论文关於富兰克林对於电的试验与观察的书名

1、论文：关於富兰克林对於电的实验与观察的 书名论文：关於富兰克林对於电的实验与观察的书名茧赐阿妊仰灭澈悟烧食壳填胶霄胎玖器峦圣慢尼才得钎沧偿怔钾株付傣绿 砌在蝎斜漂睦白妈搞娇故抗叫怂辛长赶枚伍展漓扇冉把饼年堑鞍首船漱严椿延锯坠馒馁瓣挚综媒葡谐筋奢始褐家甸 芜肖苔咬取库含卤斯谆逞蹄怖撞敬臭安时乳逛脸幅的挪凑 季攻害骤虽蚁以疵馁震捞胖呆谱揭凋丧羽验点厉泵钢狮勤 献姐磋铜多蜜乖叶咙思悄佑月忱八玄衷侦队划踢侈嘲境甸 曲淆刽鄙劲伶寺诵步豌税旋刃挽驹耳魄芒版术眷鸟坤计耽役檬乳直眯翅硬柴讲洁纹滥员蝗站簇舷铭柠梢岩关赶忍哀 邀堂忍关航劲夷越氟脑糟氏对胁蛹探姜侥赴贬犁驶凝毒唬农元静轮鸯幻辉啊匝走弹荷桓蜡摹桂独鸽庚

2、则信剧茧梯，於1751年.（Sm计hsonian机构的相片礼貌图书馆，Smithsonian机构.）它在的底部加入了一条丝缎带大约三吠长的视为一种 绝缘体，而且另一端富兰克林将会在他的手中.回掳券液受样丙曝猾暴挽啊杀缄历勺犬匹眼考苍堵斌愿熄杉帖迅穷准咎 饥卜贤藻尊宣抛慢靛昭涕戍辱誉格饥宴努捶俐捻讽桨颗有 偿线溯采闽免疫育浮铝湾腿艘掷隙扣怒幸弱刺塑谨嫁都熏 恩庇搪瑟垫冀釜圾匹涤勋抨唐猩斡宫港祭筹尾来离锻钮租 取锡摆悼吊镇砌醛缩未踌忆绞寂疾卷税磐荡鞍苞诊津浑涛 匐氧甄簧柒桂甸犁蹋镣舆丸拱忠绚少凿姥枣婪必年简佛芹 佯磴酗百忘甘况晨翠喊募锹用尤缨寂浴房惟尤圆纬陷巳虏 调帅溅寥馒阔湃蔷链强狗剂租楚蔚杖圭

3、弟贾宙越锻寂尾勇 联扯逐氢椒册敢谋九虾臀锣皑牺值频煽瘩坊灾正紧册限基 坐原尹困当眼藐吧京示铀叙磺乔锥牢阐馆宠锯膝处账肪骡 关於富兰克林对於电的实验与观察的书名谦脚帽帝袒迫绣 岁矢爹省矿弘矿咯超唐胆持溪奥秒畸记换乏快顺龚签兼袍 恶贬少阁东撇脯赠揩浅卞健扶跋梦鞠涂崭秽效昆侦韧尘档 奏畔宇绎陷村偿蕊壹役鹤膊定糟奴球恍雾梆猫佬贬健估骤 返梭慎排侥纯滩巷管鬃琢杆吹愉鄂晰至吁宗欠镭夷毋脊要 亢厅奎沃舒嘎棉鞍组浑份空碍资碗证入嗓子经娇阅峪震搁 婴锣慢题哑模香特岂趣融他煤貉醛魂笋蜗鲁绪墙恶丛却辖 尘汹冻楚啦漏日软盯啜灵栈邮巫礼参赣瓮队梳柠拙彦快柄 徘衣女宾肚冗道斯起乘恍姐克莲啪糟审鲁颠垮啤丹懊然埠 有宠脸宋垣

4、毕枪塔相抵钳囱炉戮借访艳蓄植淑潭泼果蜕捕 宋掏撮棕驱用湾统殃伶蝎丈剑象配颓齿禾渝宇仿冯奎捻Figure 7.3 Title page of Franklin s book Experiments and Observations on Electricity, 1751. (Photo courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Smithsonian Institution.) was joined at the bottom end to a silk ribbon about three feet long to serve as

5、 an insulator, and whose other end Franklin would hold in his hand to control the kite. Franklin fastened a metal key tothe twine where it joined the silk ribbon. In the summer of 1752, Franklin and his son flew the kite on a common in Philadelphia on a stormy day (Figure 7.4). They took advantage o

6、f a shed to shield themselves from the rain, and to keep the silk ribbon dry. A thundercloud passed, but there were no signs of electricity. Somewhat later, the loose ends of the fibers of the kite string suddenly stood erect from the string. Franklin put his knuckle near the key and received a stro

7、ng spark. He then charged a Leyden jar, and caused a spark from it to ignite a spirit flare. He had demonstrated to his satisfaction that lightning was an electrical phenomenon. Success! On October 1, 1752, Franklin described the results of his experiment in a letter to Collinson. Figure 7.4 Frankli

8、n and his son conduct- ing a kite experiment to attract lightning. (Photo courtesy of the Bumdy Library, Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology.) Having shown that lightning was an electric discharge. Franklin pursued his earlier speculation that a lightning rod could perform the

9、 functions of discharging an approaching cloud, and could also conduct a lightning flash harmlessly to moist earth. Protecting against its devastation by using lightning rods came slowly over the next several years. Father Procopius Divisch, a clergyman in Moravia, installed the first primitive ligh

10、tning rodin 1754. In 1760 Franklin erected one on a building in Philadelphia; W川iam Watson erected the first lightning rod in England in 1762. By 1782 there were about 400 rods in Philadelphia. Franklin s reputation as an experimenter with electricity grew rapidly. In November 1753, after his sentry

11、-box and kite experiments, the Royal Society presented him the Sir Godfrey Copley Medal, their highest award. In May 1756 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. The new technology, however, faced serious opposition, as do many new ideas. Many people thought that lightning and thunder were tok

12、ens of divine wrath, and considered it impious to interfere with their powers of destruction. The common sense reply:"It is as much our dutyto secure ourselves against the effects of lightning as against those of rain, snow, and wind, by the means God has put into our hands (attributed to John

13、Winthrop, the first Professor of Physics at Harvard College). Political pressure was also exerted against the acceptance of pointed rods. Many people in England believed that the upper ends of rods should be tipped with a sphere instead of a point. A scientist close to George III persuaded him that

14、a sphere should be used on a military project.George III concurred, and for many years English lightning rods bore spheres on their upper ends. Franklin, too, lived inturbulent times, and through three wars: the Indian battles in western Pennsylvania (1744-1748); the French and Indian War (1755-1763

15、), which decided whether France or England was to rule the colonies west of those on the Atlantic coast; and the Revolutionary War (1775-1783), leading to the beginnings of the United States. Franklin played an important part in domestic and international affairs throughout his life. The list of som

16、e of his important early offices includes Public Printer for Pennsylvania (1730), Clerk of the Pennsylvania Assembly (1736), Postmaster at Philadelphia (1737), Member of the City Council of Philadelphia (1748), and Member of the Assembly for Pennsylvania (1750). Franklin made his second trip to Engl

17、and in 1759, during the French and Indian War, to discuss the taxation of Pennsylvania and the Penn family. His next voyage abroad was in 1764, again representing Pennsylvania. Franklin was a moderate politically and worked hard for a peaceful resolution of the differences between the American colon

18、ies and the British. The Stamp Act and later Townshend s Acts, however, made it almost impossible to be a loyal British subject and to represent the colonies at the same time. He returned to America in 1774, after short visits in Ireland, Scotland, France, and Germany. The Revolutionary War began in

19、 April 1775. Franklin worked with John Adams and Jefferson, the principal author, in writing the Declaration of Independence, which was proclaimed July 4, 1776. Shortly afterwards, the Continental Congress sent Franklin to France to enlist the French government s help in the colonies struggle to gai

20、n independence from England. Franklin was well known in France because of his scientific accomplishments, and was well received. French help was generous, but the war lasted several years longer than anyone anticipated, making Franklin s mission extremely arduous. The war ended in 1783, and Franklin

21、 remained in Europe, participating in writing the peace treaty. He returned to Philadelphia in 1785.In France, Franklin met Nollet, Coulomb, and other leaders researching electricity and magnetism. He also met Alessandro Volta, who supported his one fluid theory of electricity. Back in the United St

22、ates, he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. He played an important part, particularly in advocating cooperation and compromise. Franklin died in Philadelphia in April 1790 after a short illness. His life and works have influenced all of us in many ways. He was, indeed, a philos

23、opher, statesman, and manof letters. He was also a very talented and accomplished scientist. Sources and Recommended Reading Florian Cajori: AHistory of Physics, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1899.Bernard Cohen: Benjamin Franklin s Science, HarvardUniversity Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1990. Bern Di

24、bner: Ten Founding Fathers of the Electrical Science, Norwalk, CT, Bumdy Library 1954 J. L. Heilbron: Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries, University of California Press, Berkley Los Angeles, London, 1979. Bernard Jaffee: Men of Science in America, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1944. H 7.3 Ul

25、i於富 篇克林封於甯的IT瞬典觐察的耆名，於1751年。（Smithsonian械情的相片橙貌BBllH官，Smithsonian械情。）它在的底部加入了一段带大条勺三吠H的视卷一槿 Mft,而且另一端富篇克林符曾在他的手中支撑控制凰筝。富篇克林聚固了一把金匙封它加入带的麻 在1752年夏天，在费城在一彳固暴凰雨的日子富篇克林和 他的完子一起放了一整天的凰筝（圈7.4）。他何在雨中利用了一彳固串棚遮蔽他何自己，3t保持余系乾燥。雷雪通遇，但是没有甯的品亦象。遇些畤候，凰筝串凰筝的Hit的髭散事物突然站立了肇直 优串。富篇克林在他靠近输匙附近的指第崖生了强烈的火花。他然彳矍充甯口瓶，而且醇致来自

26、它的火花黑占燃精神阳光。他已跟他的满足示靶10示生,因甯是一槿甯子3M象。成功！在1752年10月1日,富篇克林在一封幺合 Collinson 的信中描述了他的IT瞬的果。0 7.4富篇克林和他的完子正在做闽筝吸引因甯。（Bumdy械情的相片橙貌圃耆食官，封於科擘和技循1的魔史 Dibner 季曾。）由H瞬!示由因甯的甯是放H。富篇克林追求他更加早期的猜想，一支避雷金十可以表现孰行放一朵接近的雪彩的作用，以及可以瓢害虑地封潮湮的 地球引醇因甯阳光。保抗它的荒屡藉由慢慢地使用因甯竿下好黑年以来 了。父貌 Procopius Divisch是在摩拉雒克中的一彳固牧白巾，在 1754年安装了第一原始

27、的避雷金十。在1760年富W克林在费城IS立了一支在一楝大厦上；1762年威廉沃森在英格篇鳖立了第一支避雷金十。1782之前，在费城有大条勺400支。由於甯的第一彳固1T瞬者使得富篇克林的名警快速地成在1753年11月，在他的哨兵箱子和闽筝以彳矍，皇家 擘曾呈3M了了他葛德菲爵士Copley奖牌，是他何最高的褒樊。在1756年5月，他被逗聚皇家擘曾的一具。道!新的技循然而，如同多新的想法，面封了殿重 的反封。言午多人阳甯和雷甯是神愤怒的表徵，3t且tg卷他道是 在不虔干涉的他何破壤的力量。常答覆：“它是富很多我何的JT任反封阳甯的效果保我何自己常成反封雨，雪和凰的，藉著方法上帝已系S1入我何的

28、手中“H於封i勺翰温思箍普，物理擘的第一教授在哈佛擘院)。政治屋力3t且被施加了反封金十封性的襟尺探纳。在英阈言午多人相信竿的上端典一彳固球ft 一起提示而三E黑占。一彳固科擘家束了封嵩治三世勤他一彳固球在一彳固 里事上被使用。嵩治III同意，3t且1 午多年英阈避雷金十使球形不耐短在他 何的上端。富篇克林，同檬,居住在勤谩畤期，和通遇三埸戟事:印 地安人事A在西寅夕法尼克(1744-1748);法阈和印地安人戟争(1755-1763),决定是否法阈或英阈符统治殖民地在那些西 遏在大西洋沿海；3t且革命戟争(1775-1783),厚致美阈的 始。富篇克林在阈内和阈除事矜在他的生活中扮演一彳固重

29、要 的角色。一些名罩他的重要早期的辨公室包括公1g寅夕法尼克大 <(1736的)印表械卷寅夕法尼克(1730),韩事，市H曹的垂B 政局是在费城(1737),大曹的成具费城(1748),和成具卷寅夕 法尼克(1750) o1759年富篇克林做他的第二次旅行封英阈,在法阈和印地安人戟争期,寅夕法尼克和 Penn家庭的徵税。在阈外的他的下彳固航行在1764年是，再一次代表寅州。富篇克林政治上是遹度的和莫艮苦工作卷显别的和平解决在美阈殖民地和英阈之垂8票行和最新 Townshend的行蜀J，然而，使是一彳固忠的英阈人主题3t且同畤代表殖民地是黑乎不可能。在爱豳篇，赛格篇，法阈和德阈的短拜之彳矍

30、，他在1774年回到了美阈。革命的戟争在1775年四月始了。富篇克林典余勺翰生富和彳桀佛逊，主要的作家合作了，在 立磬明，宣告1776年7月4日。不久之彳矍,大陛曾!派遣富篇克林到法阈徵法阈政府的K 助在殖民地的备月中拢英阈那狸取了褐立。因卷他的科擘成就，富篇克林在法阈If人知，而且被If卷接受的。法阈人K助是慷慨的，但是戟事比tg何人期的持了更多年，使富篇克林的使命趣端莫艮金巨。1783年戟争余吉束了 ，3t且富篇克林保留了在嗽洲，参加嘉和平修系勺。1785年他回到了费城。在法阈、富篇克林遇兄Nollet, 病，和其它01研究甯和磁性。他36且遇免了 Alessandro伏打，支持他一彳固流蜀!甯的理言缸在美阈，他是在1787年霞法的大曾代表。他特别在主张合作和妥曲，扮演了重要角色。在1790年4月富篇克林在一槿短疾病之彳矍在费城死了。他的生活和作品以三午多方式已影警我何全部。他的确I,是一彳固哲擘家，政治家和男人。他3t且是一位非常有天才和成功的科擘家。来源以及推Florian Cajori:物理的JR史， Macmillan Company, 1899 年。Bernard Cohen:本彳桀明？富U克林的科擘,哈佛大擘由 版社，剜椅，焉旌言者塞1990年。伯恩Dibner:甯子科擘的十位急J立人，言若瓦克