 一个8 介词 preposition prep. at 在.9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和10 感叹词 interjection interj.

2、 oh 哦前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。二、名词名词概论名 词专有名词普通名词个体名词可数名词集体名词物质名词/、可数名词抽象名词名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法例词一般情况加-smap-maps bag-bags car-cars以 s, sh, ch, x 等结尾的词加-esbus-buses watch-watchesce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加-slicense-licenses以辅音字母+y 结尾的词变y为i再加esbaby-babies名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a te

3、acher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:1)单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。2)若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加""',如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。3)凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of thesong歌的名字。4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某

4、人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。5)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有";只有一个s,则表示共有。如:John's and Mary's room (两间) John and Mary's room (间)6) 复合名词或短语,'s加在最后一个词的词尾。如:a month or two's absence三、代词代词pronoun简称pron是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英 语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物

5、主代词、指示代词、反身 代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种人称代词的用法:I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her作主补)a. - Who broke the vase?-谁打碎了花瓶?b. - Me.-我。(me 作主语补语=It's me.)并列人称代词的排列顺序1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 一 > 第三人称 一 > 第一人称you > he/she; it -> I2)复

6、数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 > 第二人称 > 第三人称 we >you >They反身代词I)Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself指示代词指示代词分单数(this /that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词,疑问代词指人: who, whom, whose指物: what既可指人又可指物:which代词比较辩异 one, that和itone表示泛指,that和it表示特指

7、。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而 it与所指名 词为同一个。I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.( 不定)The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个 )I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)四、冠词冠词是印欧语系和闪含语系的诸语中,位于名词或名词词组之前或之后,在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一种虚词。不定冠词a (an)与数词one同源,是"一个

8、"的意思。定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词this, that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思。1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事:He bought a house. I've been to the house.3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun,the sky , the moon , the earth4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元 ;the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人: the rich 富人 ; the living 生者。5)用

9、在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词 only, very, same等前面:Where do you live? I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school. 指全体教师)They are teachers of this school.( 指部分教师)7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:the Peop

10、le's Republic of China 中华人民共和国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens格林一家人(或格林夫妇)II) 用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning (afternoon , evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water , field , country)in the dark, in the r

11、ain, in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre零冠词的用法冠词与形容词 +名词结构1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。冠词位置1) 不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于下列形容词之后: such, what,

12、 many , half ,such an animal;Many a manb. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough 修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.c. quite, rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当 rather , quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如: quite a lotd. 在as, though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though

13、 he is , he trembles at the sight of snakes.当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。2) 定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前, 但放在 all , both, double , half , twice ,three times 等词之后,名词之前。All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。五、数词表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。数词的用法1)倍数表示法a. 主语+谓语 +倍数(或分数) + as + adj. + asI have thr

14、ee times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。b.主语 + 谓语 + 倍数(分数)+ the size (amount, length )of The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的 49 倍。c.主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级 + thanThe grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.d.还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍The production of grain has been increase

15、d by four times this year.2)分数表示法构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1 时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths六、形容词及其用法形容词(adjective),简称adj.或a.,很多语言中均有的主要词类中的一种。主要用来修饰名词的词,表示事物的特征。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏,与否。形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以 -thing 为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:somethin

16、g nice以 -ly 结尾的形容词1) friendly , deadly, lovely , lonely , likely , lively , ugly , brotherly ,仍为形容词。2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily , weekly , monthly , yearly , earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容词表示类别和整体某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如: the dead, the living ,the rich , the p

17、oor, the blind , the hungry多个形容词修饰名词的顺序限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) - 出处 -材料性质,类别 -名词a small round table ; a tall gray building ; a dirty old brown shirt ; a famous German medical school 典型例题 :2) Tony is going camping with _ boys.A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little o

18、ther two 答案:C。2)One day they crossed the bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old 答案 A.3) How was your recent visit to Qingdao?It was great. We visited some friends , and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few

19、sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last 答案: B 。七、副词及其基本用法副词(adverb,简写为adv)是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。副词的排列顺序:时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。注意:副词 enough 要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough 放在名词前后都可。I don't know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to ea

20、t. There is food enough for everyone to eat.兼有两种形式的副词1) close 与 closelyclose 意思是 "近" ; closely 意思是"仔细地"He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与 latelylate 意思是 " 晚"; lately 意思是"最近 "You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?形容词与副词的比较级1)

21、 规则变化可修饰比较级的词a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等典型例题 :1) Are you feeling ?Yes , I'm fine now.A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better答案: B. any 可修饰比较级, quite 修饰原级, well 的比较级为 better.2) The experiment waseasier than we had

22、 expected.A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此 B, C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需 more, 因此 C 为正确答案。3) If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school.A. the happiest time B. a more happier timeC. much happiest time D. a much happier time 答案: D 。 典型例题1) The weather in China

23、is different from.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America答案: D. 本题意为 " 中国的天气比美国热。" 比较的是天气而不是国家,C 不能选。 A 没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。 B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选 D 。2) After the new technique was introduced , the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year befor

24、e. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as答案 C. 此句意为 "这个厂 1988 能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用 "倍数 + as + 形容词原形 + as +比较对象" 的句型。所以此句答案为 C。This ruler is three times as long as that one八、动词动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词( Transitive Verb ) 、不及物动词( Intransitive Verb )

25、,缩写形式分别为vt. 和 vi. 。在英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语,可以把动词分成两种:及物动词与不及物动词。 及物动词 vt. 字典里词后标有vi. 的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象(即宾语) 。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如 to,of ,at 后方可跟上宾语。 及物动词: 又称 他动词”。又称 外动词”。动词的一种。它所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外 的事物,如 吃”、穿“、读“、写”等。字典里词后标有vt.的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象(即宾语),并且可直接跟宾语。不及物动词:字典里词后标有vi.的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作

26、的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如 to,of ,at后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了系动词1)状态系动词:用来表示主语状态,只有 be一词,例如:He is a teacher.2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie,stand,例如:He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。3)表像系动词:用来表示"看起来像”这一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look,例如:He looks tired.他

27、看起来很累。4)感官系动词:感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet.5)变化系动词:这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词有 become, grow, turn, fall, get,go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that.自那之后,他疯了。6)终止系动词:表示主语已终止动作,主要有 prove, turn out,表达"证实","变成"之

28、意,例 如:The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。非谓语动词1)不定式时态语态主动被动一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done2)动名词时态语态主动被动一式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3)分词时态语态主动被动一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done否定形式:not +不定式,not +动名词,not +现在分词十、连词连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及

29、句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如: and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both - and, not only but also, either or, neither nor, (and)thennot - but意思为"不是而是"not和but后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human be

30、ing.比较so和such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词,修饰名词或名词词组,so是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词 many, few , much , little 连用,形 成固定搭配。so + adj.such + a(n) + n.so + adj. + a(n) + n.so + adj. + n. (pl.)so + adj. + n. 不可数 so foolish ; such a foolsuch + n. (pl.)such +n. (pl.)such +n. 不可数 so nice a flower ; such a ni

31、ce flowerso many/ few flowers ; such nice flowersso many people ; such a lot of peopleso much/little money ; such rapid progress十一、介词介词是一种用来表示词与词、 词与句之间的关系的虚词, 在句中不能单独作句子成分。 介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类, 短语或从句作它的宾语。 介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词,一、概念 :1) 介词(是 prepositions

32、,简称 prep) ,又称前置词,是英语中最活跃的词类之一,连接主语和表语。 特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强, 可以用来表示各种不同的意思。 英语里大部分习语都是由介词和其他词构成的。介词在句中一般不重读。在定语从句 “介词 +who/which ”的结构中, 不能用 that 代替 who/which 。 She is a good student from who we should learn.2 ) 介 词 的 种 类 介词 分 简 单 介 词 和 短 语 介词 两 种 , 简 单 介 词 及 单个 介 词 , 如 in ,under ,on ,for ,after ,等,短语介词指

33、多个单词构成的介词,如 in front of ,out of ,instead of ,far from ,apart from 等。二.相关知识点精讲介词口诀:自从以当为按照,由于对于为了到;和跟把比在关于,除了同对向往朝;用在名词代词前,修饰名代要记牢。 .省略介词的几种情况1、表示时间的短语中如果有next , last , one, this, every , each, some, any , all 等单词时,不用介词Can you come to see me next Monday ?下周一你能来看我吗?We got married last year 我们去年结的婚。You

34、 can come any day you like 你哪一天来都行。2、在口语中,星期名称前得on 常被省略Why don t you come and play( on) Sunday evening ?星期日晚上到我家来玩不好吗?3、在不定冠词a 或 an( a 或 an 的意思是 “每一 )的短语中,不用介词。 ”three meals a day 一日三餐thirty miles an hour 每小时三十英里4、在 what time 前的 at 经常被省略,尤其在口语中。(At ) what time did she say she was coming ?她说她几点钟来?5、含

35、有 height (高度),length (长度),size (尺码),shape (现状),age (年龄),colour (颜色) , weight (重量)等词语在句子中做表语时,短语前不用介词。She is just the right height to be a model 她的身高正合适当模特。What size are your shoes? 你的鞋是多大号的?Her bag is the same color as mine她的包和我的包颜色一样6、在 in the same way, in this way, in another way 等短语中,in 常常被省略Plea

36、se try it again (in) the same way 请用同样的方法再试次7、在表示持续一段时间的短语中,for常被省略They stayed there (for) six months 他们在那里待了6 个月时态 名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句一般 现在 讨1 be动词用 am/is/are 表 示,之后接名 词,形容词或 介词。often;usually;every ; sometimes; always;never;once/twice/ aweek/month/year; on Sundays/Mondays/一般现在 时表示没 有时限的 持久存在 的习惯性 的动作或

37、状态,或现 阶段反复 发生的动 作或状态陈述句:I am an office worker.He is so lazy. They are at home now.否定句:I am not Tim.She is not very beautiful.They are not in the office.Ti疑问句:Are you an officeassistant? Is she beautiful?2行为动词用 V 原形或 V-s/es,引导疑 问句和否定 句,用do或 don'"第三人 称时用does或 doesn '有,does 出现动词用原 形;第三人称 陈

38、述句V后加 s 或 es.陈述句:I work in Shanghai.He works at home.Davy never watches TV at home. 否定句:I don' tike the food in KFC.Davy doesn ' ltke the food in KFC either.一般疑问句:Do you want a cup of coffee? Does she live near the subway station?一般 过去 讨。1. be动词用过 去式 was 或 were表小。yesterday;the day before yes

39、terday; last week/month/year/ ago;a moment ago;just now;on/in+过去的时间;在过去时 间里所发 生.;的动作 或存在的 状态。陈述句:I was a big boss.He was beautiful.We were in Beijing last year. 否定句:I was not at home at thatmoment.We were not at work yesterday. Ti疑问句:Were you a teacher? Was she in the office last week?2行为动词用 V-ed,陈述

40、句, 疑问句和否定 句借助于 did, 有did出现动 词用原形。陈述句:I worked in Sunmoon.We studied English there. He lived in HongKong.否定句:I didn ' t work here.They didn ' stee me. She likedEnglish a lot.一般疑问句:Did you go to America?Did he work in Sunmoon?时 态 名 称结构常连用的词主要用 法例句般 将 来 时1任何人称+will+V 原形.tomorrow,the day after t

41、omorrow;soon;next week/month/year/;theweek/month/year/.after next;on/in +将来的时间; n+一段时间;.即将发 生动作 或状态。陈述句:I will fly to KongKong tomorrow.He will go with us.We will arrive in Shangha next week.否定句:I will never believe you again.He will not come tonight.We will not buy a car next year.股疑问句:Will you go

42、there by train?Will he come tomorrow?Will they live a five-star hotel?2is/am/are+goingto+V原形,表示计划 打算做什么事情。陈述句:I ' mgoing to go to Kongkong by air.否定句:We are not going to buy a house here.疑问句:Are they going to change their jobs?特殊疑 问句:How are you going to tell him?过 去 将 来 时was/were going to +V 原形

43、多用在宾语从句中在过去 将会发 生的动 作。陈述句:I was going to buy a computer.They told me that they were not going to go abroad.否定句:I was not going to buy a computer.任何人称 +would +V原形He said he would come in in Shanghai.I said I would buy you a car one day.态名h 1:吉构常连用的词主要用法例句现 在 进 行 时s/am/are+V-ingnow;at present;at the m

44、oment;Look!(放在名J首);Listen!(放在句首);表小现仕(指说话 人说话 时)正在 发生的事 情。陈述句:I ' mwaiting for my boy friend.He is doing the housework at home now.We are enjoying ourselves. 否定句:He is not playing toys. 一般疑 问句:Are you having dinner at home?Is Tim cooking in the kitchen? 特殊疑问句:What are you doing now?Where are the

45、y having a meal?过 去 进 行 时was/were+V-ingat that time;at this time yesterday;at+ 时 间 点 +yesterday/last night;at that moment;过去一段 时间止在 发生的动 作。陈述句:I was doing my homework at that time.We were having a party while he was sleeping.否定句:He was not sleeping at 11 o' clock last night.疑问句:Were you watching

46、 TV at that time?特殊疑问句:What were you doing at that moment?时态 名称结构常连用的词主要用法例句见在1成 讨have/has+ p.p(过去分词)already; just; before;yet(否定句 中);ever ;never; once/twice/ for+ 一段时间;since +时间点; since+# 时间 +ago;by+现在时间;so far; up to now; till now;until now;recently/lately;during/over/inthepast/last用末表小 之前已发 生或完成

47、的动作或 状态,其 结果的确 和现在有 联系。动 作或状态 发生在过 去但它的 影响现在 还存在; 也口表不 持续到现 在的动作 或状态。 简单的 说,就是陈述句:I have already told Davy. Davy has known this matter.He has lived here for nearly 10 years. 否定句:I haven' t finished my homework.Tim hasn ' t come yet.We haven ' t heard any news about h 股疑问句 :Has he worked

48、here since he came here?特殊疑问句:How long have you worked in this company?m动作已经 发生对现 在造成明 显的影 响。特别E1. have/has always been+名词/形容词/介词:总是或一直是什么样子。He has always been a good father. I have always been busy.They have always been in America.2. have/has gone to:去了。 He has gone to Beijing.They have gone to the

49、 cinema.3. have/has been to:表不去过或至ij 过。I have been to Canada. Have you been to Hongkong?Where have you been? I have never been here.过去 完成 时had + p.p 去分词)(过过去的过去:by+过去的时间;表过去某动作或时间以 前”的时间状语。动作发生 在过去的 过去。陈述句:He said he had told Davy.They told us they had finished the work.He left the office after he h

50、ad called Davy.否定句:She hadn' had dinner before she went out.股疑问句:Had she learnt English before she moved here?特殊疑问句 :how many English words had he learnt by the end of last year?补充:一、情态动词 can, must, may。may 没有否定形式。陈述句:I can drive a car. He must tell the truth. We may get there on foot.否定句:I can

51、' t swim at all. You mustn (表示禁止)smoke in the office.般疑问句 :Can you wait a minute? Must I stay at home? May I use your phone?特殊疑问句: How can I get there? What must I do now?由情态动词的过去式构成,cancould.She could walk when she was one year old.I could not speak English one year ago.二、各种时态用法补充:1、一般现在时(1)在由

52、after, until, befor, once, when, even if ,in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment 以及 if, unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例:I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.我一看见他,就把消息告诉他。(2)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave 等。在由why, wha

53、t, where, whoever, who, that,as等引导的从句中, 也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例: Tomorrow at this time we ll give $500 to any one who brings hitmo justice.2、一般将来时(1)be going to +v 在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或即将发生的事情。例: I m going to buy a house when we ve saved enough money.(2)be to +v 表示计划安排将要做的事。例: There is to be a rail strike on July

54、 18th.(3)be about to+v 表示即将发生的事情。例: We are about to start.(4)be due to+v 表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事。例: His book is due to be published in October.他的书预定10 月份出版。(5)be on the point/verge of +(v-ing)sth. 强调即将发生的某种事态。例: The country is on the verge of civil war.这个国家就要打内战了。3、现在进行时(1)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与 always, continual

55、ly, constantly 等连用(多表示赞扬或厌恶等语气)。例: John is always coming late. 约翰总是迟到。(2)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。 具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词,即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有;go, come, leave,start, arrive,return 等。例: They are leaving for Hongkong next monty.他们下个月去香港。(3)有些动词一般不能使用进行时, 这是一类表示 “感觉 ” 、 “感情 ” 、 “存在 ”、 “从属 ”等的动词。如:see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear(表示感觉的动词 );hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive( 表示感情的动词 ) ; be, exist, remain, stay, obtain( 表示存在状态的动词) ; have, possess, ow

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