主语和谓语的一致

1、8.1 主语和谓语的一致主语和谓语的一致一般涉及三个原则：语法一致原则 ( Grammatical Concord ) - 即形式上的一致或动词和主语的数互相匹配。如： The taboo against eating pork occurs in more than one culture. 不止一种文化有忌食猪肉的风 俗。( B2-U1-L39 )意义一致原则 ( Notional Concord ) - 即意义或意念上的一致或按照数的概念动词与主语相 一致。如：Danish bacon and eggs makes a good solid English breakfast. 丹麦式的

2、熏咸肉加鸡蛋做成了一 顿美味的英国早餐。邻近性原则 ( Principal of Proximity ) - 即动词不与主语中主要的词语相一致， 而与最邻近它 的词语相一致。如：Either your brakes or your eyesight is at fault. 要么是你的刹车，要么是你的视力出了毛病。8.1.1 单个名词作主语时的主谓一致1集体名词， 如 army, audience, bacteria, band, board, brood, cabinet, cast, class, club, committee, community, company, council,

3、couple, crew, crowd, data, enemy, faculty, family, flock, gang, government, group, herd, household, jury, media, navy, nobility, opposition, party, personnel, press, public, school, society, staff, team 等作主语， 动词的形式常取决于说话者或写作者的意图。 当集体名词强调整体时， 谓语动词 应取单数形式；如果强调某组织或集体的每一个个体时，谓语动词应取复数形式。如： The first grou

4、p were given nothing at all. The second group were given a placebo. 第一组人什么 也没给。第二组人用了安慰剂。 ( B1-U2-L34 )Our group is composed of eight boys and three girls. 我们组由 8 个男孩和 3 个女孩组成。 The staff has been cut by a quarter over the past year. 去年员工被裁减了四分之一。 (B1-p19-L2) The staff are not very happy about the la

5、test pay increase. 员工们对最近一次的加薪不很满意。 (B1-p19-L4)Note:有生命的集体名词女口 cattle, clergy, livestock, militia, people, personnel, police, poultry, youth 等作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式；无生命的集体名词如clothing, jewelry,machinery, merchandise, poetry 等作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：Sadly, the youth of today aren't so sure about their idols.

6、 遗憾的是，现在的年轻人并不清楚自己 的偶像是谁。 (B3-U11-L6)New machinery was introduced in the factory. 工厂引进了新的机器。2一些以 -ics, 结尾的名词，如 aerobics, aesthetics, aeronautics, athletics, biogenetics, civics, cryonics economics, electronics, ethics, eugenics, genetics, gymnastics, linguistics, mathematics, mechanics, phonetics, p

7、olitics, statistics 等作 " 一门学科 "解释时，谓语动词用单数形式；表示 其它意义时用复数形式。如：If cryonics doesn't work, it is the same as just dying. 如果人体冷冻法行不通， 那么与死去也没有 什么区别。 (BOOK 3 UNIT 4 Back from the Dead)"Politics is much more difficult than physics", said Einstein. 爱因斯坦说， " 政治比物理要难得Q w 多。 "

8、The politics of the country is really beyond the scope of a tourist book like this. Unit 11 The Criminals Go UnpunishedThe politics of the situation are not complicated. 时局的政治关系很复杂。Statistics is a branch of mathematics that helps determine the possibility that something will occur. （BOOK 2 Unit 10 R

9、isks TCH）The statistics were not quite that clear-cut, but averaged out into those ranges. （BOOK 4 Unit5 Appearance Dress for Success）Note： 有时以 -ics 结尾的名词无论接单数还是接复数形式的动词，句子的意思不变。如：Politics has/have always interested me. 政治总是引起我的注意。3以-s结尾的疾病名词作主语时，其谓语动词通常用单数形式，如口： AIDS, arthritis （关节炎）, diabetes （糖尿病

10、）,measles （麻疹）等；以-s结尾的表示游戏的名词作主语，其谓语动词通 常用单数形式，如：billiards （桌球），checkers （跳棋）（美国英语），dominoes （多米诺骨 牌），draughts （跳棋）等。如：Although AIDS is a notable exception, few new many killers have come along to replace the ones that have been eliminated. 尽管爱滋病是一个明显的例外， 但几乎没有什么新的大规模的致命 性疾病出现来取代那些已被根除的疾病。 （B2-p255-

11、L6）Rickets is seldom found in sunny, tropical countries. （BOOK 2 UNIT 1 The Nutrients in Food）Dominoes is an easier game than chess. 玩多米诺骨牌比下国际象棋容易。Note: mumps （腮腺炎）可用单数动词或复数动词；cards （纸牌，扑克）通常用复数谓语动词。如：Mumps is/are fairly rare in adults. 成年人很少得腮腺炎。Cards are allowed here. 这里可以打扑克。4. 表示由对应的两个部分合在一起构成的

12、工具的名词，具有复数含义，故其谓语动词用复数形式，如：binoculars, chopsticks, clippers （尖嘴钳子），compasses （圆规），forceps（镊子），glasses, headph on es, scales, scissors, spectacles, ton gs（夹具）等； 某些以 -s 结尾的 表示服装及鞋类的名词，具有复数含义，故其谓语动词用复数形式，如口： clothes, drawers （内裤）， gloves, jeans, pajamas, pants, shorts, slacks （工装裤），stockings 等。如：The sc

13、issors are dull. 这把剪刀很钝。These trousers are too tight for me. 这条裤子我穿太紧。5一些单复数同形的名词，如aircraft, Chinese, crossroads, deer, fish, headquarters,Japanese, manners, means, offspring, pains, Portuguese, remains, series, sheep, species, Swiss, works 等需根据上下文判断它的数。如：Fish have evolved into around 30,000 differe

14、nt species. （BOOK 4 Unit 9 Computer Technology）That fish smells disgusting. （BOOK 2 UNIT 1 FOOD AND CULTURE）Every Chinese knows how New China was born. 每一个中国人都知道新中国是怎样诞生的。All Chinese know how New China was born. 所有的中国人都知道新中国是怎样诞生的。If constructive means are not available to satisfy this instinct, man

15、 will turn to destructive means.如果没有建设性的方法来满足这一本能，人类就会采用破坏性的方法。（B1-U10-L28）There is no means of finding out what happened. 没有办法查明发生了什么事。Note: fishes表示鱼的种类，具有复数含义；pains作主语一般接复数形式的动词，但有时也接单数形式的动词。如：There were fishes of many huts and sizes. 鱼的颜色不一，大小不一。Great pains have/has been taken. 已经花费了很多心血了。 6英语中有

16、些名词只用其复数形式，与其搭配的动词或相应的人称代词、指示代词 也要用复数形式。这类名词主要有： arms ( ), articles ( ), ashes ( ), belongs ( ), customs (风俗，关税) earnings ( ), goods ( ), outskirts ( ), suburbs ( ), riches ( ) 等。如： Halloween customs are mainly for the amusement of children.(BOOK 1 UNIT 4)They claim their goods are of high quality.

17、(BOOK 4 Unit 4)The goods are to be exported to Canada. 这些货物将外销到加拿大。7某些名词以 -s 结尾，形式上是复数，但实际上作单数用，故其谓语动词也用单数形式，如：gallows (绞架),summons (传票)，news 等。如：The summons was served on the man. 给那个人发了传票。The good news is that not all aspects of Type A behavior are equally toxic. 好消息是并非所有的A 型行为都有害。 (B1-p188-L15)8.

18、 国名、机构等名称作主语，谓语动词用单数形式；山脉、群岛的专有名词如果是 以复数形式结尾的(前面带有定冠词the),则作主语时动词用复数形式。如：The United States has a very violent history. 美国历史上充满暴力。PAWS is one of 15 animal rights groups who have joined together to take the Navy to court. 动物 福利进步协会就是联合起来把海军告到了法庭的十五个动物权益组织之一。(B1-p277-L14)Note: the Philippines (菲律宾)和 th

19、e Netherlands (荷兰)作为国家的政治、经济单位看待 时，可以接单数动词。如：The Netherlands, however, was not considered a god place to live in. 荷兰作为一个居住场所并 不被看好。 (B3-p383-L44) 9名词所有格省略式作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据被省略的名词的单、复数来决定。1) 所有格所修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅、教堂或办公室所在地时，经常被省略。这时谓语动词应采用单数形式。常见的所有格省略式有：the baker's, the barber's, the butcher'

20、s, thecarpenter's, the grocer's, the photographer's, a bookseller's, a dressmaker's, Mr. Zhang's, my aunt's 等。如：There is a stationer's (shop) in the next street. 隔条街有一家文具店。St. Paul's (Cathedral) has long been among the principal sights of London. 圣保罗教堂长期以来 一直是伦敦的主

21、要名胜之一。2) 所有格所修饰的名词(或词组)在句子中已经作为前提出现过，或下文中将要提到，为 了避免重复， 可以省略。 谓语动词的单复数取决于被省略的名词 (或词组) 的单、 复数。 如： Many have come to believe that Type A's (=Type A people) are much higher risk of suffering a heart attack. 许多人开始相信 A 型行为者患心脏病的危险性要大的多。 (B1-p188-L6)The children's was a wonderful performance. (=The

22、 children's performance was a wonderful one.) 孩子们的表演很精彩。Note: 简短的引语、格言和书籍、报刊、杂志的名称作为整体看待，相当于单个名词，作主 语时谓语动词用单数形式。如：Since its founding in 1996, Songs of Love has been responsible for the composition, taping and the sending of more than 780 songs to delighted children, all for free. 自 1966 年创立以来， 爱

23、之 歌已经免费为孩子们创作、录音并发送了 780 多首歌曲。( Songs of Love 是一非赢利性的组 织) (B2-p182-L13)"The greatness of our people is their cordiality" is a line from the national anthem of Aruba.阿鲁巴国歌中有这样一句话 "我们人民的伟大之处就在于他们的热情"。 (B1-p256-L1)Crime and Punishment is perhaps the best constructed of Dostoyevsky&#

24、39;s novels, but The Brothers Karamazov is undoubtedly his masterpiece. 罪与罚也许是陀思妥也夫斯基所创作的最好的 作品，但卡拉马佐夫兄弟无疑是他的代表作。8.1.2 主语带有数量词的主谓一致1带有 a lot of (lots of), a majority of, a number of , a part of, a percentage of , an average of, all of, half of, some of, most of, plenty of, the rest of, two-thirds of

25、, ninety percent of, more than 等词 的谓语动词用单数还是复数， 取决于这些词所修饰或限定的名词的数。 如果这些词后的名词 为单数，谓语动词应用单数。如果这些词后的名词为复数，谓语动词应用复数。如： Now most of the motivation was internal and related to their larger goals.现在大部分的动力是内在的，是与他们更大的目标相联系的。 (B3-U6-L97)Most of the evening news on all three networks is composed of "pre-

26、planned" stories-stories about events or situations that are not spontaneous. (BOOK 4 UNIT 8 What Makes TV Most Entertaining?)One study found that 80 percent of teenagers were "heavily involved" in family foodshopping.一项研究发现百分之八十的青少年 "大量地参与 " 家庭的食品采购。 (B1-U6-L26)34 percent o

27、f the teachers' time was allocated to girls. 老师把 34% 的时间分配给了女生。 (B2-p229-L21)The vast majority of the parents were not themselves outstanding musicians, athletes or scholars. 绝大部分的家长自己本身并不是杰出的音乐家、运动员或学者。 (B3-U6-L27)Note: the number of, the percentage of, the proportion of 后不管其后面接单数名词还是复数名 词，谓语动词

28、都用单数。如：The number of books stolen from the library is large. 图书馆被偷的书的数量很大。2 a series (kind / piece / proportion / species / succession, etc. ) +of + 复数名词作主语时，谓语 动词用单数和复数形式都有。如：A series of lectures on psychology is said to be given by Mr. Stone. 据说斯通先生要作一系列心 理学讲座。A series of conferences were staged f

29、or local officials and police personnel from America's 136 largest cities.3名词 +of this/ that kind / sort / type ，这时谓语动词的数与 of 前的名词的数相一致； this/that kind, sort, type + 单数或复数名词作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。如：Questions of that kind /sort are very difficult. 那种问题很难。For religious and political reasons, a mandatory p

30、olicy of this kind has been impossible to introduce in other densely-populated countries, such as India, Pakistan or Brazil. (BOOK 5 UNIT 5 Population Tch)Violent incidents of this kind have become commonplace in a country where all human rights are being eroded.Selection of this sort raises all kin

31、ds of problems of the sample being consciously or unconsciously affected by the selector's personal biases.Since many caves of this sort were known in the area, the hunter gave it little thought. (BOOK 6 Unit 10 Prehistoric Art-The Beginning of Artistic Expression)4. one and a half后面要接复数名词，但谓语动词

32、习惯用单数形式，有时也发现用复数形式。 如：One and a half bananas (=a banana and a half) is left on the table. 一只半香蕉留在桌子上。 One and a half million trees have now replaced the desolation on the valley floor.THERE ARE ABOUT one and a half million different kinds of life forms on the planet today. During today's Consoli

33、dated Fund Bill debate only one and a half hours have been allocated to discussing pension funds.5. "more than one +单数名词 "在意义上是复数的，但一般仍选用单数形式的动词，有时也发现用复数形式类似的用法还有many a， a day and a half等。如：More than one member has protested against the proposal. 不止一个人反对这个计划。 Many a famous star has been ru

34、ined by drugs. 许多著名新秀被毒品给毁了。A year and a half has passed. (=A period of a year and a half has passed.) 一年半已经过去了。 More than one and a half thousand local police stations have online access to the computer.6. 数学中的加、减、趁乘、除这类算式作主语，动词习惯上用单数形式。如：What's one plus two? 1+2等于几？ (B3-U3-L59)Ten minus eight

35、equals two.Nine times four equals thirty six.Ten divided by two equals five. (BOOK 2 Unit 10 Risks)7. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、价值、数目的词组作主语时，通常将它们看作一 个整体，因而谓语动词用单数形式。如：$1000 is too much to pay. 1000 美元数额太大，付不起。 Two is company， three is none. 两人成对，三人不欢。 (谚语)Another ten days was gone. 又过了十天。Note: 如果它们是作为一个一个的个体来计

36、算的， 这时数字的复数性非常明显， 谓语动词则 要用复数形式。如：These twenty minutes of cross questioning were the worst I ever spent. 这二十分钟的盘问是我 有生以来最难熬的时刻。Eight were very good matches. 有八个很相似。 (B3-p134-L38)8.1.3 主语为代词时的主谓一致1. 不定代词 each， one， anyone， everyone， someone， no one， anybody， everybody， nobody， somebody， anything， ever

37、ything， nothing， something 作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如： Each view of time has advantages and disadvantages. 每一种对时间的看法都有其优缺点。 (B2-U12-L40)Everyone was delighted because they would once again rich. 人人兴高采烈，因为他们又变得有 钱了。 (B3-p16-L14)When next he sees her, he is buying a magazine to read during the flight and he becom

38、es aware that someone is pushing him. (BOOK 1 UNIT 7 Thief)Note: 不定代词 all 单独作主语指人时，通常指三个或三个以上的人，故其谓语动词用复数 形式；但 all 单独作主语指事物时，一般表示抽象概念的"一切"或把事物看作整体，故其谓语动词用单数形式。如：All are present today. 今天大家都到齐了。All goes well. 一切进展顺利。2. 在正式文体中，当 none, neither, either和any后面跟of+复数名词或代词时，谓语动词一 般用单数。如：Of all the

39、 stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, none is more extraordinary than this( BOOK 4 UNIT 9 Microchips )I don't think either of them was to blame: they were just incompatible. (BOOK 3 UNIT 10) After all, when virtually any of us is confronted with the choice of doing so

40、mething likely to kill us today versus doing something likely to kill us in two decades, the choice is going to be the lesser of the two evils. (BOOK 2 UNIT 10 Health Risks)None of us have never told lies.Of all the stunning statistics used to describe the world of the microchip, none is more extrao

41、rdi nary than thisBOOK 4 UNIT 9 MicrochipsNeither of their directions is toward him. 没有一个人朝他走去。 (B1-p223-L22)When East meets West, how often is offense taken when none is given? 东西方人在一起时，究 竟有多少本无冒犯之意却被当作冒犯之举的事发生呢？ (B1-p76-L13)Note 1: either (of ),none (of和neither (of 有时也可接动词的复数形式。如：I sent cards to M

42、avis and Margery but neither (of them) has/have replied; in fact, I doubt if either (of them) is/are coming. 我向梅维斯和玛杰里发了请贴，但她俩都没有给我答复。其实，我 怀疑她俩是否会来。Except one person, none of us sleep during the day. (BOOK 3 UNIT 9 )Luckily, none were killed in that accident. 值得庆幸的是，在这次事故中没有人丧生。Note 2: each (of 一) 般

43、与谓语动词单数连用。如：Each of us has a mental picture of the kind of person we would like to be. 我们每个人心里都有 一幅关于自己想要成为什么样的人的画面。 (B1-p305-L27)3. both (of), few (of), many (of), several (of) 等不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如： Both of her children have blue eyes. 她两个孩子都有一双蓝眼睛。4. 名词性物主代词作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式，这取决于所替代的名词词组是单数还

44、是复数。如：Ours (=Our country) is a greatest socialist country. 我们的国家是一个伟大的社会主义国家。Your shoes are black, his (=his shoes) are brown. 你的皮鞋是黑色的，他的是棕色的。 5指示代词 this 和 that 接单数形式的动词； these 和 those 接复数形式的动词。 such 可以指 单数，也可以指复数，动词应根据such 所指的单、复数意义采用相应的动词形式；the same作主语时谓语动词用单数形式，意为"也是这样(同样) " 。如：The sam

45、e is true of foreigners. 对外国人也是这样。 (B2-p125-L7)Such is his confidence in science that he believes it will not only be able to revive his head, but that it will also be able to build him a new body. 他对科学充满信心， 他相信科学不仅能使他的 大脑复活，而且还能为他造就一个新的身体。 (B3-p141-L31)We couldn't decide whether to order black

46、pens or blue - such are the trifles of office life. 我们拿 不定主意是预定黑钢笔还是兰钢笔 - 这都是些办公室里的杂事。 (B1-p8-36) 6疑问代词 who, what, which 和 whose 都没有数的变化，他们所指的对象可以是单数，也 可以是复数。谓语动词的数要与它们所指对象的单、复数保持一致。如：Who is the woman in the black hat? 戴黑帽子的女人是谁？Who are the men in white coats? 穿白衣服的男人是谁？8.1.4 主语中有连词时的主谓一致1. and连接两个或

47、两个以上的主语表示不同的人或事物，谓语动词用复数；and连接两个或两个以上表示一个概念或一个不可分割的整体，谓语动词用单数。 一般情况下， 如果并列名词中第二个名词前没有定冠词，则指的是同一人或事物。如：The manufacture and sale of Christmas items is big business. 制造和销售圣诞用品是一桩大生 意。 (B1-p99-L12)The famous Chinese cartoonist and humorist Ding Cong is a master of word play. 著名的中国漫 画家和幽默大师丁聪是一个俏皮话大师。 (B

48、3-U3-L55)试比较：Guilt and shame are destructive feelings. 内疚和羞怯感是两种毁灭性的感情。 (B2-U2-L39)2. 用 or, either . or, neither . or, not only . but also, not等连接的名词或代词作主语t 时，谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语的数相一致。如：Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. 你、我、其他任何人都不知道答案。Neither Mrs. Caret nor her daughters-in-law are wo

49、rking at the present time. 卡特夫人和她的媳 妇们现在都没有工作。Either my brothers or my father is coming. 不是我兄弟就是我父亲来。Not just the students but even their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅是学生， 甚至他们的老师都 很喜欢这部电影。Note: 在选择疑问句中， or 连接的并列主语要求动词与第一个名词或代词在人称和数方面保 持一致。如：Does your brother or you study English? (=Does your bro

50、ther study English or do you study English?) 是你的兄弟还是你在学英语？3. as much as, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than 连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数 应与第一个主语的数相一致。如：The first printed menu, as well as others of the period, was simple in design and offered specific information. 第一份菜单，与它同时期的菜单一样，设计上简单，只提供具体的信息。 (B2

51、-p13-L11)The Minister, more than the trade unions, is responsible for the present impasse. 目前的僵局应由 部长而不是工会负责。8.1.5 主语带有介词短语、同位语或插入语时的主谓一致1 except, besides, with, but, accompanied by, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to, combined with 等词语连接两个主语时，谓语动词的数应与第一个主语的数相一 致。如：Lighter, m

52、ore comfortable clothing of all types has contributed, along with other technologies, to vastly improved athletic performances. 各种更轻便、更舒适的服装和其他技术一起极大地提 高了体育运动成绩。 (B3-p274-L66)Everyone but Mary was in favour of the plan. 除了玛丽，大家都赞成这个计划。 2带有同位语或插入语的主语，谓语动词应与主语保持一致。如：I, his father, do not have the simp

53、le right to touch his thick hair. 我，他的父亲， 连触摸他浓密 的头发的权利都没有。 (B3-p224-L42)Studying communication, and specifically public speaking, is important to you not only personally but also professionally. 学习交际，特别是演说，不仅对你自身，而且对你的职业都是十分重 要的。 (B3-U12-L43)8.1.6 主语中有 the + 形容词或分词时的主谓一致1the + adj. / v-ed 作主语，表示一类人

54、时，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的形容词有： able, absent, accused, aged, brave, blind, capable, dead, dumb, dying, ignorant, injured, learned, living, old, oppressed, rich, poor, sick, deaf, handicapped, mentally-ill, unemployed, unjust, wise, wounded, wronged, young 等。这类名词化的形容词还可以用比较级和最高级的形式。如： The wise look to the wiser

55、 for advice. 聪明的人向更聪明的人请教。The bravest are the tenderest. 最勇敢的人是最亲切的人。The old know what loving truly means, the young can only guess. 老年人知道爱情真正意味着 什么，年轻人只能猜测。 (B1-p15-L10)Note:有些形容词或过去分词与定冠词连用，指某种抽象的概念或东西，谓语动词应用单数。如 the inevitable, the mysterious, the unexpected, the known, the stale, the evil, the u

56、seful, the unusual, the fresh, the false, the marvelous 等。如：The living mourn for the dead. 生者为死者哀悼。The good is always beautiful and the beautiful is not always good. 善的总是美的， 而美的不一定 都是善的。2.有些形容词前面加the,谓语动词用什么形式视其含义而定。如the above, thefollowing, the former, the latter ，类似的还有 the rest， the remainder 等。如：

57、The above are a few samples that we have collected.The above is, however, too pessimistic a view.The following are some of the most common errors, together with suggestions on how a pilot can avoid them and what an instructor can do to help.The following is an example of a fairly free translation in

58、to Arabic.Because of the connection between vision and sensations, the latter are greatly amplified when visibility is poor, or when the pilot is looking in the cockpit, has no visual reference and is unaware of the exact movements of the aircraft.A difference between Morelli and Friedlander is that

59、 the former explains his method, while the latter does not.Some lawyers are typified as "clever", others as "stupid" the former require one to be cautious, while the latter give greater opportunity for having the wool pulled over their eyes.So although far more people are killed in car accidents than in mining, the latter turns out to be four times riskier than the former. 所以， 尽管在车祸中丧