构词法1第三讲ppt课件

1、A Survey of English LexicologyWord-formation(1)构词(Word Formation)Teaching Objectives: To help students master the rules of word formation and cultivate their ability to grasp the meanings of words through word-formation.Teaching focus: To understand and grasp the definition of the following terms an

2、d their features in forming new words: derivation; compounding; conversion; abbreviation; (clipping; acronymy; blending; sound reduplication); backformation词缀都是粘着语素，依靠在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法词缀都是粘着语素，依靠在词根上构成新词或表示词的语法意义。意义。 (Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or f

3、unction. All affixes are bound morphemes. )T wo types of affixes:屈折词缀和派生词缀屈折词缀和派生词缀(Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes) 表示词的语法意义的是屈折词缀。Inflectional affixes (or inflectional morphemes) serve to indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. They exp

4、ress the following meanings: Plurality名词复数名词复数 The genitive case 名词一切格名词一切格 The comparative and superlative degrees 描画词描画词/副词比较级、最高副词比较级、最高级级 The verbal endings 动词词尾变化动词词尾变化 e.g. -s in chairs, pens; -es in boxes, tomatoes; -en in oxen e.g. s in boys, childrens e.g. -er in words like smaller; -est in

5、 words like smallest. a. -(e)s in words like eats, teaches shows the third person singular present tense. b. -ing in words like eating, shows the present participle or gerund. c. -(e)d in words like worked shows the past tense or past participle.派生词缀派生词缀(Derivational affixes or derivational morpheme

6、s) They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. 前缀前缀 Prefixes are affixes before the root. e.g.， unjust, rewrite.As a rule, most prefixes modify the meaning of roots, but not their parts of speech. 后缀后缀 Suffixes are affixes after the rootBy the addition of the suffix, the word is usually

7、changed from one part of speech into another, e.g. liberation, modernize.构词法 根本构词方法 派生法derivation 复合法blending 转化法conversion 其它构词方法 缩略法shortening/abbreviation 逆生法 back-formation 拟声法 onomatopoeia根本构词方法 派生法derivation 派生词缀和词根结合,或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法. It is a method of word-formation by which new words ar

8、e created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation. 如: 拉丁词根duc- / duct-: conduct, introduce, produce, reduce; conductive, conduit, conductor前缀 Prefixation前缀 Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems without changing the word class but on

9、ly modifying its meaning.如: de-: “离去,出去 dehydrate (v.脱水), deorbit (v.使脱离轨道); “向下,降级 devalue,; “使逆转 decentralize; “完全的 defunct (a.已消亡的). 如: deplane, deforest, deport, defoam, defog(ger), deice(r)前缀 Prefixation表示否认的前缀 Negative prefixa-, dis-, in-, il-, ir, im-, non-, un-a-: apoliticalDis-:dishonestin-

10、 / im- / ir- / il-: illiterate irresistible informal imbalance, incorrect, improper, illogical, irregularNon-:Un-: untidy 表示方式的前缀Mis-: mislead, miscalculateMal-: maltreat, malnutrition,Co-:co-operate, co-chairman表示态度的前缀Anti- : anti-warCounter-: counter-revlution, counter-chargere-: react, resistPro-

11、: pro-American, pro-Communist表示程度的前缀Super-: superman, super-powerUnder-: underfeed, underdevelopedOver-: overcareful, overdo表示时间的前缀Pre-: prenatalPost-: post-warEx-: ex-servicemanRe-: rebuild表示地点的前缀Inter-:internationalSuper-: superstructureOver-: overheadSub-: subwayUnder-:underground英语中三个能决议词性的前缀En-

12、 (在b, p, m前用em-)与名词结合, 意为“使处于形状,处境如: enslave, empower, embody, endanger; 与描画词结合,如:enble, enrich, enlarge, endear, ensure.Be-: 与名词,描画词结合构成动词,如:befriend, becloud, benumb, becalm, belittle; 也可以加在名词之前, 使其成为带-ed的描画词,含有轻蔑或戏谑之意,如: bespectacled(戴眼镜的), benighted(不觉天黑了,愚笨的)A-: 使动词,名词变成表语性描画词,如: asleep, astir,

13、 afire, afoot后缀suffixation后缀suffixation: the formation of words by adding suffixes to roots.Noun suffixesDenominal nouns -Concrete: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette,-let -Abstract: -age,-dom,-ery, -hood, -ism, -ship2) Deverbal nouns -denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er(-or) -denoting action, result, process

14、, state: -age, -al, -ance, -tion, -ence,-ing, -ment3) De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness4) Nouns and adjective suffixes related to human being or nationality names: -ese, -an, -ist描画词后缀 adjective suffixesDenominal suffixes: -ed, -ful, -ish,-ly, -y, -less, -like, -al, -esque, -ic, -ous Note: -ic and ica

15、l can be affixed to the same stem, but differ in meaning,2) Deverbal suffixes: -able(-ible), -ive, (-ative, -sive)3) Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise4) verb suffixes: -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(-ise派生词的构造前缀前缀+自在词根自在词根 prearrange, postscript, rewrite, enlarge, inapt, disloyal自在词根自在词根+后缀后缀 darkness,

16、 friendship, government, hopeful, hopeless, lifelike, darken, badly, clockwise 前缀前缀+自在词根自在词根+后缀后缀 inaction, improfitable, unfriendly, removal组合方式组合方式+自在词根自在词根 predict, descend, contradict, evolve; tolerance, liberate, diction, linguist; ascendant, contradiction, intolerable, disruptive; telescope, m

17、icroscope, thermograph科技术语中组合方式比比皆是科技术语中组合方式比比皆是,如如: electrocardiogram (心电图心电图), cineangiocardiography (心血心血管电影描记法管电影描记法)复合法(compounding) Compounding 把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一同构成新词的方法把两个或两个以上独立的词结合在一同构成新词的方法, 也叫合成法也叫合成法-the formation of words by joining two or more stems, also called composition Characterist

18、ics of Compounds -Phonetic features: The word stress usually occurs on the first element. In case of two stresses, the compound has the primary and secondary stress. But there are some exceptions. -Semantic features: Semantic unity: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. -Gram

19、matical features: Playing a single grammatical role in a sentencea greenhouse(玻璃暖房) a green house(绿色的房子)Greenroom (演员休憩室) a green room (一间绿色房间)A greenhorn一个没有阅历的人Greenback 美钞Greenfly 蚜虫Greenhand 生手Greenline 轰炸线,敌我分界限Greengrocer 蔬菜水果商 Blackguards 恶棍 Flowerpots 花盆 Eggshells 蛋壳 Lookers-on 旁观者复合词(Format

20、ion of Compounds)复合名词复合名词 Noun compoundsadj.+n.: deadline, blueprint, hard disk N.+n.: mousemat, shoelace, paperknife Adv.+n.: under-clothes, after-effect, upgrade, overburdenv-ing.+n.: cleaning lady, wading bird, chewing gum, reading lamp, working party, floating bridge5. V.+n.: swearword, breakwat

21、er,driveway, crybaby, tell-tale, jump suit6. N.+v.: toothache, nightfall, watersupply, snowfall, frostbite 7. V.+adv.: show-off, slip-up, put-off, follow-up, sit-in, have-not8. adv.+v: outlet, upset, upstart, onflow, outbreak, downfall 复合描画词(Adjective compounds)N.+adj.: fat-free, toll-free, line-dry

22、, world-famous, heartsick, dog-tired,warweary, thread-bare adj.+adj.: wet-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, light-blue, deaf-mute, bitter-sweet V-ing.+adj.: steaming-hot / smoking-hot, soaking-wet / wringing-wet, biting-cold / freezing-coldAdv.+adj.: ever-victorious, over-cautious, all-roundn+v-ing: law-abid

23、ing, record-breaking, peace-loving, time-saving, summer-flowering6. n+v-ed: heart-felt, air-borne, home-made, hen-pecked, poverty-stricken, custom-built, town-bred7. adj./adv. +v-ing: fresh-frozen, easy-going, familar-sounding, ever-lasting8. adj.(adv.)+v-ed: newly-developed, well-balanced, half-bak

24、ed, quick-frozen, far-fetched, hard-won9. n(adj.)+n-ed: short-sighted, lion-hearted, hot-tempered, chicken-hearted, honey-mouthed, paper-backed, tender-hearted, sweet-tempered10. adj.+n.: long-distance, full-length, white-collar, red-letter11. v.+ n.: break-neck, telltale, cut-rate 复合动词(Verb compoun

25、ds) (参看p.48)-转化法 (Through conversion )nickname to nickname honeymoon to honeymoonmoonlight to moonlight first-name to first-name Spotlightto spotlight-逆生法 (Through backformation)lip-reading to lip-readbottle-feeding to bottle-feedmass-production to mass-produceSight-seeing to sight-seeChain-smoker t

26、o chain-smoke转化法转化法(Conversion) Converting words of one class to another (zero-derivation) smoke, walk, hunt, sight, play 转化成动词转化成动词(Conversion to verbs)名词转化成动词名词转化成动词 Noun to verbTo elbow ones way through the crowd - to push ones way through the crowd夸克夸克 (R. Quirk)把转化成的动词与原来名词的语义关系分把转化成的动词与原来名词的语义

27、关系分成七种成七种: 表示方位的表示方位的 (to put in / on N): bottle, garage, list, cage, pocket, can, corner 给与给与,提供提供(to provide with N): shelter, fuel, man, bloom, grease, arm camouflage去掉去掉 (to deprive of N): core, skin, peel, juice, dust用用来做来做 (to with N): hand, finger, hammer, brake, shoulder, eye, pump象象那样那样 (to

28、 be/act as N with respect to): nurse, tutor, father, ape, dog, captain, shepherd, monkey, wolf使使成为成为 (to make / changeinto N): ripple, fool, knight, cash, group, orphan, widow, wreck, pile用用来送来送 (to send/go by N): mail, ship, bicycle, telegram, boat, moter描画词转化成动词描画词转化成动词 (Adjective to verb)(to make

29、 / become adjective): 如如: dry, narrow, dim, dirty, smooth, warm, cool, empty, slow, bare, free, blind, humble, brave, rough转化成名词转化成名词 (Conversion to noun)动词转化为名词动词转化为名词 (Verb to noun)来自动词的名词大多表示动作或形状来自动词的名词大多表示动作或形状, 如如: eats, doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, laugh,等等等等.这些词又往往可以和这些词又往往可以和to have, to take, to give, to make 等动词连用等动词连用.如如:Have a look / swim / drive / smoke / try / rest / think / wash Take a look