情态动词与虚拟语气讲解与练习

1、语法导学案 专题五 情态动词与虚拟语气制作人 李法玲 审核人 郝连友 使用时间2013.1.6第一部分 情态动词一情态动词的语法特征1. 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事发生。2. 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。3. 情态动词没有人称、数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。4. 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式、分词等形式。二情态动词的基本用法1. can (could)1) 表示能力，could主要指过去时间。例如：I can hear you perfectly well, dont shout into my

2、ears. Could the girl speak before she went to school? 这女孩上学前能说话吗？2) 表示可能（理论上或是逻辑判断上）。例如： He can't (couldn't) finish the project on time. 他不可能准时完成工程。 No shouting or playing in workspace, or you could interrupt other people. 工作区不许大声喧哗，否则会影响其他人的工作。3) 表示允许。例如： Can I open the window? 我可以开窗吗？ He a

3、sked whether he could have a rest in the VIP-room. 4) 表惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度。主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。例如： Where can (could) they have gone to? 他们会去哪儿了呢？ How can you be so careless? 你怎么这么粗心？5) 比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。例如： Can (Could) you help me? 帮我一把好吗？. I'm afraid we couldn't give you an answer today. 2may (might)

4、1) 表允许，might可以指过去时间，也可指现在时间，语气更委婉。例如： You may have whatever you like.你喜欢什么就吃什么。 May (Might) I lend your book? 我可以借一下你的书吗？在回答以may引起的问句时，多避免用这个词，而用其它方式，如Yes, please. / Certainly. / Please don't. / You'd better not. / No, you mustn't.等，以免显得太严峻或不客气。2) 表可能（事实上）。可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，但语气更加不肯定。例如： H

5、e may be not at home. 他可能不在家。 She may know that news. 她可能知道这件事。3must 1) 表示义务。意为"必须"（主观意志）。例如： We must act, we must act quickly. 我们必须行动，立即行动 What must I do, mom? 我应该做什么呢，妈妈？ You must go to bed.你必须上床睡觉。2) 表示揣测。意为"想必、准是、一定"等，只用于肯定句。例如： So be it? For once, must be right! 就这样做？就一次，也许就

6、是对的！ She's wearing a diamond necklace. She must have a lot of money. 4shall 1) 表征询意见，用于第一、第三人称疑问句。例如： Shall I open it?我能打开它吗？ Shall we go to the theatre this evening? 我们今晚去看戏好吗?2) 表说话人的意愿，有"命令、允诺、警告、决心"等意思，用于第二、第三人称陈述句。例如： Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers hav

7、e been collected. 试卷全部收回后考生才可离开座位。 （命令） If I finish the book, you shall get it. 我看完这本书你就可以看了。 （允诺） You shall be punished if you break the law. 违法就要受到法律的惩罚（警告） We shall never desert our true friends. 我们决不会抛弃真正的朋友。 （决心）5will 1) 表意愿，用于各种人称陈述句。例如： He will help you if you turn for him. 如果你向他求助他会帮助你的。 I w

8、ill do it. 我将做这件事。 If you will read the book, I'll lend it to you. 如果你愿意读这本书，我会把它借给你。2) 表请求，用于疑问句。例如： Will you close the window? 请你把窗户关上好吗？ Won't you drink some more tea? 再来一点茶好吗？3) 表示某种倾向或习惯性动作。例如： Human being will die without oxygen. 人没有氧气就不能活了。 The machine won't work. 这部机器坏了。6. should

9、1) 表义务。意为"应该"（某件事宜于做），用于各种人称。例如： You should be polite to your teachers. 你对老师应该有礼貌。 I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I should report it to the police?我经常看见那所空房子有光。你觉得我应不应该报警？2) 表推测，意为"想必、一定、照说应该、估计"等。例如： The film should be very good as it is starring first-clas

10、s actors. 这部新电影是一流演员主演的，估计拍得很好。 They should be in New York by now. 照说他们现在应当已经到纽约了。3)（表示不确定）万一。例如：If you be interested, Ill tell you the whole story. If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meeting would be postponed. 万7. would1) 表意愿。例如：: They would not let him in because he was poorly dressed. I said

11、 I would do anything for you. 我说过我愿意为你做任何事。2) 表委婉地提出请求、建议或看法。例如： Would you mind cleaning the window? 请把窗户擦一下好吗？ They wouldn't have anything against it. 他们不会有什么反对意见。3) 表过去反复发生的动作或过去的一种倾向。例如：Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for help. 她每遇到麻烦都会向他求助。、8.ought to 1) 表义务，意为"应该&quo

12、t;（因责任、义务等该做），口气比should稍重。例如： You are his father. You ought to take care of him.你是他父亲，应当管他。 You oughtn't to smoke so much. 你不应该抽这么多烟。2) 表推测，暗含很大的可能，语气较弱。例如： Han Mei ought to know his telephone number. 韩梅该知道他的电话号码。 There's a fine sunset; it ought to be a fine day tomorrow. 今天有晚霞，明天应该是个好天。9. u

13、sed to表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在不复发生或存在。疑问和否定式有两种。例如： There used to be a building at the street corner, but it has been pulled down. 街道拐角处过去有座楼房，但现在拆了。 I usedn't (didn't use) to smoke. 我过去不抽烟。 Used you (Did you use) to go to school on foot? 你过去常步行去学校吗？10.特殊情态动词need和dare的用法：need和dare既可用作情态动词，也可用作实义动词。用作

14、情态动词时，主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时，可用于各种句式。1) 用作情态动词。例如： You needn't telephone him now. 你现在不必打电话给他。 I don't think you need worry. 我想你不必发愁。 She dare not go out alone at night. 她晚上不敢一个人出去。 How dare you say I'm unfair? 你竟敢说我不公平？2) 用作实义动词。例如： You don't need to do it yourself. 你不必亲自做这件事。 We need t

15、o tell them the news. 我们需要把这消息告诉他们。 The table needs painting (to be painted.). 桌子需要油漆一下。 We should dare to give our own opinion. 我们要敢于提出自己的观点。 He did not dare (to) look up. 他不敢抬头看。 I dare say he'll come again. 我想他会再来的。【注意】（I dare say为固定习语） 难点突破情态动词+动词完成时即"情态动词+ have + done分词"，表示对过去行为或动

16、作进行推测、评论或判断。must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测。其否定或疑问形式都用can(could) 来表示。 Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night. He can't have missed the way. I drew him a map. The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?当对现在或将来发生的事情,要用must do 表示猜测, 否定为can't do。例如： He must understand tha

17、t we mean business. You must be hungry after a long walk.may / might have done表示推测过去某事"也许"发生了.may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。例如： I can't find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.could have done 在肯定句型中, 往往用作委婉的批评. 本应该做什么,而没做; 有时也用作猜测。例如： You could have told us ear

18、lier. Tom could have taken the dictionary.ought to / should have done和 ought not to / shouldn't have done用于对已发生的情况表示"责备"、"不满"，分别表示"本应该"和"本不应该"。例如： With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night. You ought not to have made fun of him

19、. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from.needn't have done 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为"本没必要"。例如： You needn't have waken me up; I don't have to go to work today.【注意】表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。例如： I wonder how Tom knew about your past. He must / co

20、uld / may / might have heard of it from Mary.三、几组词的辨异1. can 和be able to1）情态动词can只有两种形式，现在式can和过去式could，而be able to有多种时态形式Mary can play the piano. She has been able to play it since she was five. 玛丽会弹钢琴。她五岁起就会弹了。2）用在过去时中，could经常表示能够做某事，事实上不一定去做，而was / were able to则表示"过去做成了某事"。在否定句中两者可通用。He

21、could play ping-pang ball but he dont feel like it now. 他会打乒乓球，但是他今天不想打。Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。2. must和 have to must表示主观意志，而have to表示由于客观因素不得不做某事。must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用had to代替。She must finish her homework. 她必须完成家庭作业。We have to bait her

22、e and take some food. 我们必须在这休息一会，吃点东西。3. would和used to 1）used to表示过去与现在或过去某时与后来的情况有所不同，而would只表示过去的情况。Women used to think they were on the shelf at 30.过去女人一到30岁就认为是过了结婚年龄.（现在人们不这么认为。）He would play basketball at the afternoon when he lived in Hui Long guan. 在回龙观住的时候，他总是下午去打篮球。（可能现在仍有打篮球的习惯。）2）used to

23、表示过去的习惯动作和经常的情况，而would只表示过去的习惯动作。I used to get up early and take an hour's walk before breakfast.我过去常常起床很早并且在早餐前散步一小时。第二部分 虚拟语气的考查一、 含if条件状语从句的虚拟语气1. 基本规则：时态If从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在时相反过去式（be一律用were）Would/should/could/might+动词原形与过去时相反had+过去分词Would/should/could/might+have+过去分词与将来时相反过去式（be一律用were）Should

24、+动词原形Were+to doWould/should/could/might+动词原形难点及易考点：2. 虚拟条件句中省略if时，从句要部分倒装，即从句中的were, should或had要移到主语之前。3. 错综复合句（也叫混合虚拟语气），即主，从句时态不一致时，主从句分别用各自的谓语形式。4. 含蓄条件句：这种句式只有主句，不出现虚拟条件句，而是用without, with,but for等介词短语，或者用but, or, otherwise等连词或副词表示虚拟语气，但从意义上看里面隐含着一个虚拟的条件。另外，有些时候，在有些句子中，虽然没有明确地表示虚拟语气的词，但根据前后语义，要使用

25、虚拟语气。例如：(1).If my daughter now _(没有如此忙), she would come to help you.(so) （2007.全国卷）(2). If he had not hurt his leg, John _(赢得)the race.(win)（2008全国卷）(3). Were I you, I _(会起早床) in the morning.(get) (2008广东卷)(4). _(要是下雨) tomorrow, we would have to call off the picnic.(省略if)(5). _(我要是知道真相), I wouldnt h

26、ave scolded him like that. (省略if)(6). If I _(告诉了他) at that moment, he would be here now.(tell)(7). I regret not having taken your advice. Otherwise I _(不会犯错误)this mistake.(make)(8). But for the fog, we _(到了) the top of the hill.(reach)(9). Five minutes eearlier and you _(遇到)her at the station.(meet)

27、二、were型虚拟语气在中学阶段，有几个句式中，要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式。1. if only“要是就好了”，引导感叹句。对现在的假设用过去时；对过去的假设用过去完成时。2. It istime that-clause后面从句中的谓语动词要用过去式或用should+动词原形，但should不可省略。3. would rather 后跟的从句中谓语动词用过去时表示将来或现在；用过去完成时表示过去。4. as if/as though引导的状语从句，谓语动词用过去式或过去完成时表示虚拟语气；但有时可不用虚拟语气，表示实际情况或可能性较大。5. wish 后的宾语从句用过去式表示不太可能实现的

28、愿望。例如：(10).If only I _(去了那里就好了)yesterday!(go)(11).Its high time that you _(努力学习) since the NMET is around the corner.(study)(12).I would rather they _(不来)tomorrow.(come)(13).He talks big _(好像什么都知道).(as if)(14).I wish _(我写完了)the book yesterday, but I was too busy.(finish)三、should +动词原形1. 表示命令、要求、建议等词

29、（常见的词有insist,order,command,advise,suggest,propose,recommend,request,require,demand,urge等）所接的相关名词性从句，要用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should +动词原形，should 可以省略。其中insist表示“坚持某一观点或说法”时用陈述语气；suggest表示“暗示、表明”时用陈述语气。2. 在一些常见主语从句中，表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should +动词原形，should 可以省略。常见句式：It is necessary/important/natural/st

30、rangethat (should)do例如：(15).The doctor insisted that she _(呆在床上). But her smiling face suggested _(没什么严重的).(stay; be)(16).My demand is that you _(尽量记住)what I tell you.(remember)(17).He recommeded that the dictionary _(充分利用) in English study.(advantage)(18).It is urged that all the doors and windows

31、_(要关上)before you leave.(close)(19).It is quite important that enough money _(集资) for the homeless people.(raise)四、情态动词表示虚拟语气的用法基本结构形式为“should/would/could/might/need(not) + have done”, 意思为“本应、能、会、必要而实际上有没有”。例如：(20).I _(按时出席) your birthday party on time, but I was caught in a traffic jam.(attend)(21).

32、There was still enough minutes left yestersay, so we _(没必要着急).(worry)(22).I saw him doing maths exercises in the classroom justnow, so he _(肯定没去) Xirangpo.(go)五、特殊情况1. 在in case, for fear that, lest等引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用should +动词原形，从句表达“唯恐，以免”质疑，有时也用陈述语气。2. 表希望、想法、打算、意图的动词，如intend,hope,want,plan,mean等用过去完成

33、时态或不定式的完成式，表示与过去相反的虚拟语气。例如：(23).Xiao Lan _(盼望) a better job, but she didnt get it.(hope)(24).I _(原计划帮你), but I was very busy at time.(intend)六、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式: (l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Were I you I should wait.(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介

34、词短语来表示。例如: But for music (=Were it not for music), life would be dull.Without water (If there were not water), there would be no fish. 在暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/ would be形式和should/ would have been虚拟形式。例如: What would I have done without you? (条件暗含在without you中)It would be easier to do i

35、t this way. ( 条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中) （3）、省去条件从句或主句：虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。1)省去条件从句。例如: You could have done your own homework .（省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没写家庭作业，因为你不想写。)2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。例如: If my grandmother were with me! (事实是:祖母已不在世。)情态动词和虚拟语气近年高考题荟萃2009年高考题1. (09安徽29) So

36、me people who dont like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they just be quiet people.A. must B. may C. should D. would2. (09北京25) One of the few things you _ say about English people with certainty is that they talk a lot about the weather.A. need B. must C. should D. can3. (09福建35) But for the he

37、lp of my English teacher, I the first prize in the English Writing Competition.A. would not win B. would not have won C. would win D. would have won4. (09湖南30) Its the office! So you know eating is not allowed here. Oh, sorry.A. must B. will C. may D. need5. (09海南25) What do you mean, there are only

38、 ten tickets? There be twelveA. should B. would C. will D. shall6. (09上海27) It_ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.A. may B. can C. must D. should7. (09四川13) I dont care what people think. Well, you _A. could B. would C. should D. might8. (09天津15) This printer i

39、s of good quality. If it _ break down within the first year, we would repair it at our expense.A. would B. should C. could D. might9. (09重庆32)Hi, Tom. Any idea where Jane is? She_in the classroom. I saw her there just now.A. shall be &

40、#160;   B. should have been C. must be      D. might have been10. (09全国20) I cant leave. She told me that I stay here until she comes back.A. can B. must C. will D. may11. (09江苏28) He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he  

41、;       it differently.A. could express                        B. would expressC. could have expressed        

42、         D. must have expressed2008年高考题1.(08全国17)Lizawell not want to go on the tripshe hates traveling. A.willB.canC.mustD.may2.(08北京21)John promised his doctor henot smoke， and he has never smoked ever since. A.mightB.shouldC.couldD.would3.(08天津6)Shehave lef

43、t school， for her bike is still here.A.cantB.wouldntC.shouldntD.neednt4.(08江西26)What a pity!Considering his ability and experience， hebetter.A.need have doneB.must have doneC.can have doneD.might have done5.(08湖南28)You dont have to know the name of the author to find a book.Youfind the book by the t

44、itle.A.mustB.needC.canD.would6.(08陕西9)What sort of house do you want to have? Something big?Well， itbe bigthats not important.A.mustntB.needntC.cantD.wont7.(08四川10)Although thissound like a simple task，great care is needed.A.mustB.mayC.shallD.should8.(08重庆30)I cant find my purse anywhere.You have lo

45、st it while shopping.A.mayB.canC.shouldD.would9.(08浙江11)Yoube hungry already you had lunch only two hours ago!A.wouldntB.cantC.mustntD.neednt10.(08福建24)It is usually warm in my hometown in March，but itbe rather cold sometimes.A.mustB.canC.shouldD.would11.(08辽宁22)Peterbe really difficult at times eve

46、n though hes a nice person in general.A.shallB.shouldC.canD.must12.(08江苏35)Im sorry.Iat you the other day.Forget it.I was a bit out of control myself.A.shouldnt shoutB.shouldnt have shoutedC.mustnt shoutD.mustnt have shouted13.(08山东24)Thank you for all your hard work last week.I dont think weit with

47、out you.A.can manage B.could have managedC.could manage D.can have managed2004-07年高考题A组1.(07全国27)Hows your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?Itbe， but it is now heavily polluted.A.willB.wouldC.shouldD.must2.(07北京26)In crowded places like airports and railway stations， youtake care of your

48、luggage.A.canB.mayC.mustD.will3.(07上海29)Guess what？ I have got A for my term paper.Great!Youread widely and put a lot of work into it.A.mustB.shouldC.must haveD.should have4.(07安徽23)The teacherhave thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldnt have wasted time on him， I suppose.A.shouldB.canC.wouldD.m

49、ust5.(07江西27)Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.Youit in the wrong place.A.must putB.should have put C.might putD.might have put6.(06全国24)Theres no light ontheybe at home.A.cantB.mustntC.needntD.shouldnt7.(06全国31)Eliza remembers everything exactly as if ityesterday.A.was happ

50、eningB.happensC.has happenedD.happened8.(06全国10)We hope that as many people as possiblejoin us for the picnic tomorrow.A.needB.mustC.shouldD.can9.(06北京25) Whats the name? Khulaifi.I spell that for you?A.ShallB.Would C.CanD.Might10.(06天津11)Wehave proved great adventurers，but we have done the greatest

51、 march ever made in the past ten years.A.needntB.may notC.shouldntD.mustnt11.(06浙江19) Could I have a word with you，mum? Oh dear，if you.A.canB.mustC.may D.should12.(06福建27)If it were not for the fact that shesing，I would invite her to the party.A.couldntB.shouldntC.cantD.might not13.(06湖南32) Some asp

52、ects of a pilots jobbe boring，and pilots oftenwork at inconvenient hours.A.can;have toB.may;canC.have to;mayD.ought to;must14.(05全国26)Tom，youleave all your clothes on the floor like this!A.wouldntB.mustntC.needntD.may not15.(05全国19)John，look at the time.you play the piano at such a late hour?A.MustB

53、.CanC.MayD.Need16.(05北京26)Hehave completed his work；otherwise，he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside.A.shouldB.mustC.wouldntD.cant17.(05上海27)Therebe any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school.A.mustntB.shantC.shouldntD.neednt18.(05天津14)Ihave been more than six years old when the accident happened.A. shouldntB.couldntC.mustntD.neednt19.(05辽宁26)This cake is very sweet.Youa lot of sugar in it.A.should putB.could have put C.might putD.must have put20.(05浙江9)The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly call