分项语法之七：补足语

1、李萌费新夜李明明By-|The definition of the complement|The types of the complement|Some supplements 英语补语的作用对象是主语和宾语,具有鲜明的定语性描写或限制性功能,在句法上是不可或缺的。补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语，除此之外还有主语补足语。The subject complementThe object complement 系动词连接了主语和补语。这种结构中的补语是说明主语性状的，所以称为主语补足语。 The subject complement appears after copular

2、predicate verbs (including mostly the various forms of Be and others like “appear”, “seem”, “sound” ,etc.) It includes noun phrase or pronoun, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase non-finite clause, finite clause etc. 英语中主语补足语的形式是比较多样，归纳起来，常见的有以下几种：名词、形容词、副词、动词、介词短语等。.Love is a drug

3、. .This is her pen. .He is the father of three. .That girl was me.Noun phrase or pronoun as the subject complement: The weather is hot. The little cottage was nice and cosy. The argument became more heated. Ill see if he is around. I have been out for a walk. I feel down today. The bus stop is just

4、across the road. He looked in splendid health. It has grown out of date. His plan is to keep the secret. His occupation was teaching English. After a time I grew dissatisfied with the work. The question is how we can survive the crisis. That what I want to do. 1. 动词elect, call, name, make, find, lea

5、ve等后面常接名词用作主语补足语.E.g. The dog is called Karl. He was found the right man for the job. 2. 动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容词用作主语补足语。 E.g. The door was painted white. The old man was found weak. The classroom is always kept clean every day. 3. 动词see, watch, hear,

6、feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分词用作主语补足语。E.g. He is often heard reading English. The professor was seen making an experiment in the chemistry lab. 4.感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接带to的不定式用作主语补足语。E.g. He was seen to come upstairs. Ice is known to be in a solid state. 5. as后面接名词、形容词

7、、分词等用作主语补足语。 E.g. English is taken as a useful means for research work. The news is considered as true. The vase is thought as broken. 6. 由what引导的名词性从句用作主语补足语。 E.g. The boy has been made what he is. Definition: 在英语中有些及物动词，接了宾语意义仍不完整，还需要有1个其他的句子成分，来补充说明宾语的意义、状态等，称为宾语补足语，简称宾补。 It includes adjective ph

8、rase, noun phrase , prepositional phrase, adverb phrase, non-finite clause etc. 能够充当宾补的有：形容词，名词，介词，副词短语，非谓语动词等。1.I find learning English difficult. (difficult是形容词做宾补） 2.We elected John our monitor. ( monitor是名词做宾补）3.I found her in better spirits when we met again. (in better spirits是介词短语做宾补）4. I saw

9、 the kite up and down. （up and down是副词做宾补） 5. Tom made the girl cry. (cry是省略不定式符号to的动词不定式，这里是不定式做宾补） He felt Jim watching him.(现在分词做宾补） We wished the problem settled outside the court.( 过去分词做宾补）当感官动词和使役动词，如： see， hear ，notice， watch， feel， observe(感官动词) make， have， let ，get(使役动词) 接宾补时，不定式的符号to必须省略。

10、在help后，不定式可以带to，也可不带。 1. 在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 E.g. We consider him (to be) a good teacher. I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her. 2. 在表

11、示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 E.g. Id prefer you to leave him alone. I dont want there to be any trouble. 3. 注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你可以帮我一把。 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。

12、 The boss demanded that Mary (should) finish it within a week. 老板要求玛丽在一个星期内完成它。Complex Object在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种做的动作，这种“宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语”结构称结构称为复合宾语为复合宾语.如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾如果宾语和宾补是逻辑上的动宾关系，则宾补须用过去分词形

13、式。如：关系，则宾补须用过去分词形式。如： Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period. 复合宾语的两个组成部分在意义上是一种逻辑上的“主谓关系”，宾语补足语(简称为宾补)说明宾语所表示的人或物的属类、性质、状态等。宾补在句中的位置是相对固定的，它通常跟在宾语后(本文中宾语用划线表示，宾补用斜体表示)。如:(1)We call him Little Tiger.我们把他叫做“小老虎”。 (2)Do you think him a

14、 good teacher?你认为他是个好老师吗？ (3)We found the house empty.我们发现这房子是空的。 但由于种种原因，宾补的这种相对固定的位置有时也会发生变异。一般说来，宾补的位置变异有四种句型: 一、宾补一、宾补+主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语，在这种句型中，宾补前移到句首（或宾语，在这种句型中，宾补前移到句首（或从句的句首）。从句的句首）。这主要有以下几种情况：这主要有以下几种情况： 1.为了强调而前移当我们要突出强调宾补时，就把它移至句首。为了强调而前移当我们要突出强调宾补时，就把它移至句首。置于句首的宾补可以是名词、形容词置于句首的宾补可以是名词、形容词(短语短

15、语)、分词短语、介词短语、分词短语、介词短语等。等。如：如：(1)Chairman of the committee they have elected Eleanor.(2)Huddled up in a corner of their kitchen they found a pup. (3)Mad extravagance ,I call it.(4)In a blur ,rushing at him ,he saw a white face, a club upraised. 2.为了句子的连贯而前移在并列句中，有时为了与前面的分句为了句子的连贯而前移在并列句中，有时为了与前面的分句更

16、好地衔接，使分句之间的意思连接得更加紧密，意思表达得更加更好地衔接，使分句之间的意思连接得更加紧密，意思表达得更加清楚有力，就将后面分句的宾补提到句首。清楚有力，就将后面分句的宾补提到句首。如：如：(1)Bloggs my name is ,so Bloggs you might well call me. 3.为了对照而前移在并列句中，宾补的前移有助于鲜明地对照为了对照而前移在并列句中，宾补的前移有助于鲜明地对照相邻的两个分句间提到的意义有差异的两件事情。相邻的两个分句间提到的意义有差异的两件事情。如：如： I knew you were careless ,but dishonest ne

17、ver thought you. 4.在感叹句中宾补的前移用感叹词在感叹句中宾补的前移用感叹词what或或how开头的对开头的对宾补进行强调的感叹句，宾补必须紧跟在宾补进行强调的感叹句，宾补必须紧跟在what或或how之后。之后。如如:(1)What a villain he must have thought me! (2)How changed I found him ,even in those few days! 5.在疑问句中宾补的前移用疑问词作宾补或对在疑问句中宾补的前移用疑问词作宾补或对“疑问词疑问词+宾补宾补”进行提问，这时疑问词或进行提问，这时疑问词或“疑问词疑问词+宾补宾补

18、”须须前移至句首。前移至句首。如：如：(1)What do you call this kind of flower？(2)What color shall we paint the door？ 6.让步状语从句中宾补的前移让步状语从句中宾补的前移,中学英语在中学英语在as ,however等引导的让步状语从句中，有时也须把宾补提到从句的等引导的让步状语从句中，有时也须把宾补提到从句的开头，其后采用正常语序。开头，其后采用正常语序。如：如：(1)Charming as he found her ,she had struck him as rather presumptuous.尽管他觉得她很

19、美，他仍然认为她相尽管他觉得她很美，他仍然认为她相当高傲。当高傲。二、主语二、主语+谓语谓语+宾补宾补+宾语产生这种结构的原因主要有两个：宾语产生这种结构的原因主要有两个： 1.宾语宾语(或连带它的修饰语或连带它的修饰语)较长，而宾补较短时，为了平衡句较长，而宾补较短时，为了平衡句子结构，就把宾补提到宾语之前。我们常见的一些动词词组如子结构，就把宾补提到宾语之前。我们常见的一些动词词组如cut open ,cut short ,lay bare ,let slip ,let go ,make certain ,make clear , make good ,make possible ,set

20、 free等等都属于这种情况。都属于这种情况。如：如：(1)Dont let fly away this little strange bird. (2)Many people consider impossible what really is possible. (3)We should make clear which of them is primary and which is secondary. 2.宾语本身带有一个较长的定语或同位语时宾语本身带有一个较长的定语或同位语时,就把宾补放在宾就把宾补放在宾语后。语后。如：如：(1)They proved wrong the news

21、brought by the newly-arrived visitors. (2)She saw playing in the garden a group of children aged from six to ten. 。 三、宾语三、宾语+主语主语+谓语谓语+宾补有时为了强调宾宾补有时为了强调宾语，就将其提到句首，宾补就跟在谓语之语，就将其提到句首，宾补就跟在谓语之后了。后了。 如：如：(1)This substance we call water and comes next only to oxygen.这种物这种物质我们称之为水，其重要性仅次于氧。质我们称之为水，其重要性仅次于

22、氧。 (2)These views we believe to be fair and true.我们认为这些见解是中肯而我们认为这些见解是中肯而真实的。真实的。 四、主语四、主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+其他成分其他成分+宾补有时在宾语和宾补之间插入宾补有时在宾语和宾补之间插入了定语、同位语、状语或插入语，从而造成了宾语与宾补的分隔。了定语、同位语、状语或插入语，从而造成了宾语与宾补的分隔。1.插入定语或同位语因宾语后面带有一个无法分割的定语或同位语，插入定语或同位语因宾语后面带有一个无法分割的定语或同位语，因而只好把宾补放在宾语的定语或同位语之后。因而只好把宾补放在宾语的定语或同位语之后。如：

23、如：He found the name he wanted write obscurely on one of the doors.他看到他他看到他要寻找的人名模模糊糊地写在一扇门上要寻找的人名模模糊糊地写在一扇门上.2.插入状语插入状语(1)I once saw a jewel fish ,during such a evening transport of straying children ,perform deed which absolutely astonished me.我有一次看到宝石鱼在转运迷路的小鱼的过程中做我有一次看到宝石鱼在转运迷路的小鱼的过程中做出了一个使我大吃一惊的动作。出了一个使我大吃一惊的动作。(2)She begs you ,as you love her ,to do exactly I say.正因为你爱她，所以她恳求你完全照我说正因为你