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1、商务合同 合同的定义1 11合同的用词特点2合同的用语特点3合同的句法特点及翻译技巧4合同的定义 一、什么是合同? A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned. 合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救济,某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看成是一种救济。 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务,是预防与解决争议的依据。选词专业化(professional)、正式(formal)、准确(accurate)具体体现在下列方面:1、
2、大量使用Shall+Verb的结构Shall+Verb不但可指人,还可以用于指物。英文商务合同中较多使用shall来强调买卖双方所必须承担的责任和义务,体现了合同是一种约束力很强的法律文书, 它表明了合同的威严和对买卖双方的约束力。The termination of this contract shall not affect in any way the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the two parties upon the expiry of the validity.本合同期满时,双方发生的未了债权和债务
3、将不受合同期满的影响。 合同的用词特点2、用语正式(formal)商务合同习惯上采用书面形式,通常使用正式的书面语言,以显示合同正规与庄重特色。如“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”, 远远多于”due to” 一般不用“because of”; ”财务年度末“一般用”at the close of the fiscal year”, 而不用” in the end of the fiscal year”; “在之前”一般用“prior to”, 而不用”before”; “关于“常用”as regards”, “concerning 或”relating to”, 而不会用”abo
4、ut”; “事实上”用”in effect”, 而不用”in fact”: “开始“ 用”commencement”, 而不用”start”或”begin”; “停止做”用”cease to do”, 而不用”stop to do”; 何时开会并由某某主持“ 的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中”召开“ 不用”hold 或call”, 而用”convene”; “主持 不用”chair” 或” be in charge of “ 而用” preside”; “其他事项” 用”miscellaneous”, 而不用”
5、other matters/events”; “理解合同“ 用”construe a contract” 或” comprehend a contract” , 而不用”understand a contract”; “认为”用“deem”, 用”consider” 少,不用”think” 或”believe”.例,因执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议,双方应通过友好协商解决。译:All disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the contract shall be through amicable
6、negotiation between both parties.此例句中协商一词用negotiation 比consultation更为正式,因为negotiation在起草合同前译为”谈判“, 而履行合同中所产生的争议也是谈判。友好一词用amicable比friendly更为正式。例,如乙方在技术资料的交付方面违约,不因要求甲方立即支付任何专利权使用费。 译:Party A shall not be required to forthwith any royalties in default on the part of Party B to the delivery of Technic
7、al Documentation.此句中要求一词用require比ask正式,forthwith 是公文体, 较at once 和immediately正式严谨,符合挈约文体。 If any contract party is prevented from performing all or part of its obligations owing to Force Majeure, it shall be relieved all of or part of its obligations. 译文:合同当事人因不可抗力事故不能执行合同的全部或者部分义务的,解除其全部或部分责任。 改译:合同
8、当事人因不可抗力事件不能履行合同的全部或部分义务的,免除其全部或部分责任。 因为事件,履行及免除责任都属于正式用语,合乎规范,符合商务合同语言要求。3,用词专业(technical)合同用词不以大众是否理解和接受为转移,它是合同语言准确表达的保障。如合同出现的”瑕疵”,”救济“, “不可抗力”,“管辖”, “损毁”, “灭失” 等就可能让非行业人士费解, 在英语以上表达分别为defect ,remedy, force majuere, jurisdiction, damage and/or loss。 “赔偿”用”indemnities”, 而不用”compensation”; “不动产转让“
9、 用”conveyance”, 而不用”transfer of real estate”; “房屋出租”用”tenancy”, “财产出租”用”lease of property”; “停止”用”wind up a business” 或”cease (名词是cessation)a business”, 而不用”end/stop a business”; “依照合同相关规定“ 或一般说” pursuant to provisions contained herein” 或” as provided herein” 等, 不说according to relevant terms and con
10、ditions in the contract”。4, 同义词、近义词、 相关词的并列使用合同中同义词的使用使得合同具有严谨、周密特色,以便减少漏洞与争议。perform and fulfill 履行 terms and conditions 条款 null and void 无效 secret and confidential 保密 any and all(全部)“made and entered into”“签订”、“amendments to and alteration “修改” 、”provisions and stipulations规定”、“force and effect”“生
11、效”any duties, obligations and liabilities (义务和责任)applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules(适用法律法规)charges, fees, costs and expenses(各种费用)covenants and agreements(合同,协议)、customs and usages(惯例)、free and clear of(无)、import duty and tax(进口税捐)keep secret and confidential(保密)、licenses a
12、nd permits(许可)、null and void(无效)、packing and wrapping expenses(包装费)、rights and interests(权益)、settle claims and debts(清理债务)、 ships and vessels(船只)、sign and issue(签发)、support and maintenance(维护) use and wont(习惯,惯例) modification and alternation 修改和变更, interpretation and construction 理解和解释 except as her
13、ein provided除本合同规定的外, in witness whereof 特此为证, the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals 双方当事人已在合同上签字盖章, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing 含,但不限于, no waiver of these provisions 本合同之规定不予放弃5、古英语与外来词的应用(borrowing words)商务合同英语中使用古英语最为突出的是较多使用here, there, where
14、加后缀in, by after, from等介词构成的词,这些词一般在句中作定语或状语。 在法律文件中用这些词,可以避免重复, 避免歧义, 使行文准确,简洁。这类词中的here可理解为this, there可理解为that, where可理解为which。Hereafter=following this, hereby=by this means or by reason of this, 兹,之,特此,在此hereof= of this, hereinafter= later in this contract, herein before= in a proceeding part of t
15、his contract . 本协议中,以there为词根的古体词,汉语翻译时一般都带有“那.该.其.之Thereafter=after that, thereinafter= in that patr of a contraact, thereupon= as a resulr of that, thereof =of that. 以where为词根的古体词,一般为关系副词,whereof=of which ,whereas 鉴于 商务合同中也会使用一些外来词汇,常用的有拉丁语和法语词汇。 如比例税率:用 pro rate tax rate(拉丁语)要比 proportional tax r
16、ate 多; 从事慈善性服务的律师: pro bono lawyer, 不经常用 lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance, 委托代理人多用 agent ad litem force majeure (法 语)不可抗力 as per (拉丁语) 按照, de facto (拉丁语)事实上的 合同的用语特点1 、力求严谨,明确无误本合同只能按照双方的授权代表签名盖章的文件进行修改或者增补。This contract can only be altered, amended or supplemented in accordance with do
17、cuments signed and sealed by authorized representatives of both parties.2、多用主动语态,少用被动语态甲方委托乙方为新加坡的独家销售代理商。Party A hereby appoints Party B as its executive sales agent in Singapore.乙方被甲方委托为新加坡的独家销售代理商Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its executive sales agent in Singapore. (不宜)3、多用现在时,少用将来时当有
18、下列事件之一发生,被许可人提前90天向许可人发送书面通知后, 可以终止合同。Licensee may terminate this contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to licensor upon the happening of one of the following events.4、直接表达方式多,间接表达方式少本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。This article does not apply to bondholders who have not been aid in full. (不常用)
19、本条款只适用于已全部偿付的债券持有者。This article applies only to bondholders who have been aid in full. 合同的句法特点及翻译技巧商务合同的句法具有结构严谨、句式较长的特点。句子的状语(从句)和定语(从句)等附加成分很多,且往往位置明显,对主句意义进行解释、限制或补充。1、长句及其翻译分析合同长句的基本方法是:首先,找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语。其次,找出句子中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词,然后在分析从句和短句的功能,即:是否是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系。最后,分
20、析句子中是否有固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。 1、长句及其翻译(1)The Buyer may, within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination, lodge a claim against the seller for short-weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.这是一个简单长句,其主干为The Buyer maylodge a claim。修饰谓语动词的状语有三个,分别表示时间(
21、within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the destination)、方式(being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor)和原因(for short-weight)。 诸多状语尽管在原文中位置灵活,然而在译文里,需按照汉语的行文规范适当进行调整:方式状语一般应置于动词之前; 其他状语可以灵活处理,如本句中的时间状语可以提前至句首。译:货物抵达目的港15天内, 买方可以凭有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。(2)
22、If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall be indemnify and keep indemnified the other Party and the company
23、against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.本句的主干是it shall be indemnify and keep indemnifiedagainstthat such Party or the Company。 If引导的是条件从句,条件句的宾语部分跟随后置定语(given by it in Articles 18.1 or repeated in 18.2)
24、。in addition to 引导的是增补成分, 其核心词remedies也跟了后置定语(available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws)。 That引导的则是后置定语修饰紧邻的五个名词。基于以上分析,再结合汉语的行文习惯(条件在前,结构在后以及定语在所修饰的核心词之前)译:如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条或18.2条所作的陈述及担保或重述, 则另一方除根据本合同或相关法律寻求任何可能的救济之外, 违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违反而招致的任何损伤、损坏、费用、开支、责任或赔偿。(3)
25、The Seller shall not be responsible for the delay of shipment or non delivery of the goods due to Force Majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the cause of loading or transit.上句中信息的重心在句首,先表明卖方的免费事项,接着再规定由于什么原因引起的不能交货或延迟交货才会免责,后对不可抗力又做了限定。按照汉语的思维习惯,往往先谈原因,再谈结论,因此采用颠倒顺序的译
26、法更合理。译:凡在制造或装船运输过程中,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不付责任。2、状语从句和条件句及其翻译1、 时间状语在通常情况下,汉语经贸合同中的时间状语通常位于他所修饰的动词之前,在翻译含有时间状语的经贸合同条款时,应该首先考虑其位置的调整,这样可以避免译文显得结构松散,时间界定不明,产生语义含混。Within 30days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the seller
27、 by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of USD30000 in favor of the seller through a bank at export point so that the seller may draw the sum in due time.句中的时间状语Within 30days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, 规定了买方付款的时间,整个句子的重心不是句子的动作而是发生动作的时间,翻译时因采用汉语中主语-时间状语-谓语-
28、宾语的结构,使时间状语尽量靠近表示义务责任的关键词”须“,突出行为的时效性。译,买方须于本合同签定并生效后三十天内通过出口地银行开立以卖方为收益人的不可撤销信用证支付全部货款计30000美元,以便卖方及时提取款项。 Buyers or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers by fax 10days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment of the contract number, name of the carrying vessel,
29、 approximately loading capacity, lay days and port of loading. 句子中时间状语10days prior to the arrival of the carrying vessel at the port of shipment位于他所修饰的动词之后,而且中间插入了间接宾语the sellers和方式状语by fax, 译成中文时要将时间状语提前,位于主语和动词之间。 译:买方或其租船代理人须于载货轮抵达装运港10天前以传真方式通知卖方合同号、船名、大约受载重量、预计抵达日期及装运港名。2、条件状语表示假设条件的状语从句,由等连接词引
30、导的表示假设条件的状语,此类状语从语用的角度来看,通常表示的是在某一假设条件下合同的某一方需承担的义务和责任,或享有的权益,因此句子的语义重心在主句部分。Should for certain reasons the buyers not be able to inform the seller of the foregoing details 10days prior to the arrival of the vessel at the port of loading or should the carrying vessel be advanced or delayed, the buye
31、r or their chartering agent shall advise the sellers immediately and make necessary arrangement.本句包含有两个并立的由should引导的表示假设条件的状语从句,第一个条件状语中又包含了一个原因状语和一个时间状语,译成中文时保持原文的顺序。原因状语和时间状语位于所修饰的动词之前,通常的顺序是原因在前,时间在后。译:若买方由于某种原因不能于装运轮抵达装运港十天前将上述详细情况通知买方,或装运轮提前或推迟抵达,买方或其运输代理人须立即通知卖方并做出必要的安排。表示先决条件的状语从句由provided.th
32、at.所引导的表示某种先决条件的状语在译文中可以转换为并列句置于主句之后,并用”条件是.但.必须“等词语将它们同主句连贯起来,或者译成汉语条件复句中的条件分句,如”在.条件/情况下“等。In case one or both parties are not in a position to fulfill the relevant provisions mutually agreed upon due to force majeure, it should be made known to the other in time. In such cases, it is permitted to
33、 postpone the implementation of the agreement, or to implement it at all, or to exempt the party or parties involved partially or entirely from the liability for an agreement breach, provided a valid certificate is obtained as an evidence issued by some competent authorities.此条款中provided引导的条件状语表示的是规
34、定性的必要条件,在深层结构上具有转折关系,译成中文时可以采用并列句置于全句之后。译:若由于人力不可抗拒的原因,本协议的一方或双方不能履行合同的有关条款,需及时向对方通报有关情况。在此情况下,本协议可以延期履行、部分履行或不履行,或部分或全部免除有关协议方的违约责任,但须以有关合法权威部门签发的有效证明为依据。表示例外情况的状语从句此类状语从句通常由except, with the exception that, in the absence of, 和unless等词语引导,通常是对条款的补充或修正,在意义上一般都隐含有转折,译成中文时通常可以把它们作为并列句处理而放置在句子的最后。With
35、the exception of late delivery or non-delivery due to force majeure causes, in case the sellers fail to make delivery within the time as stipulated in the contract, the sellers should indemnify the buyers for all losses and expenses incurred to the latter directly attributable to late delivery or failure to make delivery of the goods in accordance with the terms of this contract.词句的特殊之处在于表示责任免除条件的状语位于句首,且与表示假设条件的状语相连,从英文的行文规范来看,将
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