专业英语重点词汇整理

1、专业英语重点词汇整理单元词汇一U1Mechanics of materials材料力学Stress/strain应力/应变Bar/shaft/beam/column杆/轴/梁/柱Tensile stress/strain拉应力/拉应变Compress stress/strain压应力/压应变Prismatic bar等截面杆Cross section横截面Axial force轴向力Shear 剪力Mechanical behavior力学性能Logical/theoretical derivation逻辑/理论推导Critical load临界荷载Fundamental concepts基本

2、概念Right angle正交Hydrostatic pressure静水压力Submerged surface浸没面Uniform distribution均匀分布Failure load破坏荷载Centroid of cross section截面形心Resultant 合力Magnitude 大小，尺寸一U4Force/displacement method力法/位移法Degree of statical indeterminacy超静定次数Released/redundant force放松力/赘余力External applied load外加荷载Settlement of supp

3、ort支座沉降Temperature variation温度变化Indeterminate structure超静定结构（degree of）Kinematic indeterminacy独立位移（数目）Coordinate system坐标系Joint displacement节点位移Restraining force约束力Resulting structure生成结构Procedure 过程Fixed-end force固端力With the aid of借助于Standard table标准表格Prestrain预应力Internal force内力Restrained position

4、约束位移Configuration 状态Degree of freedom自由度Original structure原结构Superposition quation叠加公式一U7Man-made conglomerate人造组合石材Portland cement普通水泥Coarse aggregate粗骨料Structural/stone concrete结构/碎石混凝土Structural lightweight concrete轻质结构混凝土Compressive material抗压缩材料Tensile/compressive strength抗拉/抗压强度Steel bar钢筋Shea

5、ring stresses剪应力Reinforced concrete beam钢筋混凝土梁Numerous minute cracks许多微裂缝(major) tensile stresses（主）拉应力Proportions of its constituents成分配比Cure养护Chemical action化学作用Well graded级配良好Quality concrete优质混凝土Proper hydration of the cement水泥适当水化Construction practices施工时间Specify专用于Formable/moldable可成型的/可模性的Cur

6、vilinear members曲线形构件Inherent texture固有的纹理Forming material成模材料Raw material原材料Labor人工费Basic ingredients基本成分Less-developed country不发达国家Continuity连续性Rigidity刚性Monolithic整体性Moment-resistant joints抗弯节点Low-rise concrete building底层混凝土建筑物A secondary bracing system for lateral loads辅助斜支撑系统In essence实质上Concre

7、te beam/column混凝土梁/柱Sensitive designer聪明的设计人员Precast structural elements预制结构构件Continuous manner连续方向Fireproof 耐火性Separate protection system单独保护系统Effective barrier to sound transmission有效的隔音材料Negative aspects缺点方面Maintaining high quality level保持高性能水准Increased costs成本的提高Overall economics综合经济效益Supplier供应

8、商Field-or-job-mixed concrete现场或临时搅拌的混凝土Knowledgeable supervision技术性监督Reduced load capacity构件承载力降低Curing condition养护条件Independent field inspection独立现场检查Various stages of construction施工的各个阶段Concrete placement混凝土浇筑Ambient weather conditions周围气候条件Freezing 冰点Property 特性Transit-mixed混合运输的mislocated放错位置的一U

9、10Water-cement ratio水灰比Crushed gravel/stone卵石/碎石Cement paste水泥浆Concrete mixture混凝土拌合物Structural function结构功能Filler填充物Poor/good aggregate劣质/优质骨料Principal advantage/disadvantage主要优点/缺点Construction material建筑材料Handled 易于操作的Plastic state塑形状态Durability耐久性Withstand very high compressive loads承受很高的压力荷载With

10、stand pulling or bending loads承受弯曲荷载Steel rods/reinforcement steel钢筋Embed嵌入Common belief常识Solid concrete硬化后的混凝土Moisture湿气、水分Migrate into迁移进入Best-made concrete最好的混凝土Porous/porosity多孔的/孔隙度Frost damage冻结损伤Simple but definite rules简明的规章Principal determinant主要的决定因素Final strength最终强度Workable mixture和易性良好的

11、拌合物Natural tendency自然倾向Sloppy稀滑的Obsolete已废弃的Stiff硬Concrete sets混凝土硬化Evaporate蒸发Innumerable voids无数的气孔Leak badly严重渗漏Alluded to提及，提到General rule一般规定Per sack of cement每袋混凝土Surface moisture表面水分Impervious不可渗透的Batch 一批投料量一U11Mortar 砂浆Cementitious material胶凝材料Lime/brick/tile/concrete block/plaster/stucco石灰

12、/砖/瓦/混凝土砌块/熟石膏/灰泥Masonry unit/construction砌块/砌体结构A single structural unit一个结构单元Substitute代替By a mistaken analogy with a chain and its weakest link一环薄弱，全局必垮Primary function主要作用Resist compression load抵抗压力A wide range of strength characteristics各种不同强度等级Show uniformly一致表明Substantially大量的Overall strength

13、 of the construction整体结构强度Resist the erosive effect抵抗侵蚀作用Freezing water冻结水Exterior wall外墙Be subjected to承受Settlement of the soil土的沉降Fracture断裂The line of greatest stress最大应力方向Jagged / zig-zag crack锯齿状裂缝A multitude of minute cracks许多微小裂缝Invisible to the eye肉眼不可见Basic strength基本强度Unimpaired未受损伤的Overal

14、l appearance整体外观Structural integrity结构的完整性Follow the brick pattern沿着砖的砌筑模式A well-made masonry wall砌筑良好的砖墙Poor bond粘结薄弱Workability和易性Plasticity可塑性Troweln.瓦刀；v.涂抹Cohesive quality粘性Bed masonry units solidly into place将砌块紧密地安装就位Microscopic scale微观Intimate contact紧密的接触一U14Fundamental objective主要目的Structu

15、ral dynamics analysis结构动力分析Primary purpose主要目的Deflection挠度Dynamic/static loads动荷载/静荷载Special form特殊形式Linear structure线性结构Total effect总效应Method of analysis分析方法In character在性质上Time-varying随时间变化的Magnitude/direction/position大小/方向/作用点Structural response结构反应Deterministic/nondeterministic analysis确定分析/非确定分

16、析Fully known完全已知Highly oscillatory高度变化不定Irregular in character性质不规则变化A prescribed/random dynamic loading非随机/随机动荷载Statistical sense统计方面Specified structure system特定的结构体系Displacement of the structure结构的位移Displacement-time history位移-时间历程Secondary phase次要方面Displacement pattern位移模式A single(succession of)

17、solution(s)单一的解（一系列解答）Response history反应时程Time-consuming花费时间的Fundamental distinction根本的区别Simple beam简支梁Deflected shape挠曲形状Principles of force equilibrium力的平衡原理Inertia force惯性力Resist accelerations of structure抵抗结构的加速度A significant portion重要部分Internal elastic forces内部弹性力Motion运动Negligibly small极其微小的一U

18、15Theory of elasticity弹性力学理论Solid mechanics固体力学Deformation形变Elastic solid弹性固体Various engineering disciplines不同工程学科Strength/stiffness/stability强度/刚度/稳定性Structure mechanics结构力学Torsion扭转A bar system杆系体系Truss/rigid frame桁架/刚架Structural elements结构体系Block/plate/shell/dam/foundation块/板/壳/堤坝/地基Strain condit

19、ion应变状态Stress distribution应力分布Mathematical derivation数学推导The degree of accuracy精确度Approximate result近似的解答Transverse loads横向荷载Plane/net section平截面/净截面Linear distribution/variation线性分布/变化Assumption假设Span length跨度Undervalue低估Prismatical tension member等截面拉伸构件Mutual infiltration相互渗透Joint application综合运用D

20、iscretization of the body结构离散化Dividing line分界线一U16Finite element method有限元方法Computational approach计算方法Elastic membrane弹性薄膜Digital computation数值计算Matrix structure矩阵结构Discrete elements离散体系Systematic procedure系统程序Scientific literature科学文献Engineering index工程索引Multipurpose program多功能程序Input data输入数据Invis

21、cid fluid无粘性流体Weighted residuals techniques加权残数技术Theoretical basis理论根据Partial differential equations偏微分方程Fluid mechanics流体力学Electromagnetic theory电磁理论Linear elasticity线弹性Substantial computation大量的计算Industrial/institutional research工业/学术研究Steady/inexorable decrease稳步/持续降低Routine design analysis常规设计分析

22、A small fraction of the cost费用的一小部分Engineering profession工程领域Side effect附加作用Computer graphics计算机制图Quantitative analysis定量分析二U2Design codes and specifications设计规范与规程Safety provisions安全条款Framework of codes规范构架Member proportioning构件匹配Rest with由负责ACI美国混凝土协会Official status法定地位An authoritative statement权威

23、性声明Current good practice当前适宜实际应用Legal status法律地位Rational理论Highway bridge公路大桥Load distribution荷载分布Detailed provisions详细条款Concrete bridge混凝土桥梁Railway bridge铁路桥梁Additional material附加材料Construe解释，把认作Sound engineering judgment正确的工程判断Structural practice建筑时间Firm understanding深刻理解Basic principles基本原则Prestre

24、ssed concrete预应力混凝土Strength reduction factor强度折减系数Load factors荷载系数Design/required/nominal strength设计/要求/标准强度Dead/live load静荷载/活荷载Impact allowance冲击容许值Settlement/creep/shrinkage沉降/徐变/收缩Internal effects内在效应Thrust推力Specific terms特定术语Subscript下标Service load使用荷载二U3Serviceability适用性Safety margin安全储备Inadeq

25、uate bond粘结Anchorage锚固Hypothetical虚构的Overload state超载状态Normal service正常使用Provide adequate strength提供足够的强度Full load满载Sustained load持续荷载Tension crack受拉开裂Corrosion of reinforcing bars钢筋腐蚀Serviceability study适用性研究Proportion to正比例的Neutral axis中性轴Accurate assessment准确的估计Strength requirement强度要求Flexure mem

26、ber受弯构件Flexure cracks受弯开裂Modular ratio模量比Cracking load开裂荷载Crack width开裂宽度Test observation实验观察结果Isolated cracks局部裂缝End anchorage端部锚固Entire span全跨Smooth round bar光圆钢筋Concrete cover distance混凝土保护层距离The spacing of cracks裂缝间距Tension zone受拉区二U4Homogeneous/ nonhomogeneous material均质/非均质材料Bending stresses弯曲

27、应力Flexure shear弯剪Unit strains单元应力Stress-strain diagram应力-应变图Outer fibers外纤维Outer portions外部区域Horizontal/vertical planes水平面/竖直面Combined action共同作用Inclined stresses斜向拉应力Intensify of normal fiber stress法向应力集度Proportional limit比例极限The center of gravity重心Moment of inertia惯性矩Statical moment静矩Parallel to平行

28、于The intensity of shear剪力集度Rectangular beam矩形截面梁parabola抛物线二U7Diagonal tension斜向拉伸Laminated beam分层梁Adhesive胶黏剂Contact surface接触面Slide relative to each other相对滑移Horizontal/vertical shear stresses水平/竖直剪应力Single-piece beams整块梁Differential length微分长度Vertical equilibrium竖向平衡Cross-section area截面面积Square e

29、lement正方单元体Inclined compression/tension stress倾斜的压/拉应力Principal stress主应力Stress trajectory应力轨迹Near midspan跨中附近Impair its integrity削弱整体性Numerical 数字的二U9Resist torsion抵抗扭转Stirrup箍筋Longitudinal bar纵向钢筋Dowel action销栓作用Adequately reinforced充分配筋Unreinforced member未配筋结构A spiral pattern螺旋形Spiral crack螺旋形裂缝T

30、orsional resistance抗扭力Redistribution of internal resistance内力重分布Torque-twist curve扭矩-扭转角曲线Reminder 剩余部分Well-designed member构件设计合理Yield (point)屈服（点）（nominal）Torsional strength（标准）抗扭强度Equilibrium of internal force内力平衡Failure surface破坏面Wider/narrower face宽/窄面Plain beam素混凝土梁Compression zone受压区Intersect相

31、交Horizontal/vertical stirrup leg箍筋水平/竖直肢Twisting couple扭转力偶Rear face背面Lever arm力臂Cross-section dimensions横截面尺寸Conservatively保守地Have recourse to依靠，借助于二U12Prestressed concrete预应力混凝土Multistory building多层建筑Partition间壁High strength concrete高强混凝土In conjunction with结合Present-day design method先进的设计方法Accurat

32、e appraisal准确的预测Excessive cracking过宽的裂缝A premature failure过早破坏Refined analysis精确的分析方法Slender member细长构件Strand/wire/bar钢绞线/钢丝/钢筋Range of application应用范围Innovative new structural form新型的结构形式Full prestressing全预应力Prestressed-reinfored-concrete structure预应力钢筋混凝土结构Circular prestressing环向预应力High ratio高比率So

33、phisticated design先进的设计Long-span bridge大跨桥梁Two-dimensional floor system平面楼盖体系Space truss空间桁架Mass production批量生产Standardized precast building component标准化建筑预制构件Major span主跨二U14Bond stress/force粘结应力/粘结力Interface内表面Composite structure组成结构Rate of change变化率Plain reinforcing bar普通钢筋Deformed bar变形钢筋Large d

34、iameter bar大直径钢筋Existing code现行的规范Entirely empirical完全经验性的Structural behavior结构性能Detail reinforcement配筋详图Development length延伸长度Flexural reinforcement抗弯钢筋Shear span剪跨区At the same rate同一比例External bending moment外弯矩At simple supports简支点At points of contraflexure反弯点Bibliography 书目提要二U16Soil mechanics土力学

35、Principle of effective stress有效应力原则Shearing resistance抗剪力Retaining wall挡土墙Bulkhead/braced cut舱壁/支撑壁Lateral pressure侧向压力Grain size粒径大小Frictional/non-fractional内摩擦阻力大/小的Cohesive/non-cohesive有/无粘聚性的Boulder漂石Cobble卵石Gravel/ballast砾石/碎石Grit粗砂Internal friction内摩擦力Size limit粒径极限Silty clays/clayey silts粉质粘土

36、/粘质粉土Soil mechanics survey地基勘察Triaxial test三轴试验Consolidation settlement固结沉降Frost action冻结作用Underground erosion地下侵蚀作用Ground water level地下水位Vibrating machinery振动机械Deep excavation深开挖Initial volume原体积High voids ratio高孔隙比Rock salt岩盐Soluble rock可溶性岩石Permeability渗透性Earth dam土坝A cone of depression下降锥三U4Maso

37、nry infilled frame砌体填充框架Isolation of non-structural infill非结构填充隔墙Panel/frame护墙/框架Lateral support横向支撑Total collapse完全倒塌Ultimate lateral shear capacity极限横向剪切能力Diagonal strut斜撑Relative stiffness相对滑移Critical failure mode极限破坏形式Sliding shear failure滑移剪切破坏High aspect ratio长宽比大Cantilever shear wall悬臂剪力墙Ductile failure mode延性破坏形式三U8High-rise building高层建筑Self-weight自重Superimpose