翻译技巧4措词、具体化、词类转换

1、Translation Techniques (4)Diction选词/措词Specification具体化Turning the Abbreviation into its Complete Form缩略语复原Conversion 词类转换 Voice Shifting语态转换Negation 正反译Generalization 概括化 Diction 选词/措词注意用词的准确性和多样性，符合英汉语的表达习惯Repetition 重复重复重复是汉语表达的一个显著特点，目的是为了进一步加强语气，或者是强调某些内容，以达到更好的修辞效果。但英语往往强调行文简洁，尽量避免重复。因此英译汉时有时会选

2、用重复的词语，而汉译英时常借助替代、省略或者用同义词或上下义词替换。例如： 停止的观点，悲观的论点，无所作为和骄傲自满的论点，都是错误的。 我们不但善于破坏一个旧世界，我们还善于建设一个新世界。 （毛泽东选集 Red-light running has always been regarded as a minor wrong, and so it has been taken seriously. When the violation becomes habitual, however, a great deal more than a traffic problem is involved

3、.人们常常把闯红灯闯红灯看成小事，不当一回事，然而闯红灯闯红灯一旦形成习惯，则远非是违反交通规则的问题。例例1苏格兰之旅苏格兰之旅 (textbook P 74)(1) There is something which comes free with every Scottish break a new perspective. (2) Scotland appeals to all kinds of people. (3) It draws those who can feel the past in ancient stone. (4) It soothes with its soft w

4、inds and austere beauty all who must escape the everyday. (5) It lures the walker and climber, captivates the golfer and angler, and charms all who appreciate quality in art and culture, heritage, or food. (6) Above all, because it is relaxing and rewarding, it allows you to re-discover yourself. (7

5、) And the memory of that will stay with you forever.Version: 每一次苏格兰之旅都让人极易获得一种全新的视野。苏格兰让所有人都心驰神往。它吸引吸引那些在古石中感受历史的人；它用微风和质朴的美抚慰那些想要逃避日常琐事的人；它对徒步旅行者、登山者极具诱惑力极具诱惑力，能让垂钓者和高尔夫爱好者沉醉其间沉醉其间；同时，对所有崇尚艺术、文化/传统和美食的人而言，它也充满了魅力充满了魅力。最重要的是，苏格兰之旅让人身心放松，收获颇丰，你也会因此重新发现自己。所有关于苏格兰之旅的记忆，将永驻心中。 例例2（1）With the improvement

6、 of living conditions, people desire more and more complicated life styles and their travel expectations become more complex. (2) Some people travel in order to satisfy their need for culture and learning; some for strengthening their bodies or relieving mental stress, some for making new friends an

7、d others for enhancing personal reputation, and so on. (P122) 译文：随着生活条件的改善，人们渴望日趋多样化的生活方式，其旅游动机也呈现出复杂多变的特点：有满足求知欲望的文化动机，锻炼身体或减轻心理压力的健康动机，结识新朋友的交际动机，还有提高知名度的动机等等。例例3 杭州宣传口号杭州宣传口号(textbook P 122) 住在杭州，游在杭州，学在杭州，创业在杭州。 Hangzhou is the paradise for living, for sight-seeing, for receiving education, and

8、for doing business.Specification具体化具体化把原文中抽象或虚化的词或短语用比较具体的词或短语来翻译。即在翻译中，译者根据具体的语境，把字面意义捉摸不定的词用目标语种含义明确的词加以表达。具体化包括抽象词在语义、语言形式和比喻形象等方面的具体化。北极光北极光 (textbook P132) The Northern lights are poetry, and they are natures light show. (2) They are elementary particle physics, superstition, mythology and fair

9、y tales. (3) The Northern lights have filled people with wonder and inspired artists; (4) they have frightened people to think that the end is at hand. 北极光充满了诗情画意诗情画意，它们是自然之光的展现。它们既蕴含着基本粒子物理学的知识物理学的知识，又充满了迷信色彩迷信色彩，关于它还有许多的神话传说。北极光不仅让人们充满了好奇，而且还能让艺术家捕捉到灵感；它们还曾让人们感受到世界末日来临时的恐惧。苗寨苗寨( textbook P133) (1)

10、苗寨的原始生态环境保存得十分完整，其中有杉木构建的吊脚楼极具民族特色。(2)吊脚楼大多建在30-70度的山坡上。 (3)从雷公坪俯瞰整个苗寨，山内的吊脚楼鳞次栉比，甚是壮观。 The primitive and ecological environment in the Miaos villages has been perfectly preserved. The stilted buildings built of China fir, have a special exotic feature. The houses are usually built on the slope of a

11、bout 30-70 degrees. Taking a birds eye view of the whole village from Leigongping, you can see the row upon row of the wooden houses lying in the mountains. 在西南地区广西、贵州、湖南、四川等省份，“吊脚楼”是山乡少数民族如苗、侗、壮、布依、土家族等的传统民居样式。尤其在黔东南，苗族、侗族的吊脚楼极为常见。这里的自然条件号称“天无三日情，地无三里平”，于是山区先民创造出了独特的“吊脚楼”。 吊脚楼依山而建，用当地盛产的杉木，搭建成两层楼的木

12、构架，柱子因坡就势长短不一地架立在坡上。房屋的下层不设隔墙，里面作为猪、牛的畜棚或者堆放农具和杂物；上层住人，分客堂和卧室，四周向外伸出挑廊，可供主人在廊里做活和休息。廊柱大多不是落地的（便于廊下面的通行无碍），起支撑作用的主要是楼板层挑出的若干横梁，廊柱辅助支撑，使挑廊稳固地悬吊在半空，这种住宅因其外形和结构特点被称为“吊脚楼”。吊脚楼的优点明显，人住楼上通风防潮，又可防止野兽和毒蛇的侵害，这种住宅在西南山区至今仍有建造。缩略语复原缩略语复原 Turning the Abbreviation into its Complete Form (Textbook P141) STB - Singa

13、pore Tourism Board 新加坡旅游局 The 31-mile-long Chunnel is really three parallel tunnels: two for trains and a service tunnel. It snakes from Folkestone, England, to Coquelles, France, an average of 150 feet below the seabed. chunnel- channel+ tunnel水底铁路隧道 31英里长的英吉利海峡隧道英吉利海峡隧道实际上是由三条平行的隧道组成：两条列车隧道和一条服务通道

14、。海底隧道从英国的福克斯通蜿蜒至法国的科凯勒，平均深度为海底下150英尺。 When a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly such as the City, which means the “business centre of London”, the Peninsula, which refers to the “Iberian Peninsula”, and the Prophet, which stands for “Mohammed”.文房四宝文房四宝 （tex

15、tbook P12)(1)宣纸是安徽泾县的著名特产。由于历来在附近的宣城集散，因而得名。（2）宣纸的特色是白如雪，柔如棉，拉力大，润墨性强，最宜题诗作画，且不蛀不腐，深得我国不少画画名家的推崇。 （3）所以，宣纸一直享有“纸寿千年”的美誉，居文房四宝之首。 Xuan paper is a renowned specialty in Jing County, Anhui Province. Historically, its collecting and distributing center was located in the nearby prefectural capital calle

16、d Xuancheng, hence the name. with high tension strength and absorbency, Xuan paper is white as snow, soft as cotton, and resistant to moth and decay. As these features make it perfect for inscribing poetry and painting, it is highly thought of by many famous artists. Therefore, Xuan paper has ever b

17、een known as the “paper with a lifespan of 1000 years”, ranking first among the Four Treasures of the Study (namely, writing brush, ink stick, ink slab, and rice paper).Conversion 词类转换Conversion 词类转换词类转换 词类转换指在翻译过程中，根据目标语的规范，把源文本中的某种词类转换成目的语文本中的另一种词。由于汉英两种语言在句法、语序、表现法、词类等方面存在很大差异，词类转换是翻译中常用的手段。相比较而言

18、，汉语重意合，动态词使用较多；英语重形合，静态词使用较多。汉译英时，汉语动词常常转换成英语名词、介词词组、非谓语动词形式。此外，由于表达习惯不同，汉语中的动词也可以转换成英语名词、形容词。 【例【例1】唐代“平民县令平民县令”白居易苦心经营，北宋“贤太守”苏东坡精心改造，一代又一代官民精心呵护，西湖到南宋时期繁华已达到极点，其美丽妩媚也到了极致。 plebeian plibi:jn平民的；普通的； magistrate mdistreit 地方法官地方法官 meticulous 一丝不苟的一丝不苟的 Through the painstaking effort of Bai Juyi, a p

19、lebeian magistrate in the Tang Dynasty(618-907), and meticulous transformation by Su Dongpo, a virtuous governor in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the careful protection by many others generation upon generation, West Lake came to its prime time in the Southern Song Dynasty(1127-1279 AD). 中文文本中的动词词组

20、“苦心经营”、“精心改造”和“精心呵护”在英文文本中，为了行文需要都转化成了名词词组，并用了介词through来体现它们与谓语动词的关系。Paris (textbook P69) Time in Paris is a stroll arm-in-arm with someone you love down the Champs-Elysees, a shared glass of wine at a cozy outdoor cafe, a leisurely cruise down the River Seine, or a lingering moment at a Van Gogh in

21、 the Musee dOrsay. 在巴黎逗留的时光是与您爱的人挽着手臂沿着香榭丽舍大街散步散步，是在一家惬意的露天咖啡店合饮合饮一杯美酒，是在塞纳河上休闲地游弋游弋，或是在杜塞博物馆的梵高画作前驻足驻足的时光。香格里拉香格里拉（textbook P70) 杭州香格里拉酒店坐落在杭州著名的西湖北岸，俯瞰孤山及优雅的西泠桥，饭店景观宏伟、仿佛世外净土，带给你无限舒适享受。Shangri-La Hotel - grila: Hong Kong-based Shangri-La Hotels Set in luxuriant tropical gardens near the renowned O

22、rchard Road shopping and business district, the Shangri-La Hotel, Singapore is a leading luxury hotel in Singapore which offers discerning travelers legendary Shangri-La hospitality in a tranquil resort setting.The legendary Shangri-La Hotel, Hangzhou stands on the beautiful north shore of Hangzhous

23、 famous West Lake, overlooking Solitary Hill Island and the graceful Xiling Bridge, in a setting that offers guests scenic grandeur, unsurpassed comfort and secluded tranquility.Voice Shifting 语态转换泰国泰国 （Textbook P97） (1) For the Thai people, who have a natural tendency to be courteous, hospitality i

24、s something sacred. (2) According to tradition, the visitor is received in the country of the smile with elegant welcoming ceremonies accompanied by music and highly stylized dances. 对于天性守礼的泰国人来说，好客是一种神圣的传统。按照习俗，在这个微笑的国家， 人们总是用优雅的欢迎仪式，配以优美的音乐和高度程式化的舞蹈，欢迎远方的客人。新加坡购物税新加坡购物税 ( textbook P147) (1) A 3% G

25、oods and Services Tax (GST) is imposed in Singapore. (2) If more than SGD 300 is spent, the GST will be refunded. (3) Besides, receipts of SGD 100 or more can be combined from shops displaying the Tax Free Shopping sticker. 新加坡征收新加坡征收3%的商品和服务税。如果（购物）消费超过300新元，可以退税可以退税。此外，从标有免税购物牌的商店购物所获得的100及以上新元的收据

26、可以累加计算可以累加计算。旅游保险合同旅游保险合同 （textbook P147） (1)旅游保险合同是投保人与保险人约定在旅游活动中保险权利和义务关系的协议。 （2）目前在我国有旅游意外保险、旅游社责任保险、旅游平安保险等等。 The Traveling Insurance Contract is signed to insure the rights and obligations between the policy-holder and the underwriter. At present, there are the Traveling Accident Insurance, th

27、e Travel Agencys Liability Insurance, the Traveling Safety Insurance, etc. in China. 在英汉合同中,被动语态符合措辞准确、结构严谨、格式规范的语言要求,起到了突出主题、强调施事的作用。但是,英语合同中被动语态的使用明显比汉语中的多。 在作为特殊语篇的旅游英语文本中，被动语态较常用。 为突出旅游吸引物中有生命的人或动物，需要将该吸引物作为主语，此时选用的动词及短语比较多的是“be seen to do/doing”. 其中，不定式表示的是完整的动作。（P148）Negation 正反译正反译（P104)P104)

28、荷兰荷兰 （Textbook P104） From a country which is both agricultural and marine like Holland you couldnt but expect excellent cuisine. 在农业、渔业都发达的荷兰，游人游人肯定能肯定能品尝到美味的菜肴。长城长城 （textbook P106） (1)世界上大概没有几个人不知道中国的长城。 （2）如果你去问一个外国人：长城在哪儿？ （3）他会毫不犹豫第告诉你：在中国。 （4）但是如果你再问：长城是什么？ （5）恐怕就很难得到满意的回答了。 The Great Wall is something of a household name on the planet. If a foreigner is asked where the Great Wall is, he will readily answer “China”. But if asked what the Great Wall really is, *nine out of ten he will lose his tongue. 公示语常用技巧Generalization概括化、概略化、抽象化概括化、概略化、抽象化 采用虚