美国超验主义分析

1、英本英本132班班小组成员：李伟小组成员：李伟 田源田源 苏尔男苏尔男 邢剑邢剑 孟珂瑶孟珂瑶 张丽张丽TranscendentalismTranscendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism an

2、d the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.超验主义是从超验主义是从1836到到1860于新英格兰发起的一场文学、哲学以于新英格兰发起的一场文学、哲学以及艺术运动。由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教及艺术运动。由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义，他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念。派理性的形式主义，他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信

3、念。The belief that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority. 超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合，从而超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。Th

4、e ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as NATURE(1836),and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 超验主义思想在爱默生的论自然(1836)和论自立以及梭罗的瓦尔登湖（1854）等书中表现的淋漓尽致。02LOREM IPSUM English authors such as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordswort

5、h.01LOREM IPSUM romantic German philosophy03LOREM IPSUM Indian and Chinese religious teachings.超验主义的来源The Transcendentalism placed emphasis on spirit,or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.超验主义认为精神或“超灵”是宇宙中最重要之物。The Transcendentalism stress the importance of the individual.超验主义

6、者注重个人。The Transcendentalism offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.超验主义认为自然是超灵或者上帝的象征。爱默生与论自然爱默生与论自然As the leading New England Transcendentalist,Emerson effected a most articulate synthesis of the trsanscendentalist views.One major element of his philosophy is his firm

7、 belief in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”. 作为超验主义的先驱，爱默生将超验主义的观点做了一个系统的综合，其中最主要的元素就是”Oversoul”(超灵)Nature-超验主义的圣经超验主义的圣经Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinite space, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a tansparement eyeball: I am nothing: I see

8、all: the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me: I am part or particle of God. 站在空旷站在空旷的土地上，我的头脑沐浴在清爽的空气中，的土地上，我的头脑沐浴在清爽的空气中，所有卑下的自私都消失了。所有卑下的自私都消失了。“我变成了一我变成了一个透明的眼球。我是一个个透明的眼球。我是一个无无，我看见，我看见了一切。普遍的存在进入到我的血脉，在了一切。普遍的存在进入到我的血脉，在我周身流动。我成了上帝的部分和分子。我周身流动。我成了上帝的部分和分子。Each mind lives in the

9、 Grand mind. 每颗心灵都存在于一颗共同的心灵中LOREMLOREMThere is one mind common to all individual men.所有人共享一颗心灵LOREMLOREMMan is conscious of a universial soul within or behind his individual life.每个人在个人生活之外能感受到一个共同的灵魂LOREMLOREMThoreau recounts his daily life in the woods and celebrates nature and the individuals ab

10、ility to live independently of society.Walden is neither a novel nor a true autobiography, but a social critique of the Western World, with each chapter heralding some aspect of humanity that needed to be either renounced or praised.梭罗在书中叙述了在森林里的日常生活，歌颂了自然，强调了个人独立于社会之外的能力。瓦尔登湖既不是小说也不能算是自传，而是一部西方社会批评

11、史，书中的每个章节都对人类社会的某个方面进行批判或是颂扬。Thoreaus masterpiece,Walden, is great Transcendentalist work that came out of the period under discussion. As a young man Thoreau took a more than usual interest in the natural world.Like Emerson, but more than him, he saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influen

12、ce on mans spiritual well-being, and regarded it as a symbol of the spirt. He tried to seek a way to unlock the secrets of the spirit.梭罗的巨著瓦尔登湖是当时的一部伟大的超验主义著作。作为一个年轻人，梭罗对大自然有着非同一般的兴趣。他比爱默生更执着的认为自然对人类的精神起着恢复的作用和健康的影响，并认为自然是精神的象征。他尝试寻找灵魂的秘密Walden can be many things and can be read on more than one lev

13、el.But it is, first and foremost, a book on self-culture and human perfectibiliy. It is a book ,as J.L. Basile sums it up,about man, what he is and what he should ben and must be. Thoreau has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.He hold the most important thing for men to do with their lives is