语言逻辑PI【LanguageandLogic

1、Language and Logic: Introduction 语言与逻辑 语言逻辑（现代语言学+现代逻辑学; interdisplinary course跨学科课程; cross-discipline交叉学科） 语言逻辑的英文名称： Logic of Language Logic of Natural Language Language and Logic Logic in Linguistics语言逻辑 What is language? A purely human and non-instinctive非本能的 method of communicating ideas, emoti

2、ons and desires by means of借助于 voluntarily自发的 produced symbols. -Sapir What is language? The institution whereby机构 humans communicate and interact相互影响 with each other by means of habitually习惯地 used oral-auditory口头听觉 arbitrary任意的 symbols. -Hall What is language? A set (finite有限的 or infinite) of sente

3、nces, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. -Chomsky What is language? A system of arbitrary vocal声音的 symbols used for human communication. -A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of EnglishWhat is language?Main features of language1. Systematic有系统的2. Symbo

4、lic3. Arbitrary4. Primarily vocal5. Human specific人类特异6. Used for communication What is language? Language is game, a form of life, the limit of language is the limit of the world. Ludwig Wittgenstein（路德维希（路德维希维特根斯坦，维特根斯坦，18891951）出生于）出生于奥地利奥地利，后入英国籍。，后入英国籍。哲哲学家学家、数理逻辑数理逻辑学家。学家。语言哲学语言哲学的奠基人，的奠基人，20世

5、纪最有影响的哲学家之一。世纪最有影响的哲学家之一。 Logisch-Philosophische 哲学Abhandlung （Wittgenstein，1921）1. 世界是所有发生的一切情况。2. 发生的情况(事实)，就是事态的存在。 3. 事实的逻辑图像是思想。4. 思想是有意义的命题。5. 命题是基本命题的真值函数。6. 真值函数的一般形式是P,S, N (S)，这也是命题的一般形式。 7. 对于不可说的东西我们必须保持沉默。 总结：逻辑图像论，逻辑实证思想总结：逻辑图像论，逻辑实证思想 What is language? Language is the house of Being.

6、Martin Heidegger (马丁海德格尔,18891976)，德国哲学家，20世纪存在主义哲学的创始人和主要代表之一。 Classifications 类别of Language Natural language vs. formal language Written language vs. spoken language Object对象 language vs. metalanguage语言分析用的语言/元语言 Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal language Natural language exi

7、sts for thousands of years, nobody knows who designed the language( such as English, Chinese, German,etc.). All natural languages are highly ambiguous. Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal language NL includes an abundance of vague and indefinite phrases and statements that lead t

8、o imprecision不精确. (1) They are cooking apples(2) He made her duck.(3) He saw the general 全体的with the binocular双筒望远镜.(4) 烟台和威海大部分地区普降大雪。(5) 南京市长江大桥。 He made her duck忽然低下头. I caused her to quickly lower her head or body Grammar: “duck” can be a noun (waterfowl水禽) or a verb (move body) I cooked waterfo

9、wl belonging to her. Grammar: “her” can be a possessive占有 (“of her”) or dative与格 (“for her”) pronoun代词 I made the (plaster石膏) duck statue鸭的雕像 she owns Meaning: “make” can mean “create” or “cook”He made her duck. Grammar: Make can be: Transitive带宾语: (verb has a noun direct object) I cooked waterfowl

10、belonging to her Ditransitive双宾语的: (verb has 2 noun objects) I made her (into) undifferentiated 无差别的 waterfowl make into 使成为 Action-transitive动作宾语 (verb has a direct object and another verb) I caused her to move her bodyContext语境 to the rescue救援 Q1: What did you cook for Mary last night? A1: I made

11、her duck. Q2: Where did Mary get that great plaster石膏 duck? A2: I made her duck.He made her duck. I cooked waterfowl for her benefit为她着想 (to eat). I cooked waterfowl belonging to her. I created the plaster duck she owns. I caused her to quickly lower her head or body. I waved my magic hand and turne

12、d her into a waterfowl. Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal language Formal language is a kind of artificial人造的 language used for language analysis and formal reasoning推理. Artificial languages are synthesized综合 by logicians 逻辑学家 and computer scientists to meet some specific desig

13、n criteria标准. Individual constants(个体常项)： a, b, c, ; Individual variable (个体变项)： x, y, z, ; Funciton (函数符号)： f, g, h, ; Predicate (谓语符号)： F, G, H,; Logical connectives (逻辑联结词)： , , , ,. Technique symbols: 括号与逗号： ( ), , . Limitation局限 of FL:Gdels Incompleteness不完全 Theorem定理(一个充分大的形式系统，其一致性与完全性之间并不等价；

14、若该系统是一致的，则它是不完备的。)Paradox悖论 : A A (A) . I am telling a lie. Classifications of Language Natural language vs. formal languageLimitation of FL:Gdels Incompleteness TheoremParadox Fundamental logic includes:Mathmatical logic (classical logic): first order logic一阶逻辑, set theory集合论, recursion theory循环理论,

15、proof theory证明论, model theory模型理论.Modality logic模态逻辑, many-valued logic多值逻辑 Classifications of Language Written language vs. spoken language Semiotics vs Semiology （符号学） F. de Saussure (索绪尔)，Swiss linguist瑞士语言学家, father of modern linguistics, founder of semiotics and structuralism 构造主义 Langue 语言vs.

16、parole 假释(language vs. speech) Linguistic语言学的 sign=signifier信号物 +signified符号义 Classifications of Language object language vs. metalanguage An object language is a language which is the object of study in various fields including logic逻辑学,linguistics语言学,mathematics, and theoretical computer science.

17、The language being used to talk about an object language is called a metalanguage. An object language and a metalanguage are quite frequently mingled with each other. be mingled with夹杂 Classifications of Language object language vs. metalanguage 此处禁止张贴！ Classifications of LanguageNon-symbolic无符号 LSy

18、mbolic LNatural LartArtificial LAudio声音的 LBody LEnglish France Chinese German Russian Formal LNon-formal LEsperanto 世界语Threefold三部分 facects 方面of language study: Syntax句法规则 is the study of the formal relation of one sign符号 with another， Semantics 词义学deals with the relation of signs to what they denot

19、e指示, and Pragmatics 语用学addresses处理 the relation of signs to their users and interpreters解释者. Threefold facects of language study: Syntax 句法规则 This boy must seem装作 incredibly很 stupid to that girl. Colourless green ideas sleeps furiously 无色的绿色的念头狂怒地在睡觉. Semantics词义学 He decides on the ship.他决定在船上 Pragm

20、atics语用学 The gun is loaded 加载.枪已上膛Fun time A joke: Three logicians walk into a bar. The bartender酒吧间男招待 asks “Does everyone want beer?” The first logician says “I dont know”, the second says “I dont know”, the third says “Yes.”A riddle谜语: You can take away the whole and still have some left. You can take away some and still have the whole left. What is it? Logic A way of thinking about thinking. It is the study of certain specif