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1、.引导时间状语从句的五类引导词一引导时间状语从句的从属连词(以下称引导词)很多,为方便记忆,现作以下分类:1. 基本类包括 before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, once, as soon as等。如:Did anyone call when I was out?我不在家时谁来过电话吗?We have known each other since we were children.我们从小认识。You ll feel better after you take the pills.吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。Make sure t
2、hat all the lights are off before you go to bed.睡觉前一定要关灯。Don t promise him anything till we ve had time to think about it.在我们有时间考虑之前别答应他什么。2. 名词类即由名词词组充当引导词,包括the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 等 (均表示“一 就 ” 。如I loved you the instant (that) I saw you.我一见到你就爱上你了。Tell me the moment (that)
3、you get the results.你一拿到结果就给我打电话。3. 副词类即由副词充当引导词,如immediately, directly, instantly等。如:I came immediately you called.你一打电话我就来了。Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke.我一进门就闻到烟味。4. 短语类主是几个涉及 time 短语, 如 every time ,each time,(the) next time ,any time ,the last time,the first time 等。如:Next time you
4、come in, please close the door.下次你进来,请关门。My roof leaks every time it rains.每次下雨,我的房顶就漏。He felt nervous each time she spoke to him.每次她和他讲话,他都感到紧张。The last time we talked he said he needed another two days.上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。5. 句型类包括 no soonerthan, hardlywhen 等。如:I had no sooner closed the door than some
5、body knocked.我刚把门关上就有人敲门。Hardly were the words uttered when he began to regret them.话刚说出口他就开始后悔了。二时态呼应在时间状语从句中,不能用一般将来时、过去将来时态或将来完成时,而要用相应的一般现在时态、一般过去时或现在完成时来代替。如:I ll telephone you as soon as I get there.我一到达那里就打电话给你。She said she would phone me as soon as she got there.她说她一到达那里就给我电话。Don t get off t
6、he bus until it has stopped.等车停稳后才下车。.I will tell you after they leave.于他们走后我再告诉你。I waited till/until she was back.我一直等到她回来Once time is gone, you will never get it back.时间一旦失去就再也得不到了1. 时态呼应一般来讲, 复合句都要遵循主、从句时态呼应规律,状语从句也不例外。即主句用现在时,从句也用现在时;主句用过去时,从句也用过去的某种时态。如:Be careful when you cross the road.过马路时要小
7、心。You must see the doctor if you are ill.如果你生病了,你必须去看医生。主句是一般过去时,从句也要用一般过去时。如:When he was seven years old, he could swim.当他七岁时就会游泳。She turned off the light before she left the office.她离开办公室前就关了灯。 与时间状语从句有关的时态问题关于这个问题有两点值得注意:(1) 当主句为 将来时态或具有将来意义 时,时间状语从句通常要 用一般现在时表示将来意义 ,而不能直接使用将来时态 :Turn off the lig
8、hts before you leave.走前关灯。I will tell him as soon as he arrives.他一来我就告诉他。(2) 与 since 从句 搭配的 主句的时态 通常是 现在完成时态 :He has lived here since 1999.自 1999 年以来,他就一直住在这儿。Where have you been since I last saw you?自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?【注】在 特定的语言 环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时:It seems like years since we last met.我们似乎几年未见面了。Yes
9、terday he told me that he hadnt eaten anything since Tuesday.他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西。2. 主从句的位置。大多数情况下,从句可以位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。不过从句在前时,主从句之间必须用逗号隔开。如:Please tell me when he comes back. = When he comes back, please tell me.三基本类(一) . when, while, as的用法when 只能用于一般时态,while 可以用于进行时态while 从句中的谓语动词必须是延续性动词;表示带有规
10、律性的“每当”或当主、从句谓语动词的动作发生有先后时,只能用when ;当表示“一边 一边 ”或“随着”时,只能用as 。另外,用于此义的as 所引导的时间状语从句谓语只能是动作动词 ,不能是状态动词。例题: _ John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.A. AsB. As soon asC. WhileD. Till.第一次描述:三者可表示“当 时候”,区别如下:(1) 若主句表示的是一个短暂性动作,从句表示的是一个持续性动作,三者都可用:He fell asleep when while, as he was reading.他看书时睡着了。【
11、注】 as 用于引出一个持续性动词 表示“在 期间”时,其谓语通常只能是那些含有动作(action) 和发展 (development)意味的动词 ,一般 不能是那些不用于进行时态的动词(如 be, seem,love, want, agree, see, know, have等 ),所以下面一句中的while不能换为as :A :I m going to the post office.我要去邮局。B :While you re there, can you get me some stamps?当你在邮局时,能帮我买几张邮票吗?(2) 若主、 从句表示两个同时进行的持续性动作, 且强调主句
12、表示的动作延续到从句所指的整个时间,通常要用 while :Don t talk while you re eating.吃饭时不要说话。I kept silent while he was writing.在他写的时候,我默不作声。但是,若主从句表示的两个同时进行的动作含有“一边 一边”之意思,通常用as :She sang as she went along.她边走边唱。(3) 若从句是一个短暂性动作,主句是一个持续性动作,可用as / when但不用while :It was raining hard when as we arrived.我们到达时正下着大雨。(4) 若主从句表示的是两
13、个同时(或几乎同时 )发生的短暂性动作,用as / when :I thought of it just when as you opened your mouth.就在你要说的时候,我也想到了。(5) 若要表示两个正在发展变化的情况,相当于汉语的“随着”,一般用 as:Things are getting better and better as time goes on.随着时间的推移,情况越来越好。As it grew darker, it became colder.天色越晚,天气越冷。(6) 表示“每当 的时候” (暗示一种规律性 ),一般要用 when :It s cold whe
14、n it snows.下雪时天冷。He smiles when you praise him.你夸奖他时他总是笑笑。(7) 若主从句所表示的动作不是同时发生,而是有先后顺序时,一般要用when :I will go home when he comes back.他回来时,我就回家去。(8) when 可用作并列连词, 表示“这时 (突然 )”;while 也可以用作并列连词, 表示“而”、“却”( 表示对比 );但as 则没有类似用法:We were about to start when it began to rain.我们正要出发,这时天开始下雨了。He likes coffee, w
15、hile she likes tea.他喜欢咖啡,而她却喜欢茶。(9) as和 when后均可直接跟一个名词,构成省略句,但while一般不这样用:As When a boy, he lived in Japan.他小时候在日本。(10) when 和 while 后可接现在分词、 介词短语、 形容词等构成省略句, 但 as 一般不这样用:When While reading, he fell asleep.他看书时睡着了。When While in trouble, ask her for help.遇到麻烦的时候你就去找她帮忙。.第二次描述:as, while ,when的用法as , w
16、hile 和 when 均可用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句,作“当 时候”解。它们所引导的时间状语从句有时意思一样,这三个词可以互换使用;有时却有差异,则不能互换。一、 as 的意思是 “正当 时候 ( just as ,at the same moment that)”“随着 (while ,when) ” , 它既可表示一个具体的时间点,也可以表示一段时间。as 可表示主句和从句的动作同时发生或同时持续,即“点点重合”“线线重合” ;又可表示一个动作发生在另一个动作的持续过程中,即“点线重合” ,但不能表示两个动作一前一后发生 。如果主句和从句的谓语动词都表示持续性的动作,二者均可用进行时
17、,也可以一个用进行时,一个用一般时或者都用一般时。例如:1.As I got on the bus , he got off.我上车,他下车。 (点点重合 )2.He was writing as I was reading.我看书时,他在写字。 (线线重合 )3.The students were talking as the teacher came in.老师进来时,学生们正在讲话。(点线重合 )二、 while 的意思是“在 同时( at the same time that ) ”“在 期间 (for as long as, during the time that )”。从 whi
18、le 的本身词义来看, 它只能表示一段时间 ,不能表示 具体的时间点 。在时间上可以是“线线重合”或“点线重合”,但不能表示“点点重合” 。例如:1. He was watching TV while she was cooking.她做饭时, 他在看电视。(线线重合 )2. He was waiting for me while I was working.我工作的时候,他正等着我。 (线线重合 )3. He asked me a question while I was speaking.我在讲话时,他问了我一个问题。(点线重合 )三、 when 的意思是“当 时候( at the tim
19、e that)“” 无论什么时候( whenever )”“ 一 就 ( as soon as)” “在 以后(after )”。它表示的时间概念比较广泛,上述例句中的as或 while 均可用 when 代替,因为 when 不但可以表示具体的时间点,而且也可以表示一段时间。在时间上它既能表示 “点点重合” “线线重合” ,又能表示“ 点线重合 ”。例如:1.When he came in, she went out.他进来,她出去。 (点点重合 )此句中when 从句的动作表示的是一个时间点,when 可以用as 代替,但不能用while代替。2. When he came back, I
20、 was doing some washing.他回来时,我在洗衣服。(点线重合 )此句中 when 从句的动作表示的是一个时间点,所以只能用as 代替,不能用 while 代替。3. When Mary was writing a letter, the children were playing outside.玛丽写信时,孩子们都在外面玩。(线线重合 )此句中的when 从句的动作表示的是一段时间,故可用as 或 while 代替习题: 1. Henry is in charge of the office _ Mr. Smith is away.2. I saw her just _
21、she was getting off the train.3. Have a good look at that man _ you pass him.第三次描述when,as,while这三个词都可以引出时间状语从句,它们的差别是:when从句表示某时刻或一段时间as 从句表示进展过程,while只表示一段时间When he left the house, I was sitting in the garden.当他离开家时,我正在院子里坐着。When he arrived home, it was just nine o'clock.当他到家时,正是九点钟。As he grew
22、older, he became more intelligent.随着他年龄的增长,他变得更有才智了。While he was in London,he studied music.当他在伦敦时,他学习音乐。While she was typing the letter,the telephone rang.当她在用打字机打那封信时,电话响了。 when 意为 "在 时刻或时期 ",它可兼指 "时间点 "与 "时间段 ",所引导的从句的动词既可以是终止性动词,也可是持续性动词。如:When I got home, he was ha
23、ving supper.我到家时,他正在吃饭。When I was young, I liked dancing.我年轻时喜欢跳舞。 while 只指 "时间段 ",不指 "时间点 ",从句的动词只限于持续性动词。如:While I slept, a thief broke in.在我睡觉时 ,盗贼闯了进来。辨析 when 从句与主句 动作先后发生时,不能与while 互换 。如:When he has finished his work, he takes a short rest.每当他做完工作后,总要稍稍休息一下。(when = after)Whe
24、n I got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我到电影院时,电影已经开始了。(when=before) when 从句动词为 终止性动词 时,不能由while 替换 。如:When he came yesterday, we were playing basketball.昨天他来时,我们正在打篮球。当从句的谓语是表动作的延续性动词时, when, while才有可能 互相替代 。如:While / When we were still laughing, the teacher came in.正当我们仍在大声嬉笑时,老师进来了。当 从
25、句的谓语动词是 终止性动词 ,而且 主句 的谓语动词也是 终止性动词 时 ,when 可和 as 通用,而且用 as 比用 when 在时间上 更为紧凑 ,有 "正当这时 "的含义。如:He came just as (or when) I reached the door.我刚到门那儿,他就来了。从句的谓语动词如表示状态 时,通常 用 while 。如:We must strike while the iron is hot.我们应该趁热打铁。 while 和 when 都可以用作 并列连词 。Mike is tall while his brother is short
26、.迈克的个子很高,然而他弟弟很矮。Mary was on her way home when two big boys stopped her.玛丽正走在回家的路上,这时两个大个子男孩拦住她。例题:“ I m going to the post office.” “_ you re there, can you get me some stamps?”A. AsB. WhileC. BecauseD. If.第四次描述:while 与 when 以及 as 之间的区别。1. 当从句中的谓语动词是持续性的动作时,我们可以用while, when或 as。While / When / As I w
27、as walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the bank. 我顺着马路往前走时 ,发现银行门前停着一辆警车。2. 当从句中的谓语动词表示瞬间动作时, 不可用 while 。He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.他正要走 ,这时有人敲门。3. 如果谈论两个长动作 ,最常用的是 while 。While John was sitting biting his nails, I was working out a plan t
28、o get us home.约翰坐在那里咬指甲时,我想出了一个回家的办法。不过 , as 是可以用来说明两种正在发展或变化的情况的,这时 as 引导一个持续性的动作,主句中的动作与之同时进行。As we talked on, he got more and more excited.我们继续往下谈的时候,他越来越兴奋。4. 如果表示两个短动作或事件同时发生, 最常用的是 as 或 just as, 也可用 when 。Just as he caught the ball, there was a tearing sound.当他抓住球的时候,有一种撕裂的声音。I thought of it j
29、ust when you opened your mouth.就在你要说话的时候,我也想到了。as 引导时间状语从句的谓语特点 as 引导时间状语从句表示“当 的时候”“在 期间”时,该从句的谓语通常是那些表示动作意义的动词,而不能是 be( 是、在 ), have( 有), like( 喜欢 ), belong( 属于 )等表示状态或静态意义的动词。我打算去邮局。当你在邮局的时候,请帮我买几张邮票好吗?误: I m going to the post office. As you are there, can you get me some stamps? 正: I m going to t
30、he post office. While you are there, can you get me some stamps? 正因为 as 引导时间状语从句表示“当 的时候” “在 期间”时,从句的谓语不能是表示状态或静态意义的动词,所以当下面第一句变为第二句这样的状语从句时,不能再用as ,而应用when :As a student he had known great poverty. When he was a student he had known great poverty.他当学生时,经历过很贫困的生活。但是,当as 引导原因状语从句时,其谓语动词可以是状态或静态动词。如:A
31、s there was very little support, the strike was not successful.由于支持的很少,罢工未获成功。As I was anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present.因为我急于讨好他,我给他买了一件精美礼品。As there isn t anything more to do, I may as well go home early 既然这里没有别的事要做,我还不如早点回家。.while的用法可从下述几点理解与运用。一、 while 意为“当 时候”,指一段时间 ,不能用来表示一个时间
32、点。While the discussion was still going on, George came in.当讨论还在进行时,乔治走了进来。二、 while 意为“而 ; 然而” ,表示转折。There're plenty of rain in the southeast, while there's little in the northeast.东南部雨量充足,而西北部则很少下雨。三、 while 意为“虽然 ;尽管” ,表示让步。While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.尽管我承认他的优点,
33、但我还是能看到他的缺点。四、 while 意为“只要”,表示条件。We can surely overcome these difficulties while we are closely united.只要我们紧密地团结一致 ,一定能克服这些困难。五、 while 从句中的省略。当 while 从句中的主语与主句的主语一致,且含有 be 的某种形式时,从句中的主语连同be 可同时省略。While listening to the radio, she fell asleep.她在听收音机时睡着了。While in London, he studied music and painting.
34、在伦敦时 ,他学习音乐和绘画。六、 while 可用作名词 ,意为“一会儿;一段时间”。作名词用时 ,主要用于短语中: after a while “过了一会儿” ; all the while“一直 ,始终”; a short/ little while ago“刚才” ; once in a while“偶尔 ,间或” ; wait / rest(for) a while“等/ 休息一会儿”。I haven't seen her for a long while.我好久没有看见她了。Where have you been all this while?这一阵子你到哪去了?He us
35、ually goes to work by bike, but once in a while he goes by bus.他通常骑自行车上班,但偶尔也乘公共汽车。I looked everywhere for the letter, but it was in my pocket all the while.我到处找那封信, 却不知它一直在我口袋里。when和 while的用法区别 when 是 at or during the time that,既指时间点,也可指一段时间;while 是 during the time that,只指一段时间,因此when 引导的时间状语从句中的动词可
36、以是终止性动词,也可以是延续性动词,而while 从句中的动词必须是延续性动词。 when说明从句的动作和主句的动作可以是同时,也可以是先后发生;while则强调主句的动作在从句动作的发生的过程中或主从句两个动作同时发生。由when引导的时间状语从句,主句用过去进行时,从句应用一般过去时;如果从句和主句的动作同时发生,两句都用过去进行时 的时候,多用while 引导,如:.a. When the teacher came in, we were talking.当此句改变主从句的位置时,则为:While we were talking, the teacher came in.b. They
37、were singing while we were dancing. when 和 while还可作并列连词。when 表示“在那时” ;while 表示“而, 却”,表对照关系。如:a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike. 孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米,这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。b. He is strong while his brother is weak.他长得很结实,而他弟弟却很瘦弱。when只能用于一般时态,while 可以用于进行
38、时态when在绝大多数情况下,所引导的从句中,应该使用非延续性动词(也叫瞬间动词)例如: I'll call you when I get there.我一到那里就给你打电话I was about to go out when the telephone rang.我刚要出门,电话铃就响了。但是, when 却可以 be连用 。例如: I lived in this village when I was a boy.当我还是个孩子的时候我住在这个村庄里。When I was young, I was sick all the time.在我小时候我总是生病while当 .的时候Whil
39、e he was eating, I asked him to lend me $2.当他正在吃饭时 ,我请他借给我二美元。While I read, she sang.我看书时,她在唱歌。while的这种用法一般都和延续性动词连用while可以表示“对比”这样用有的语法书认为是并列连词Some people like coffee, while others like tea.有些人喜欢咖啡, 而有些人喜欢茶。as 和 just as 的区别是: as 有多种词性,just as 只有一种词性,就是副词。但是意思上是很接近的。as 当 .之时,一边 . 一边 .He dropped the
40、glass as he stood up.他站起来时,把杯子摔了。She sang As she worked.她一边工作一边唱歌。just as正像,就像,就. 的样子例如: It is just as yousaid.Leave exerything just as you find it.一般来说as 后面即可以跟延续性动词,也可以跟非延续性动词。1) as,when 引导短暂性动作的动词。Justas/Justwhen/When I stopped mycar, a man came up to me.2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 w
41、hile 。When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3)从句表示 " 随时间推移 "连词能用as,不用 when 或 while 。As the day went on, the weather got worse.until / 和 till 既可用作介词也可用作连词,引导状语。通常有以下几种用法:一、 用于肯定句作“直到 为止”解时,主句的动词一般是延续到until / till 所表示的时间为止。例如:1. He waits until / till the children are asleep.他
42、等着直到孩子们睡熟。2. I shall stay here until / till twelve o'clock.我将留在这里一直到十二点钟。二、 用于否定句作“ 在 以前” 、“直到才 ”解时,主句的动词一般是非延续性的,它所表示的动作直到 until / till 所表示的时间才发生。例如:1. He didn't come until / till late in the morning.他直到早上很迟才来。2. He didn't arrive until / till the game had begun.直到比赛开始他才到。注意: 主句为一般将来时,un
43、til / till引导的从句用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:He couldn't ride until / till he was fifteen years old.他直到十五岁才会骑自行车。三、 用于“ not.until. ”的句式可以转换成 when 或 after 引导的时间状语从句,但主句必须要用肯定形式。例如:1. They didn't get off until the train came to a complete stop.=They got off afterthe train came to a complete stop.火车停了他们才下车。2.
44、 The student won't come into the classroom until the teachers finish their work. =The students will come into the classroom when the teachers finish their work.当老师们完成工作时,学生们将走进教室。四、 用于 延续性动词的肯定或否定句中,但含义不同。例如:1.The meeting continued until / till 7:00.会议一直开到七点。2.We didn't have the meeting unti
45、l /till 7:00.直到七点我们才结束会议。五、 用于“ It is / was not until.that”或含有“ not.until. ”的强调结构中,其中的until 不能改为 till 。不可替换 。例如:1.It was not until the film had begun that he arrived.直到电影开始他才到。2.It is not until 8:00 that we begin our class every day.我们每天八点开始上课。六、 Not until 放在句首时 ,句子要 倒装,其中的until 不能改为 till 。例如:1.Not
46、until the last moment did he change his mind.直到最后一刻他才改变主意。2.Not until midnight did it stop raining.直到午夜雨才停。七、 句首通常只用 until, 不用 till 。例如:1.Until then, I knew nothing at all about it.在那之前,我对此事一无所知。2.Until you told me I had no idea of it.在你告诉我之前,我对此一无所知。八、 某些固定词组或谚语中通常只用till 。例如:1. from morning till ni
47、ght从早到晚。2. up till now 直到现在英美国家的英语语法教师是这样来描述这两个字的分别的:.“ Till ” is used to mean the time up to a particular instance and the action can continue even after that. “ Until ” is used to mean the time up to a particular instance and the speaker has in mind that the actionafter this time does not almost h
48、appen.翻译: Till 是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候,而在那个时刻之后,该事情或状况仍将持续。Until 是指直到某一特定事件发生的时候,而讲话的人在自己心里认为,在那个时刻之后,该事情或该状况将中止(不怎么可能持续) 。Till和 Untill的用法区别在很多情况下,这两个词是这可以互换使用的,也就是说,这两个词的意思非常相近。一般而言,till用于肯定句, untill用于否定句 。但是,这两个词在意义上也是有细微差别的。对 till/until 从句的理解1. 主句为肯定式,主句谓语动词必须为持续性动词,且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直延续到 until / till从句所表示的时
49、间为止,可译作“(直)到 ” 。如:He waited until/till I returned.他一直等到我回来。2. 主句为否定式(包括含no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little等否定词的肯定句) ,若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词,则该动词所表示的动作在until / till从句表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到 ”,后译主句, not 译成“才”,即“直到 才 ”。如:His mother didn t leave until/till he was asleep.直到他睡着了,他母亲才离开。Nobody can leave until/
50、till the meeting is over.直到散会才能离开。3. 主句为否定式,若主句谓语动词是持续性动词,则须根据上下文去理解until/till从句的含义,一般译为“直到 才 ”或“没有到 ”。如:He didn t wait until/till I returned.他没有等到我回来。She didn t sleep until/till I returned.她直到我回来才睡着。,until 直到 时候 ;notuntil 直到 才 You are to stay here until / till your mother comes back.The meeting was
51、 put off until ten o clock.Notuntilwe watchedtheEarthDayprogramon TV did we knowmuchaboutglobalwarning.= We did not know much about global warning until we watched the Earth Day program.= It was not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV that we knew much about global warming.Not until he fail
52、ed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.not .until 引导时间状语从句,从句不能用将来时,主句是一般将来时,从句用现在时。 Don't get off the bus until it stops.( 主句是祈使句从句用现在时)He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.(主句是过去时,从句时态一致)He won't call you until he finishes his work.(主句用一般将来时,从句用现在时. 对 before 从句的理解before 的本意为“在 之前”,根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有 就 ,趁着还没 就 ,不知不觉就 , 才 ”等。如:I had not sat long before he came back.我没坐多久他就回来了。He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。Before I could get in a word, he measu
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