外文翻译----电能质量和可靠性的重意义

1、.附录A 外文资料翻译A.1：英文The Role of Electricity in Quality and Reliability L.ANDON GOODMAN, BSc(Eng) ,ARTCS, CEng , MIMechE, FIEE, MIProdE , MBIM ,MIMH, FRSAIt would be difficult today to find any manufacturing unit which does not rely on electricity at some stage of a production cycle . Electricity is a v

2、ersatile energy source and has consequently found widespread use, so much so that its part in modern production methods is not always fully appreciated. Correctly applied electricity is a tool which can contribute immensely in achieving high quality and reliability in industrial production. In descr

3、ibing the role of electricity in quality and reliability this. Paper deals with the services provided by the electricity supply industry and how the utilization of electricity can help in achieving the desired standard of product quality and reliability.the electricity supply industryIn the year end

4、ing 31st March, 1966, 65,672,000,00 0 units of electricity were sold to industry out of a total of 154,124,000,00 0 units. Much of the work of the electricity supply industry has been directed at ensuring reliability of supply for its customers coupled with an efficient generation, transmission and

5、distribution system. Work is in progress on a 400,000 volt super grid to be completed in 1970 and a direct current trans mission link, the first of its kind in the world,will be commissioned in the London area in 1970.Reliability of supply The supply industry's record of reliability for the year

6、 ending March 1966 was good.Preliminary figures from the National Fault Reporting scheme indicate that the overall average continuity of supply was 99.98%.The predominating causes of interruptions were such hazards as gales,lightning,heavy snowfalls and accidental damage caused. For example,by mecha

7、nical equipment and workmen' s picks,High reliability can only be achieved by intensive effort and the above record is the result of many years of intensive research and development on a number of fronts. For example, careful analysis is made of the reliability records of plant and equipment. Th

8、is ensures that purchases are guide d towards that plant and equipment with the best record of reliability. Live line working a means of carrying out maintenance and other work on high voltage over-head lines without interrupting the supply is now routine procedure in many electricity board areas an

9、d its wider use is being planned.The technique relies on the use of insulated, long reach tools capable of withstanding 100,000 volts per foot. To the customer the advantage of live line working is reliability of supply. One electricity board has estimated that 1,200,000 customer hours were saved be

10、tween September 1963 and March 1966 through their use of this technique. Expenditure on research in 1965 - 196 6 amounted to £9.43 million and is likely to reach £11.8 million in 1966 - 1967,such i s the investment in the future development of electricity supply. Much of this research is d

11、irected at improving the efficiency, the reliability and the quality of the supply of electricity and the service offered t o the customer.industrial use of electricity for quality an d reliability Over the past few years the study of quality control and reliability has developed into a major manage

12、 ment technique.Quality control is no longer defined simply as an inspection function but is an inherent part of the whole production process. It must be planned and worked for,using whatever means are appropriate. Industry is asked to make its approach to the review of methods of working during Q &

13、amp; R Year as ambitious and original as possible.It would be a great pity if the opportunity were not taken to re-examine the techniques now in use in the light of the technological changes which have taken place in recent years . Even the most conscientious worker can only maintain a high standard

14、 of product quality when supported by plant and equipment capable of consistently meeting these standards.influence on product Q & R With its many uses in industry it would be impossible to define any particular field of application in which electricity make s its major contribution to Q & R

15、.Th e high degree of process control available and the cleanliness of application are,however,two features which make the use of electricity very suitable and sometimes essential in the manufacture of products of high quality and reliability. Every function within a factory can be said to have some

16、influence on the saleability of the final product. Some of these function s are often regarded as an indirect overhead without rearising the important part they play in achieving a high quality product.Lighting and air-conditioning, which can effect the efficiency of work people, are two possible ex

17、amples.Nevertheless a great deal depends upon the product design and the production methods adopted, and both must be kept unde r constant review.Q & R problems trace d t o production plant are not necessarily best solved by replacing worn out equipment with its modern counterpart. Examination o

18、f the whole process cycle ma y well suggest that a more modern technique should be introduced. Some examples of new approaches to new and old problems are given below.improved Q & R with better lightingAs mentioned previously,the contribution made by good lighting to the quality of a product is

19、not always appreciated. In the manufacture of ornamental tiles,flaws such as deformation, chips cracks etc are inevitable however carefully the process is controlled.By detecting these faults in tiles at an early stage further expensive and wasteful processing is avoided and the final product qualit

20、y is improved. The result so f an investigation by one wellknown company revealed that 20% of the faulty tiles escaped detection during manufacture, even the at the final inspection stage only 2£% were rejected . Thus , 17£% of the faulty tiles found their way on to the market. This obviou

21、sly would not do. The lighting level was generally proved tot-give 60lumens/sq.ft.instead of 10-15 lumens/sq.ft.For early production processes and 140 lumens/sq.ft.For final inspection.The clour quality of the light was also improved. The result is that only 4% of all faulty tiles reach final inspec

22、tion and 2% are rejected there. Moreover, clour vision in the final stage is now so good that some tiles rejected for off-clour can be accurately regraded according to their shade and sold as " seconds " . The ability to see clearly that quality goods are being made and its aid to inspecti

23、on are not the only gain from good lighting. Many companies also list reduced safety hazards and improved working conditions which create good relations between management and workpeople. This, in turn is reflected in a more efficient working unit.improved Q & R with electric heatingProcess heat

24、ing is a field in which electricity excels in achieving high product quality due to its cleanliness and controllability. Pottery firing When their old tunnel kiln was reaching the end of it s useful life,a nationally known pottery manufacturing company, based in Dorset, in consultation with the Sout

25、hern Electricity Board decided to replace it with three " Top Hat" electric kilns , each rated at 220kW. Each kiln has two heated bases which are used alternately and enable work to be unloaded from one base and reloaded while heating is carried out using the other base. The firing cycle i

26、s automatically controlled by a specially cut cam which determines the rate of rise, and takes between 10 hours and 11 hours to bring the kiln up to a temperature of 1050 deg. C. A further seven hours is required for cooling. A very even firing has been achieve d with these kilns making it possible

27、to improve the quality of the ware and reduce the quantity of " seconds ". Induction billet heatingIn the highly competitive market of extruded aluminum for the architectural and motor industries quality of extrusion and finish are of prime importance. To ensure high quality, one leading a

28、luminum extrusion company use all electric methods to process the raw aluminum through to the finished product. These methods, it is claimed, allow flexibility of operation and accurate quality control while at the same time offer savings in floor space, labor costs and reduced scrap. One important

29、feature of the production process is the initial heating of the aluminum billets prior to extrusion. Ajax Magnetosphere induction heaters are used to heat 26 in. X7 India. billets to between 850 deg. F and 1000deg . F in three minutes, representing a vast improvement in speed compared with batch fur

30、naces where a large batch of billets is heated in a cycle of about five hours. In addition, induction heaters allow greater temperature control and flexibility of operation.Paint drying on plasticOne company who were seeking to expand their business in the plastic container market were finding diffi

31、culties in drying the print on the plastic sufficiently quickly . Temperature control had to be accurate to avoid over-heating the plastic and melting it.Initial tests using hot air revealed a problem in the static electric charge of the bottles which was found to attract a layer o f fine dust, even

32、 in a few hours. A further problem was the space required by an air drying installation. By employing electric infra-re d heating , drying was speeled up and bottles could be packed straight off to the dryer.This system affected a significant saving in time and eliminated both the space and dust pro

33、blem s simultaneously .Metal meltingAn important feature of induction melting is undoubtedly the high quality of the metal it produces. This has been borne out by the experience in one foundry where two conventional cupola s were replaced with a three-ton mains-frequency induction tilting furnace.Pr

34、eviously the cupolas had been used to produce only Whiteheart iron . Now, due to the new furnace , the company i s able to extend its malleable field t o include Blackheart iron .Since its installation the furnace has increased the company's production potential. Metallurgically it is more flexi

35、ble than the cupolas it replaces and is producing a superior analysis resulting in less scrap .It is worthy of note that as a result of tests, carried out in co-operation between the company and engineers of the North Western Electricity Board, the Electricity Board were able to recommend a satisfac

36、tory method of working which would take advantage of the industrial tariff structure and reduce the company' s costs.control and inspectionProcess control systems are now universally accepted a spart of the production pattern. There are of course many different levels of control and the system a

37、dopted can have a profound effect on the quality of the product.One system, which probably goes further than most in production quality control is that installed in the tinplate factories of a company in South Wales. This system is based on the Arch digital computer of Elliott Automation Ltd., and d

38、evised entirely by the tinplate companys' own engineers after a comprehensive investigation into the many problems involved .Production of tinplate, which is produced at a continuous strip speed of up to 1,250 ft. per minute, is monitored and a detailed record made of all flaws during the tinnin

39、g process , together with a computed average gauge of the steel strip and average thickness of the tin coating of each surface. In this way a complete coil-by-coil analysis of tin plate production of each shift is provided with a view to improving product quality and reducing material wastage throug

40、hout the tinning operation.In addition , two separate statements for every coil are produced one showing the total amount o f defective tin plate contained in the coil , and the other the location of the various flaws within it. By this means the tinplate user is able to avoid the use of unsuitable

41、raw materials with corresponding improvement in quality potential.Q & R in finishingThe quality of a product' s finish rightly or wrongly, is often taken as a standard of the quality of the product as a whole. Even when it does not contribute markedly to the reliability or function of the pr

42、oduct it must be " right" for the customer. Electrical processes can contribute in many ways to improving finish and is a field of application in which many technological changes have taken place in recent years. The finish on hand tools is by no means an insignificant factor in their sale

43、s appeal. It also needs to be durable to survive the rough usage to which the tool will be exposed . One major hand tool manufacturer sought to increase his productivity while maintaining at least the same level of quality he was obtaining with his existing methods. Dipping and spraying methods were

44、 considered but the former suffered from paint runs on the lettering cast into the handles and the latter required too high a labor force.The solution was finally found to be an electrophoretic painting process. This is an electric painting process operating on similar principles to electro-plating

45、.The five principle advantages found with this metho d are :1. Good control of film thickness;2. Even deposition over the whole surface;3 . Freedom from runs and sags;4 . Efficient utilization of paint ;5. Freedom fro m solvent washing in box sections .Although this new painting method gives an attr

46、active finish befitting a quality engineer's tool, costs have been reduced primarily because of the reduction in the labor force required. Previously the finishing process required nine operators, now, one woman loads and another unloads after the final stoving operations. The foregoing examples

47、 show not only the part electricity is playing in helping to achieve quality and reliability " right first time ", but also the help which is available from the electricity supply industry in seeking to apply electricity in the most efficient and advantageous way.assessing the problemDevel

48、opments i n established types o f manufacturing equipment and the introduction of new techniques utilizing electricity are constantly takin g place. These are occurring at a rate which makes it difficult if not impossible for those concerned with the problems of Q & R in design and manufacture t

49、o note and assess all these changes in the light of their own requirements .While Q & R Year is concerned with maintaining or improving the quality and reliability in present day methods of working, the problems of increasing production will also have to be met by many companies. While it is tru

50、e that improvements in productivity could follow naturally from reduced scrap and wastage due to " right first time" manufacture,a company's Q & R team must nevertheless , also ensure that any planned increase in output from existing production lines does not produce a correspondin

51、g fall in quality. In some cases completely new thinking on the production technique may be necessary to achieve the necessary in productivity with the same or an improved quality of product.Many companies have,or are planning to appoint,quality and reliability engineers,or an executive with general

52、 responsibility for matters affecting Q & R within the company. These men will require information and advice on matters which are outside their own field of expertise. While many of the large companies employ specialists in various fields, there is often a lack of horizontal communication with

53、in the company which prevents adequate dissemination of their knowledge. As a result, the responsibility for giving advice will often fall on those members of the company staff who are already heavily committed to solving day-to-day production problems, and can rarely spare sufficient time to keep a

54、dequately up-to-date with new techniques.Electricity plays a prominent part in modern production methods, both in newly introduced techniques and in developments of long established methods. It follows then that a worthwhile contribution to industry would be the giving of assistance to ensure that e

55、xisting and future applications of electrical energy were applied i n the most advantageous and efficient manner. Such help is freely available from the electricity supply industry through its Industrial Advisory Service .electricity' s service to industryThe progressive prosperity of an industr

56、ialized country can be measured by its expanding use of energy and, in particular, electricity. For the year 1965-1966, 65,000,000,000 units of electricity were supplied to British industry. This figure, while still not comparing on an energy per worker basis as favorably as some other highly indust

57、rialized countries wit h which we compete for trade, does show the significant contribution made by electricity to industrial output. The Industrial Advisory Service offered by the electricity supply industry is designed to help all industrial consumers to utilize this power in the most efficient wa

58、y and to advise them on any matters affecting their present and future use of electricity. The Advisory Service, which is constantly being extended , is available in many forms to suit the varying types of demand made upon it.PublicationsInformation concerning the application o f electrical energy i

59、s contained in a wide range of publications which are available through the Electricity Boards. Most of these are issued by The Electricity Council and are designed to provide the busy executive with the information he wants in an easily readable and understandable form. These are invaluable aids to

60、 people wishing to obtain factual information on a specific subject. Items of general interest are contained in a quarterly news-sheet , " Electrified Production " ,freely distributed by Electricity Boards to industrialists on request.personal contactIn addition, advice and information on specific problems in