土木工程专业外文文献及翻译

1、土木工程专业外文文献及翻译英文原文：Building construction concrete crack ofprevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem,this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete en

2、gineering,and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention,processing measure.Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processingForewordConcrete's is1kind is anticipate by the freestone bone,cement,water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness

3、 not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself,control etc.a series problem,harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole,spirit cave and tiny crack,is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some no

4、t and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy,defend Shen and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete be subjected to lotus carry,difference in temperature etc.function,tiny crack would continuou

5、sly of expand with connect,end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Gou piece usually all take sewer to make of,because of crack of existence and development usually make inn

6、er part of reinforcing bar etc. material creation decay,lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and anti-Shen ability,influence building of external appearance,service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings

7、 is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the resultthat.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate,in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable,also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of me

8、asure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.The reinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure c

9、ontrol crack creation,make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence,insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have alrea

10、dy transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety,constringency,inflation,the asymmetry sink to sink etc.reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc.caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat

11、 in the actual engineering,workout a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Stem Suo crack and preventionStem the Suo crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to com

12、plete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation stem Suo,and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Stem Suo crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilari

13、ty of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence,surface humidity loss lead quick,transform bigger,inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller,bigger surface stem the Suo transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control,creation more big pull shou

14、ld dint but creation crack.The relative humidity is more low,cement syrup body stem Suo more big,stem the Suo crack be more easy creation.Stem the Suo crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack,width many between0.05-0.2mm,the flat surface part much see in the big physic

15、al volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Stem Suo crack usually the anti-Shen of influence concrete,cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar,under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split cr

16、ack influence concrete of loading dint etc.Concrete stem the Suo be main with water ash of the concrete ratio,the dosage of the composition, cement of cement,gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage,in addition etc.relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use th

17、e constringency quantity smaller cement,general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption,lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of stem the Suo be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big,water ash ratio more big, stem Suo more big,so in the concrete match

18、the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use,the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio,use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match rat

19、io design give settle of use water quantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect,and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time,and Tu2Shua protect to protect.Five is a cons

20、titution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.The Su constringency crack and preventionSu constringency is the concrete is before condense,surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Su constringency crack is general at dry heat or str

21、ong wind the weather appear,crack's much presenting in the center breadth,both ends be in the center thin and the length be different,with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long20-30cm,the longer crack can reach to a2-3m,breadth1-5mm.It creation of main reason is:The concr

22、ete is eventually almost having no strength or strength before the Ning very small,perhapsconcrete just eventually Ning but strength very hour,be subjected to heat or compare strong wind dint of influence,the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negat

23、ive press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency,but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency,therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Su constringency open the main factor of crack to have water ash ratio,concrete of condense time,en

24、vironment temperature,wind velocity,relative humidity.etc.Main prevention measure:One is choose to use stem the Suo value smaller higher Huo sour salt of the earlier period strength or common the Huo sour brine mire.Two is strict the control water ash ratio,the Chan add to efficiently reduce water t

25、o increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy,decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete,water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film,hemp slice etc.,keep

26、concrete eventually before the Ning surface is moist,perhaps spray to protect etc.to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities,protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation w

27、hich sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly,loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage,the template propped up to once be

28、 apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc.to cause,especially at winter,the template prop up at jelly soil up,jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack,it a

29、lignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance,general follow with ground perpendicular or present30°s-45°Cape direction development,bigger sink to sink crack,usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crac

30、k width under the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation aftertransform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil,return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on

31、necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree,and prop up firm,and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore

32、 down to can't be too early,and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in big surface or difference in te

33、mperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build,in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot,.(be the cement dosage is in the350-550kg/m3,each sign square the rice co

34、ncrete will release a calories of17500-27500kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to70or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big,a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth,cause inner part the

35、temperature hoick,but the concrete surface spread hot more quick,so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature,the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge cold Suo dissimilarity,make concrete surface creation certain of pull sh

36、ould dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti-of concrete pull strength extreme limit,concrete surface meeting creation crack,this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under construction period.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big,perhaps

37、is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc.,will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend,but creation constringency,surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control,creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack,this kind of

38、 crack usually just in more shallow scope ofthe concrete surface creation.The alignment of the temperature crack usually none settle regulation,big area structure the crack often maneuver interleave;The size bigger structure of the beam plank length,the crack run parallel with short side more;Thorou

39、gh with pierce through sex of temperature crack general and short side direction parallelism or close parallelism,crack along long side cent the segment appear,in the center more airtight.Crack width the size be different,be subjected to temperature variety influence more obvious,winter compare brea

40、dth,summer more narrow.The concrete temperature crack that the heat inflation cause is usually in the center the thick both ends be thin,but cold Suo crack of thick thin variety not too obvious.The emergence of the this kind crack will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar,the carbonization of c

41、oncrete,the anti-jelly which lower concrete melt,anti-tired and anti-Shen ability etc.Main prevention measure:One is as far as possible choose to use low hot or medium hot water mire,like mineral residue cement,powder ash from stove cement.etc.Two is a decrease cement dosage,cement dosage as far as

42、possible the control is in the450kg/m3following.Three is to lower water ash ratio,water ash of the general concrete ratio control below0.6.Four is improvement the bone anticipate class to go together with,the Chan add powder ash from stove or efficiently reduce water etc.to come to reduce cement dos

43、age and lower water to turn hot.Five is an improvement concrete of mix blend to process a craft,lower sprinkle of concrete to build temperature.Six is the in addition that the Chan add a have of fixed amount to reduce water and increase Su,slow Ning etc.function in the concrete,improvement the concr

44、ete mix to match a thing of mobility,protect water, lower water to turn hot,postpone hot Feng of emergence time.Seven is the heat season sprinkle to build can the adoption take to establish to hide sun plank etc. assistance measure control concrete of Wen Sheng,lower to sprinkle temperature of build

45、 the concrete.Eight is the temperature of big physical volume concrete should the dint relate to structure size,concrete structure size more big,temperature should dint more big,so want reasonable arrangement construction work preface,layering,cent the piece sprinkle to build,for the convenience of

46、in spread hot,let up control.Nine is at great inner part constitution of the physical volume concrete cool off piping,cold water perhaps cold air cool off,let up concrete of inside outside difference in temperature.Ten is the supervision which strengthen concrete temperature,adopt to cool off in tim

47、e,protection measure.11is to reserve temperature constringency to sew.12is to let up to control,sprinkle proper before building concrete in the Ji rock and old concrete top build a5mm or so sand mat a layer or usage asphalt etc.material Tu2Shua.13is to strengthen concrete to protect, the concrete af

48、ter sprinkle build use moist grass Lian in time,hemp slice's etc. overlay,and attention sprinkle water to protect,appropriate extension protect time, assurance the concrete surface be slow-moving cool off.At the cold season,concrete surface should constitution heat preservation measure,in order

49、to prevent cold wave assault.14is the allocation be a little amount in the concrete of reinforcing bar perhaps add fiber material concrete of temperature crack control at certain of scope inside.5.Crack and prevention that the chemical reaction causeAlkali bone's anticipating the crack that reac

50、tion crack and reinforcing bar rust eclipse cause is the most familiar in the reinforced concrete structure of because of chemical reaction but cause of crack.The concrete blend a future reunion creation some alkalescence ion,these ion with some activity the bone anticipate creation chemical reactio

51、n and absorb surroundings environment in of water but the physical volume enlarge,make concrete crisp loose,inflation open crack.In this kind of crack general emergence concrete structure usage period,once appear very difficult remediable,so should at under construction adopt valid the measure carry

52、 on prevention.Main of prevention measure:While being to choose to anticipate with the alkali activity small freestone bone.Two is the in addition which choose to use low lye mire with low alkali or have no alkali.Three is the Chan which choose to use accommodation with anticipate to repress an alka

53、li bone to anticipate reaction.Because the concrete sprinkle to build,flap Dao bad perhaps is a reinforcingbar protection layer thinner,the harmful material get into concrete to make reinforcing bar creation rust eclipse,the reinforcing bar physical volume of the rust eclipse inflation,cause concret

54、e bulge crack,the crack of this kind type much is a crack lengthways,follow the position of reinforcing bar appear.Usually of prevent measure from have:One is assurance reinforcing bar protection the thickness of the layer.Two is a concrete class to go together with to want good.Three is a concrete

55、to sprinkle to note and flap Dao airtight solid.Four is a reinforcing bar surface layer Tu2 Shua antisepsis coating.Crack processingThe emergence of the crack not only would influence structure of whole with just degree,return will cause the rust eclipse of reinforcing bar,acceleration concrete of c

56、arbonization,lower durable and anti-of concrete tired,anti-Shen ability.Therefore according to the property of crack and concrete circumstance we want differentiation to treat,in time processing,with assurance building of safety usage.The repair measure of the concrete crack is main to have the foll

57、owing some method:Surface repair method,infuse syrup,the Qian sew method,the structure reinforce a method,concrete displacement method,electricity chemistry protection method and imitate to living from heal method.Surface repair the method be a kind of simple,familiar of repair method,it main be app

58、licable to stability and to structure loading the ability don't have the surface crack of influence and deep enter crack of processing.The processing measure that is usually is a surface in crack daubery cement syrup,the wreath oxygen gum mire or at concrete surface Tu2Shua paint,asphalt etc.ant

59、isepsis material,at protection of in the meantime for keeping concrete from continue under the influence of various function to open crack,usually can adoption the surface in crack glue to stick glass fiber cloth etc.measure.1,infuse syrup,the Qian sew methodInfuse a syrup method main the concrete crack been applicable to haveinfluence or have already defend Shen request to the structure whole of repair,it is make use of pressure equipments gum knot the material press into the crack of concrete,gum knot the material harden behind and concrete forma