新托福写作（提高）教程

1、.新托福写作（提高）教程Contents (目录)Unit One: 议论文写作提高技能l Lesson One: 分析命题，写出论点句 l Lesson Two: 辨别议论文类别 (新托福考试中涉及的四种议论文)l Lesson Three: 寻找有利证据并列出提纲l Lesson Four: 写作实题练习一l Lesson Five: 写作实题练习二l Lesson Six: 写作实题练习三Unit Two: 综合写作提高技能l Lesson One: 综合写作中阅读篇与听力篇之间关系详解l Lesson Two: 二种综合写作模板l Lesson Three: 模拟练习l Lesson

2、Four: 实题练习一l Lesson Five: 实题练习二l Lesson Six: 实题练习三l Lesson Seven: 实题练习四附录1：四类议论文分别举例说明：附录2：议论文范文28篇新托福写作综述新托福写作部分变化比较大。 旧托福考试中只有一篇议论文写作。新托福在此基础上又新推出了一篇综合写作。综合写作要求考生先读一篇文章，再听一段与阅读文章有关的听力，然后在此基础上写出一篇综合文章。综合文章要总结出阅读和听力中的要点，并对二篇文章中的要点进行比较，说明二者之间的关系。新托福中对议论文写作的要求与旧托福一致。 insightfulnessWriting Section 写作部分

3、Task写作要求Based on写作素材Type of Task写作类型Timing时间Recommended length字数要求Integrated Writing Task综合写作Read a passage and listen to a related lecture读一篇文章，听一段与文章有关的录音Summarize and compare lecture and passage总结、比较阅读与听力Reading: 3 minutes阅读：3分钟Lecture: 2 minutes听力：2分钟Writing: 20 minutes写作：20分钟150-225 words150-22

4、5个字Independent Writing Task独立写作Your own knowledge and experience个人知识与经历Give your opinion of an issue or express your personal preference对某一问题发表个人观点或表达个人偏好30 minutes30分钟300 words300字l Lesson Four: Argumentation 议论文 thesis paper议论文写作包括以下种类：l 驳斥性议论文 Refutation essay l 分析性议论文 Analysis essayl 评论性议论文 Comm

5、ent Essayl 理由性议论文 Reason-Statement Essayl1) 驳斥性议论文 Discuss the pros and cons, advantages and advantages etc.w 驳斥性议论文: 有争议的观点 w Should Capital Punishment be abolished? Anti-abortion = anti-killing pro-abortion pro-choicew Does money mean everything? w Although abuses of the system are inevitable, soc

6、ial welfare payments are essential to protect the rights citizens have to a guaranteed minimum income in a democratic society. Discussw Many people think the main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and it is the waste of resources and space to provide expensive hi-tech media such as com

7、puter software, DVD and video. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?范文：(加驳斥段)Many people think the main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and it is the waste of resources and space to provide expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, DVD and video. To what

8、 extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs are being increasingly introduced to public libraries. Some people start to argue that limited space and resources should not be wasted on these media. However, I personally think hi-tech med

9、ia should be encouraged, for the good of both the libraries and the general public.(thesis statement) First and foremost, people go to libraries in order to fulfill their thirst for knowledge and information, in which case the library itself has become the place where the latest technology is first

10、introduced to the general public. The use of hi-tech media such as computer software enables people to get real life experiences of the latest technological achievements, which were once only read in books. Furthermore, hi-tech media e.g. computer software, videos and DVDs can store information long

11、er than traditional means. Since one of the major functions of libraries is to provide information, the longer the storage of information, the better. In terms of space saving, hi-tech media can actually save space. Take for example the Encyclopedia Britannica, a traditional set consists of over 30

12、volumes and take about one complete shelf section to store all these volumes. But a small computer disc is enough to store all these information. This particular example clearly demonstrates the advantages of hi-tech media over traditional books and publicatons in views of space saving. In fact, if

13、all information were stored by hi-tech media, the libraries could provide us with a lot more information. Some people argue against hi-tech media. They say hi-tech media waste library space. They say so because they dont really comprehend the words “hi-tech media”. Their arguments are really made ou

14、t of ignorance. In my opinion, to argue against hi-tech media is comparable to argue against human development. To sum up, hi-tech media have proved to be beneficail for both the library and the readers; it is an investment, which will be worthwhile in the future. 范文：(通篇驳斥)范文：It is often said that t

15、he subjects taught in schools are too academic in orientation and that it would be more useful for children to learn about practical matters such as home management, work, and interpersonal skills. To what extent do you agree or disagree?A criticism often heard these days is that the subjects taught

16、 in schools tend to be too academic, and contribute little to preparing a young person for the real-life tasks he or she will have to perform after graduation. They say that academic subjects are rooted in the past, and are not useful for solving modern problems. I disagree with this point of view f

17、or three reasons.My first reason is that it is the duty of parent, not teachers, to prepare their children to deal with the practical affairs of life. The home, not the classroom, is the ideal place to learn about home management and interpersonal skills. As for work abilities and attitudes, they ar

18、e best learned “On the job” and under the supervision of an experienced older worker.My second reason is that academic subjects have withstood the test of time. They represent the accumulated wisdom of our ancestors down through the ages, and, far from being impractical, they equip us with the knowl

19、edge and confidence to make sound judgments about any problems that may crop up. In addition, academic subjects are good for training us in mental discipline, while practical subjects are weak in this regard.My third reason is based on the saying “Man doesnt live by bread alone.” Schooldays devoted

20、solely to instruction in down-to-earth practical matters would be dull indeed! Lessons in the best literature of the world and the epoch-making scientific and geographical discoveries of the past enrich our lives and make us feel that we are part of the great family of mankind.All in all, the teachi

21、ng of academic subjects in schools is entirely appropriate. It is my firmly held view that practical subjects have no place in the classroom. On the contrary, the curriculum should be more academic! 2) 分析性议论文 Analysis essayw 分析性议论文: 分析所讨论的事务或观点的性质. 阐述其重要性, 正确性, 必要性或荒谬性, 危害性.w The benefits of making

22、friends of different kinds insightfulnessw The importance of making cities greener w The harmful effects of heavy exposure to TVw In many countries, more and more young people are leaving school and unable to find jobs after graduation. What problems do you think youth unemployment will cause to the

23、 individual and the society? Give reasons and make some suggestions. (2006年3月18日)范文：It is generally acknowledged that families are now not as close as they used to be. Give possible reasons and your recommendations.There is much discussion nowadays as to whether or not the relationship among family

24、members is as close as before. Diverse contributing factors can be identified. In the following I would like to present my point of view.Great changes have taken place in family life along with the development of society. One of them is that the once-extended family tends to become smaller and small

25、er. Many children have to leave their parents at an early age to study or work elsewhere. As time passes, children become emotionally estranged from their parents.Compared with the past, social competition is becoming increasingly fierce. People are urged to concentrate their efforts upon work, so t

26、hat they can achieve success, or at least afford a reasonable standard of living. As a result, they cant afford to spend their leisure hours with their families. The importance of bonds of kinship is gradually fading from their minds.In addition, the availability of various kinds of recreational fac

27、ilities also diverts people from enjoying chats with family members. Their free time is mostly occupied by watching TV, surfing the Internet or playing video games. They come to lose interest in communicating with the other members of their families.In view of such alienation within families, I beli

28、eve that urgent steps must be taken. For members of families who live away from one another, regular contact on the phone can bring them the care they need. Family reunions on holidays or other important occasions can make a difference as well. For those living together, it is a good idea to take so

29、me time off work to spend time with family members. In the final analysis, a close family relationship can surely be maintained as long as we realize the significant role it plays in our lives and attach great importance to it. 3) 评论性议论文 Comment Essayw 评论性议论文: 即开放型议论文, 因为文章只是客观的分析和评论某一事物的正反两方面, 或在某一

30、问题上反映出的二种不同看法, 并不下结论. 常用以评论电视, 电脑, 安乐死等很难绝对说好或不好的主题.w Discuss the causes and some effects of widespread drug use by young people in modern day society. Make any recommendations you feel are necessary to help fight youth drug abuse.w Youth drug use is a major problem, but reasons are not clear. Some

31、of the possible reasons are -w Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Some say hat teachers should only teach students about academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion.(2006年3月25日)范文：With the i

32、ncreasing popularity of computers and calculators, student literacy is decreasing dramatically. What are the positive and negative effects the progress of science and technology has brought about?It has been widely noted that with the growing use of computers and calculators both in the classroom an

33、d in the home, the level of literacy and mathematical ability of students is dropping. This raises serious doubts about the value of the progress of science and technology. In the following I will discuss the pros and cons of this question.First of all, advances in science and technology have certai

34、nly brought about many benefits for mankind. They have made our lives more comfortable and healthier. In addition, they have eased the burden of work for most people and provided them with more leisure opportunities, while at the same time increasing productivity dramatically. Nevertheless, it can n

35、ot be denied that technology has some negative side-effects. As mentioned above, with computers which check spelling, grammar and calculation for them, students have little incentive to learn how to do these things by themselves. Also the availability of TV programs and videos encourages an unhealth

36、y, sedentary lifestyle.Another aspect of this issue is that technology may be good or bad, depending on how we use it. For instance, dynamite may be used to make road construction easier, or it may be used to kill people. Again, nuclear reactors can supply huge amounts of cheap electricity, but if t

37、hey are carelessly handled they can cause devastating pollution.We can conclude that the progress of science and technology has both positive and negative effects. What we must do is make sure the positive ones are encouraged and the negative ones are eliminated as far as possible. Among other thing

38、s, this means that students are warned not to let computers and calculators do all their work for them. Insightfulness4) 理由性议论文 Reason-Statement Essayw 理由性议论文: 先表明态度和立场, 然后列举理由w Why do I prefer to spend most of my time reading?w Why do I prefer to live in a big city instead of a small town?w Why tea

39、ching is the job I like best? Marching into the 21st century, what, in your opinion, is the greatest invention of the 20th century? Why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.范文：(2001年5月考题)As we march into the twenty-first century, many people ponder the question of what humanity

40、has accomplished in the previous century. Furthermore, many are determined to decide which device or concept stands above the rest as the greatest twentieth century invention. In my opinion, the Internet deserves this title for its ability to connect, to influence and to inspire.As the brainchild of

41、 the CIA, the Internet was initially used to connect agency computers. Now, through e-mails and online communicate devices, hundreds of millions of people can send and receive information with the click of a button. The Internet “telephone”, with its speak and display functions, may soon replace the

42、 conventional telepone as a means of communication. The Internet may also replace conventional forms of media. Newspapers, magazines and television news programs have all lost some of their influence with the rise of Internet news services, message boards and web logs or “blogs”. Many people now inc

43、orporate reading news online and posting their thoughts on it into their daily routines. People currently have opportunities to search for and contribute to the worlds shared news and information.Just as they are compelled to leave a mark on the Internet with their message board comments, many peopl

44、e have chosen to use the Internet as a tool for advancing themselves and their products. Political candidates and established businesses in every country have turned to web pages and Internet advertisements in an effort to gain supporters and customers, respectively. Perhaps the most exciting aspect

45、 of the Internet is that it offers new businesses inspiration to expand by providing a low-cost substitute to traditional brick-and-mortar growth.Everyone that has come into contact with the Internet understands its importance. It allows millions to communicate, to learn and to create. As the above

46、examples show, the Internet, a great benefactor of our development, is the twentieth centurys greatest invention.So If I were given the choice, I would definitely choose a entertaining class to attend. I long for the relaxation and enthusiam on both the part of the teachers and the students. This ty

47、pe of class will enable students to learn more knowledge and in a more relaxed atmosphere. Unit One: 议论文写作提高技能基础课程中讲了议论文写作的基本模式 五段式。提高课程重点讲解在此基本模式基础上写一篇高分议论文的技巧。托福考试议论文写作应先完成以下步骤，然后才可以下笔写作：Step 1: Read the essay topic，write your thesis statement 分析命题, 写出论点句Step 2: identify the task辨别议论文类别Step 3: Bra

48、instorming and work out an outline - 寻找有力论据并写出提纲Nowadays, food has become easier to prepare. Has this change improved the way people live? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. additive下面将写议论文的这3个步骤逐一讲解l Lesson One: 分析命题，写出论点句 Step 1: Read the essay topic，write your thesis statem

49、ent分析命题, 写出论点句看到命题后的第一步是认真分析命题提出的要求，确保写作时不会走题。 如果你写走了题，答非所问，你可能一分也得不到。例如：In the future, students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such as computers or television or of studying at traditional schools. Which would you prefer? 这道命题是让你说出你的偏好（your preference），你是更喜欢在家利用电脑学，还是在学

50、校课堂学？Do you prefer to study at home using computers or study at school? Study at home versus study at traditional school? Write your thesis statement -写出论点句一篇好的议论文开头段要有明确的论点。论点句（thesis statement）就是推出论点的句子。论点句的作用是将文章集中在一个中心焦点，使读者明确了解文章的目的。在托福写作中，评判一篇文章的好坏，并不在于论点的正确与否。关键在于论点是否明确，论证是否有利。论点句（thesis stat

51、ement）: Studying at school is best for me.同一个命题会有不同的论点句。例1：You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own roommate? Use specific reasons and

52、 details to explain your answer.论点句1： Since I dont get along well with many people, I prefer to choose my own roommate.从这个论点句中我们可以看出作者将围绕说明他/她不善于与人交往，因此偏好自己选室友。论点句2：The opportunity to meet new people is an important benefit of a university education, so I believe it is better to let the university c

53、hoose my roommate for me.从这个论点句中我们可以看出作者将围绕说明与人交往的好处，因此偏好学校安排室友。例2：Some people think governments should spend as much money as possible exploring outer space (for example, traveling to the moon and to other planets). Other people disagree and think governments should spend this money for our basic n

54、eeds on Earth. Which of these two opinions do you agree with? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.论点句：The moon is a better place to explore because it is nearer than the planets.这个论点句不符合命题要求。命题要求讨论“钱花在外空探测上好，还是地球上解决现实问题好”。 而不是问考生“探测外空的哪个星球好”。 这是考试写作时学员一定要重视的一个问题。一定要认真分析命题。如果你像前面举

55、例那样选错了论点，即使是你写的再好，也可能一分得不到。有些平时英语相当不错的学员，考试时写作得低分的一个重要原因就在于次。没有认真分析命题，在一种似懂非懂的状态下就开始下笔写作，结果写走题，或部分走题。有时对命题中一个关键词的理解的偏差，就会导致整篇文章走题。例3：To what extent is nuclear technology a danger to life on earth? What are the benefits and risks associated with its use?这个命题要求讨论“核技术对地球上生命构成多大威胁”。 在写这道题时许多学员都不约而同的站在核技

56、术的对立面，说核技术不好，对人类构成毁灭性威胁。 后来经与一些学生沟通，了解到核技术这个词许多学员片面理解为核武器。如果这样，写出的文章肯定会部分走题，因为核技术不仅可用于制造核武器，还可用于建造核发电站，用于医学等。 从以上举例中我们可以看到认真分析命题的重要性。有关“钱花在外空探测上好，还是地球上解决现实问题好”的命题有二个可行的论点：论点句1：While there is still hunger, poverty, and illiteracy on earth, our resources should be focused here and not in outer space.从

57、这个论点句中我们可以看出作者认为钱花在地球上解决饥饿、贫穷、文盲问题，比花在外空探测上更有价值。论点句2：Gaining psychological and scientific knowledge through space exploration will benefit us more than trying to solve problems on earth. visionMDS=missile defense system从这个论点句中我们可以看出作者认为钱花在外空探测上更有价值。练习：找出以下各句中的论点句。1） What is one of the most important

58、 decisions you have made? Why was this decision important? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer.a) Decisions are important because without them nothing would get done.b) Deciding to leave home to attend school in the US has been so far the most important decision Ive made. yc) Although my parents wanted me to study medicine, I knew that I should follow my heart an