The Visible Landscap可见的景观

1、the visible landscapeactivitiesartifacts goodsgoods - the male love affair with petroleum!servicesservices - defensespatial distributionsspatial distributionstemporal distributionstemporal distributionstemporal spatial changesagricultural subsidiesthe nature of landscape(a)ny landscape is an artifac

2、t - an object made by man. its condition, rightly seen, reveals a societys culture as directly as does a novel or a newspaper or a fourth of july oration because todays environment, the natural part included, is synthetic(roderick nash the american environment: readings in the history of conservatio

3、n, 1968 ix) the nature of landscape(a)ny landscape is an artifact - an object made by man. its condition, rightly seen, reveals a societys culture as directly as does a novel or a newspaper or a fourth of july oration because todays environment, the natural part included, is synthetic(roderick nash

4、the american environment: readings in the history of conservation, 1968 ix) the nature of landscape(a)ny landscape is an artifact - an object made by man. its condition, rightly seen, reveals a societys culture as directly as does a novel or a newspaper or a fourth of july oration because todays env

5、ironment, the natural part included, is synthetic(roderick nash the american environment: readings in the history of conservation, 1968 ix) (a)ny landscape is an artifact - an object made by man. its condition, rightly seen, our human landscape is our unwitting autobiography, reflecting our tastes,

6、or aspirations, and even our fears, in tangible, visible form. all our cultural warts and blemishes are there, and our glories too; but above all, our ordinary day-to-day qualities are exhibited for anybody who wants to find them and knows how to look for them(peirce lewis axioms for reading the lan

7、dscape, some guides to the american scene in donald meinig (ed) interpretations of ordinary landscapes (new york, oxford university press, 1979 23) deconstruct - unpack landscape the visible evidence of human activities on the “land surface” most usually associated with a particular sort of behavior

8、 “land use” carried out under the impetus of public policyactivities farming artifacts structures, installations, facilities collection of artifacts farms, dairy farms, cities goods produced automobiles, drugs, cosmeticsservices provided banking, mass transit, educationlandscapes are political state

9、ments representing the outcome of rational decisions of individuals, corporations, and governments to truly appreciate landscapes and places we must understand; how governments reach consensus about their role and responsibilities and so organize behavior and space and enact statutes the legislative

10、 processpromulgate rules the administrative (regulatory) processissue judicial opinion the judicial process (litigation) how individuals, organizations, and governmentshelp formulate the consensus and statutes, rules, and judicial opinions react to the statutes, rules, and judicial opinionslandscape

11、s are political statements representing the outcome of rational decisions of individuals, corporations, and governments to truly appreciate landscapes and places we must understand; how governments reach consensus about their role and responsibilities and so organize behavior and space and enact sta

12、tutes the legislative processpromulgate rules the administrative (regulatory) processissue judicial opinion the judicial process (litigation) how individuals, organizations, and governmentshelp formulate the consensus and statutes, rules, and judicial opinions react to the statutes, rules, and judic

13、ial opinions decide to behave a heuristic device how the various branches of the federal government reach consensushow such consensus gets articulated into public policyhow individuals, corporations, and other governments contribute to policyhow individuals, corporations and other governments react

14、to policy what makes dairy farmers behave the way they do?what makes dairy farmers behave the way they do?actions of federal governmentfederal statutory law regarding milk production, marketing, and consumption dairy market enhancement act of 2000administrative law regarding milk regulations of the

15、us department of agriculturecase law regarding milk hillside dairy inc. et al v william j lyons jr., secretary california department of food and agriculture et al 123 s. ct. 2142 (june 2003)what makes dairy farmers behave the way they do?actions of federal governmentfederal statutory law regarding m

16、ilk production, marketing, and consumption dairy market enhancement act of 2000administrative law regarding milk regulations of the us department of agriculturecase law regarding milk hillside dairy inc. et al v william j lyons jr., secretary california department of food and agriculture et al 123 s

17、. ct. 2142 (june 2003)the actions of large milk companies land olakes and the federal law influencing the way in which they behaveconsumers of milk and milk products haas avocado growershaas avocados research and promotion plan the hass avocado promotion, research, and information act of 2000 (publi

18、c law 106387, 7 u.s.c. 7801-7813)the hass avocado promotion, research, and information order (order) 7 cfr part 1219 haas avocado board california avocado commissionhaas avocado growershaas avocados research and promotion plan the hass avocado promotion, research, and information act of 2000 (public

19、 law 106387, 7 u.s.c. 7801-7813)the hass avocado promotion, research, and information order (order) 7 cfr part 1219 haas avocado board california avocado commissionhaas avocado consumerslandscapea paradigm for landscapeactivitygoodsserviceartifactslawpublic policylandscapea paradigm for landscapeact

20、ivitygoodsserviceartifactslegislationregulation judicial opinionspublic policy law a social construct for effecting behavior defines goals establishes a reason for specific types of behaviordefines, promotes, and rewards certain types of behavior defines, prohibits, and penalizes implicitly or expli

21、citly other types of behavior provides a context in which individuals, corporations, and governments decide to behave and subsequently actcues for subsequent rational behavior provide opportunities and imposes constraints for behaviororganization of spaceorganization of behaviorlawpublic policylands

22、capea paradigm for landscapeactivitygoodsserviceartifactslegislationregulation judicial opinionsorganization of spaceorganization of behaviorlawpublic policylandscapeevaluationa paradigm for landscapeactivitygoodsserviceartifactslegislationregulation judicial opinionseconomic indicescontingent value

23、inertiathe united states landscapes reflect multiple iterations of public policy virtually each congress involving the continuous often acrimonious debate about the role and responsibilities of governmentsmyriad decisions made by individuals, organizations and governments operating within the framew

24、ork of opportunities and constraints what goods to produce & how to produce themwhat services to provide & how to provide themrelationships between individuals, organizations, and governmentsall landscapes reflect a past and a present all landscapes provide a basis for a futuremuddling throu

25、gh disjointed incrementalismwe change our mind about the role & responsibilities of governmentgovernments accept responsibilities that the private sector is not willing or not able to acceptprivate sector provides services that governments cannot fully provide private prisons, security overseas,

26、 school bake saleslandscapes are created incrementally through the policy-making process = muddling through (disjointed incrementalism)we change our mind about the role & responsibilities of governmentgovernments accept responsibilities that the private sector is not willing or not able to accep

27、tthese responsibilities may well conflict with other/previous responsibilitiesddtddtdrug recallswetland protectionddtdrug recallswetland protectiontransportation of goodselectricity productionsmoking bicyclingoutdoor recreationan educationfederal american indian policyfederal american indian policyw

28、hite sandswhite sands national monumentwhite sandswhite sands missile rangeon july 16, 1945 the first atomic bomb was exploded at trinity site on what is now white sands missile rangetrinity is a national historic landmark which is open to the public twice a yearnasa white sands test facilityat any

29、one point in time landscapes* are ambiguous and contradictorythey only make sense in the appropriate temporal and spatial context * activities, artifacts, goods, serviceslandscapes, comprising activities, goods, services, assemblages of artifacts, are political statementsthey represent the outcome o

30、f rational decisions of individuals, corporations, and governments describing them requires describing;how the federal government reaches consensus about its role and responsibility and makes policy organizing space and behaviorhow individuals, corporations, and other governments contribute to polic

31、yhow individuals, corporations and other governments react to policy congressagencycourtslawunpacking public policy lawcongressagencycourtslawlegislationunpacking public policy lawlobbyingcongressagencycourtslawlegislationregulationlegislative mandate unpacking public policy lawlobbyinglobbyingcongr

32、essagencycourtslawlegislationregulationlegislative mandate unpacking public policy lawlobbyinglobbyingcongressagencycourtslawlegislationregulationlegislative mandate unpacking public policy lawlobbyinglobbyingcongressagencycourtslawlegislationregulationlegislative mandate unpacking public policy law

33、lobbyinglobbyingtake-home pointslandscapes are political statementslandscapes embody the past and the present and are the basis for the futurelandscapes are the product of “shared” endeavors between governments and the “private” sector (id call it a product of socialism but .)there may be no such th

34、ing as private enterprise in the united states the organization of space - the nature of places jurisdictional units, governmentsgeographically organized spatially horizontally verticallyorganized temporally boundary changeshistorically increasing number decreasing sizeexamples.united statesminnesot

35、ametropolitan council ramsey countyst. paulwhite bear townshiporganization of space jurisdictionswhat is the size of the united states? where would you look for information?“if you are a u.s. citizen or resident alien, the rules for filing income, estate and gift tax returns and for paying estimated

36、 tax are generally the same whether you are living in the u.s. or abroad”organization of space real property plateast bethel township sections 20, 21, 28, 29modern halfsection map (s1/2 section 31 t28n r22w)320 acres s.w. corner section 31 s.w. township corners.e. corner section 31 section corner se

37、ction cornermodern halfsection map (s1/2 section 31 t28n r22w)320 acres s.w. corner section 31 s.w. township corners.e. corner section 31 section corner section cornermodern platthe “immaculate grid”the extent of the rectangular surveysorganization of behavior - restrictions on individual rightsever

38、y man, when he enters into a society gives up part of his natural liberty, as the price of so valuable a purchase obliges himself to conform to those laws which the community has thought proper to establish(william blackstone. commentaries of the law of england. a facsimile of the first edition of 1

39、765-1769 (1979) vol. 1 p. 121) the more individuals occupy a particular space the more numerous relationships that exist between and among individuals, organizations and governments the more individuals occupy a particular space the less personal freedoms each individual can enjoyorganization of beh

40、aviorpolicy is a social construct for effecting behavior defines goals, establishes a reasons for changes in behaviordefines, promotes, and rewards certain types of behavior defines, prohibits, and penalizes - implicitly or explicitly - other types of behavior provides context in which individuals,

41、corporations, and governments decide to behave and subsequently actcues for subsequent rational behavior provide opportunities (=expectations) and impose constraints (=obligations) organization of behavior law public policyorganized by level of jurisdiction federal state local county, city, township

42、organized by branch of government legislative executive judicial public policy outcomesunited state codecode of federal regulationsus supreme courteighth circuit courtu.s. district court for the district of minnesota executive office of the presidentpublic policy processlargely determined by the str

43、uctureprocess and structure are historical organization of behavior - restrictions on individual rightsevery man, when he enters into a society gives up part of his natural liberty, as the price of so valuable a purchase obliges himself to conform to those laws which the community has thought proper

44、 to establish(william blackstone. commentaries of the law of england. a facsimile of the first edition of 1765-1769 (1979) vol. 1 p. 121) restrictions on individual rightsevery man, when he enters into a society gives up part of his natural liberty, as the price of so valuable a purchase obliges him

45、self to conform to those laws which the community has thought proper to establish (william blackstone. commentaries of the law of england. a facsimile of the first edition of 1765-1769 (1979) vol. 1 p. 121)our legal problem arises at the point where capitalist economy and activist state collide. no

46、longer a night-watchman, the state surveys the outcome of market processes and find them wanting. armed with a prodigious array of legal tools, it sets about improving upon the invisible hand - taxing here, subsidizing there, regulating everywhere. the results of all this motion may well be somethin

47、g that clearly redounds to the public good - a cleaner environment, a safer workplace, a decent home. nonetheless, these welfare gains can rarely be purchased without social cost - though many gain, some will lose as a result of the new government initiative (bruce a. ackerman private property and t

48、he constitution, 1977 p.1) restrictions on individual rightsevery man, when he enters into a society gives up part of his natural liberty, as the price of so valuable a purchase obliges himself to conform to those laws which the community has thought proper to establish (william blackstone. commentaries of the law of england. a facsimile of the first edition of 1765-1769 (1979) vol. 1 p. 121)our legal problem arises at the point where capitalist economy and activist state collide. no longer a night-watchman, the