功能材料1：绪言

1、电电化化光光生生机机磁磁热热电电功能材料：电（电子）的核心地位功能材料：电（电子）的核心地位第一章第一章 综综述述第二章第二章 功能材料基功能材料基础础第三章第三章 半半导导体制造技体制造技术术第四章第四章 能源材料能源材料1897JJ. Thomson 发现电子发现电子Thomsons Tube for demonstrating that cathode rays are deflected by an electric field. I can see no escape from the conclusion that cathode rays are charges of negat

2、ive electricity carried by particles of matter. 19001850 1897发现电子发现电子1900195019502000量子量子 1905光电子光电子1940193019201910 1948晶体管晶体管 1880压电晶体压电晶体1860187018801890 1952单晶硅单晶硅压电陶瓷压电陶瓷1960197019801990红宝石红宝石激光器激光器光纤光纤半导体半导体激光器激光器STMSTMMaxwell 电磁学理论电磁学理论19581958 IC1927 TV1986高温超导高温超导 1906电子管电子管 1896无线电报无线电报炭纳米

3、管炭纳米管固体量子固体量子力学力学量子力学量子力学18871887电磁波电磁波 1876电话电话电子电子时代时代C60 1945计算机计算机2005硅激光硅激光19001850 1897发现电子发现电子 1880压电晶体压电晶体1860187018801890Maxwell 电磁学理论电磁学理论 1896无线电报无线电报18871887电磁波电磁波 1876电话电话1830 Bravais晶体点阵晶体点阵1895居里定理居里定理19001950量子量子 1905光电子光电子1940193019201910 1948晶体管晶体管压电陶瓷压电陶瓷1927 TV 1906电子管电子管固体量子固体量子

4、力学力学1926量子力学量子力学电子电子时代时代 1945计算机计算机1928Bloch 定律定律19502000 1952单晶硅单晶硅1960197019801990红宝石红宝石激光器激光器光纤光纤半导体半导体激光器激光器STMSTM19581958 IC1986高温超导高温超导炭纳米管炭纳米管C602005硅激光硅激光量子阱量子阱超晶格超晶格量子阱量子阱激光器激光器1902Lorentz / Zeemanthe influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena. 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenardon ca

5、thode rays. 1906 Thomsondiscovery of electron1918Planckdiscovery of energy quanta. 1919Starkdiscovery of the Doppler effect in in electric fields. 1921 Einstein discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect. 1922Bohr the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them. 1923Millikanele

6、mentary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect. 1925Hertzdiscovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom. 1926Jean Baptiste Perrindiscovery of sedimentation equilibrium. 共有近共有近40项诺贝尔奖直接与电子有关！项诺贝尔奖直接与电子有关！1927Compton discovery of the effect of Comton. Charles Tho

7、mson Rees Wilsonmaking the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour. 1928Owen Willans Richardsonthermionic phenomenon discovery of the Richardson law1929Prince Louis-Victor Pierre /Raymond de Broglie discovery of the wave nature of electrons. 1930Venkatathe scatterin

8、g of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect1933 Schrodingerdiscovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. 1936Victor Franz Hessdiscovery of cosmic radiation. Andersondiscovery of the positron. 1937Davissondiscovery of the diffraction 1948Blackett nuclear physics and cosmic radiation. 1

9、954 Paulingthe nature of the chemical bond1955Willis Eugene Lambdiscoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum. Kuschprecision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron. 1958Alekseyevichdiscovery of the Cherenkov effect. 1960Glaserthe invention of the bubble chamber. 1

10、964Townesquantum electronics, maser-laser principle. 1973 Esakitunneling phenomenaJosephsonJosephson effects. 1977Andersonelectronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. 1982 Klugcrystallographic electron microscopy and nuclei acid-protein complexes. 1983Taube the mechanisms of electron tra

11、nsfer reactions, especially in metal complexes. 1986Ernst Ruska FR fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope. Ernst Ruska FR design of the scanning tunneling microscope. Heinrich Rohrer-do-1990Jerome I. Friedmaninelastic scattering of electrons on proto

12、ns and bound neutrons, 1991Richard R. Ernsthigh resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 1992Rudolph A. Marcusthe theory of electron transfer reactions电子管与电子管计算机电子管与电子管计算机1948年贝尔实验室发明晶体管年贝尔实验室发明晶体管The first monolithic integrated circuit, about the size of a finger tip, was documente

13、d and developed at Texas Instruments by Jack Kilby in 1958. The IC was a chip of a single Ge crystal containing one transistor, one capacitor, and one resistor. 世界上第一个集成电路世界上第一个集成电路（1958）电子管电子管（ 1906 ）与晶体管与晶体管（ 1948 ）电子管电子管1910 晶体管晶体管1950 电子技术的发展电子技术的发展 集成电路集成电路 1958 安腾安腾2 200340 million transistors

14、19701978 STM原理图原理图金属金属Ni表面的表面的Ni 原子排列原子排列19822004Intel researchers test the laser chip - the beam exits through the thin optical fiber on the right. The worlds first silicon chip capable of producing a high-quality continuous laser beam. Eight lasers are built into a single chip.Nature, 2005,2005从石英

15、砂到封装从石英砂到封装IC,IC,增值一千万倍增值一千万倍! !（x 10 x 107 7）Sand $0.03/kgBare wafer $1200/kgProcessed wafer $1200/kgChip $100,000/kgPacked IC$300,000/kg狭义：电子、微电子、光电子材料狭义：电子、微电子、光电子材料 广义：广义： 功能材料功能材料芯片材料：衬底材料、栅结构材料、纯化材料、芯片材料：衬底材料、栅结构材料、纯化材料、互连材料互连材料传递材料：传递材料：光纤光纤存储材料存储材料: 光盘、磁盘光盘、磁盘 VCD CD, DVD传感材料：半导体敏感材料：传感材料：半导

16、体敏感材料：气敏气敏、光敏、热敏、光敏、热敏、显示材料显示材料: CTR, LCD, LED, PDP, TFT能源材料：锂电池、太阳能电池、燃料电池能源材料：锂电池、太阳能电池、燃料电池芯片材料：衬底材料、栅结构材料芯片材料：衬底材料、栅结构材料 纯化材料、纯化材料、互连材料互连材料3-DviewofthestructureofanICchipshowingthedifferentlevelsofmetal interconnects.Thedielectricisnotshownherebutitshouldbefillingupalltheemptyspacearoundtheinter

17、connects.200nm传递材料：传递材料：光纤光纤1. Optical fiber2. Filling3.Loose tube4.Center Strength Member5.Cable core Protection6.Moisture Barrier7.Inner Sheath polyethylene8.Mechanical Protection 9.Outer Sheath10.fillerDiagram of total internal reflection in an optical fiber 光纤与金属导线相比光纤与金属导线相比更便宜更便宜更细、更轻更细、更轻更大容量

18、更大容量信号质量更高（无干扰）信号质量更高（无干扰）耗能更低耗能更低更适合计算机网络更适合计算机网络更安全更安全光缆正在越来越多得光缆正在越来越多得替代金属导线替代金属导线光纤的制备MCVD process for making the preform blank Diagram of a fiber drawing tower used to draw optical glass fibers from a preform blank CDFormatCapacityApprox. Movie TimeSingle-sided/single-layer4.38 GB2 hoursSingle

19、-sided/double-layer7.95 GB4 hoursDouble-sided/single-layer8.75 GB4.5 hoursDouble-sided/double-layer15.9 GBOver 8 hours电电化化光光生生机机磁磁热热电电功能材料：电（电子）的核心地位功能材料：电（电子）的核心地位电电热热半导体热敏材料半导体热敏材料PTC NTC CTR电热材料电热材料热释电材料热释电材料电电化化气敏材料气敏材料芯片化半导体敏感 Breath Alcohol Tester Portable Gas Detector/monito Thehandheldreader

20、analyzesthecolorchangesinthesensorarraytoquicklymonitortheenvironmentforexplosivechemicals.Sniffing out Shoe Bombs: A New and Simple Sensor for Explosive ChemicalsPostdoctoral researcher Hengwei Lin have developed a colorimetric sensor array that can quantitatively detectevenverylowlevelsofTATPvapor

21、 - down to a mere 2 parts per billion. They wrote about their findings in an article published in the JournaloftheAmericanChemicalSociety.电电机机压电材料压电材料压电陶瓷 BaTiO3压电马达、 单晶硅单晶硅多晶硅多晶硅（压阻效应）（压阻效应）力敏电阻、加速度力敏电阻、加速度传感器传感器 Si应变片应变片Miniature ultrasonic motor A Micro Ceramics actuator电电光光半导体光电材料半导体光电材料GaAs, LE

22、D电致发光材料电致发光材料薄膜发光材料薄膜发光材料电致变色材料电致变色材料介电材料介电材料BaTiO3基 电电电电绝缘材料绝缘材料Al2O3SiO2电电磁磁磁性材料磁性材料铁氧体铁氧体软磁、硬磁软磁、硬磁 电电生生生物芯片生物芯片生物生物 传感器传感器A great amount of information can be obtained from a sample of fungal cells. In this example, the spores have been labelled with three different probes- GREEN Fluorescent Pro

23、tein targeted to DNA, BLUE fluorescent dye labels the cell wall andRED fluorescence is a membrane probe. Thus, we can measure multiple targets simultaneously, e.g. membrane dynamics, DNA replication etc. 人工合成陶瓷三维超晶格结构人工合成陶瓷三维超晶格结构(Nature,2004)A series of scanning electron microscope pictures of the

24、spinning rotor of a nanomotor fabricated in the lab of UC Berkeley physicist Alex Zettl. The entire electric motor is about 500 nanometers across, 300 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. 电子元件的片式化、超微化电子元件的片式化、超微化1mm0.5500层层层厚层厚1um高分子膜芯片高分子膜芯片Fig.1: Outline of the patented Karlsruhe gradi

25、ent microarray.a) Front side with the gas sensitive metal oxide (mox) film divided into 38 sensor segments by 39 electrode strips. Two temperature sensors are placed adjacent to the mox film, one above and one below it. b) Rear side with four heating meanders. In the middle, the gradient technique i

26、s depicted: By applying a temperature and a thickness gradient of the gas permeable SiO2 coating across the array, each sensor segment receives a gradually different gas selectivity compared to adjacent segments. Detection Specifications:NH3, H2S, xylene, acrolein 10 vppb Ethyl alcohol, methanol, ac

27、etone, ethyl acetate, toluene, DMF, NO2, SO2 100 vppb Methane, propane, benzene, CO 1 vppm CCl4, CHCl3, C2HCl3 100 vppmMicro-Nose: Key Technology for Intelligent Systems:Chemical Sensor- Gas Detector for countless applications and nearly all gases Process Control, Quality Assurance, Indoor Air Monit

28、orig, Fire Detection Micro-Design with Karlsruhe Micronose KAMNIA Chip Compact Electronic Detector based on a Gradient Micro Array Concept Universally Integrable Gas Analytical Tool for Household and Industry Immediate Characterizing of Chemical States 目前硅单晶的制备水平: 99.999999999%, 400mm graphenegraphitefullerenenanotubeNobel Prize in Physics 2010 Geim and NovoselovThey used Scotch t