北极航线英文

1、Polar route杜昌林杜昌林071150109Words and expressions 1. region n. 区域；（大气）层，界，境； 2. buffer n.缓冲器；vt.缓冲 3. navigational adj.航行的，航海的 4. obstacle n.障碍物 5. inadequate adj.不充足的；不适当的 6. coordinate vt.使协调；整合；vi.协调 7. hemisphere n. 地球的半球 8. nonstop adj.直达的；不停的； 9. capability n.才能，能力 10. strand vt.使陷于困境，使搁浅 11. cr

2、uise vi.巡游；漫游；巡航 12. stratosphere n.气平流层，同温层；最上层Background Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, then the Soviet Union joined the anti-fascist allies, so the British Prime Minister Churchill announced to support and aid to the Soviet union. At that time, there were three ways to carry war supplies to the

3、 Soviet Union: the railway between the Persian Gulf and Iran; the Pacific route between Tsugaru Strait and soya-kaikyo Strait; The Arctic route. Due to various reasons, former two ways were very limited, most supplies must use the Arctic route . All the time since, the air line flying over Arctic is

4、 the shortest route to link Asia, Europe and North America three continents. A polar route refers to an aircraft route across the uninhabited polar ice cap region.极地航线指的是飞过极地无人的冰层覆盖区的航线。 The American Federal Aviation Administration defines the North Polar area of operations as the area lying north o

5、f 78 deg north latitude, which is entirely north of Alaska and most of Siberia.美国联邦航空管理局定义北极运营区为北纬78度以上的地区，包含整个阿拉斯加的北部和大部分的西伯利亚。The term polar route was originally more general, being applied to great circle routes between Europe and the west coast of North America in the 1950s.术语“极地路线”最初很普遍,被应用在指19

6、50年代欧洲和北美西海岸的大圆航线。 Korean Air Lines Flight 902 was shot down in the USSR in 1978 after the crew made gross navigational errors attempting to fly the assigned polar route. 1978年，大韩航空902号班机在试图飞预设的北极航线造成严重的飞行错误后被苏联击落。 Routine transpolar flight deep into the Arctic became possible only after the end of

7、the Cold War, when the United States and Russia became less concerned about the possibility of a trans-polar attack. 只有在冷战结束后，穿越北极的航空路线深入到北极才成为可能，当美国和俄罗斯减少对横穿北极的攻击顾虑时。Aircraft such as the Boeing 747-400 and the Airbus A340, with ranges of around 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km), were also required t

8、o handle the distances between suitable airports. 就是像波音747-400和空中客车A340，续航距离大约7000海里（13000公里）这样的飞机也需要在合适的机场间控制好距离。 The main obstacle to flights across Russia was the inadequate Russian air traffic control system and a lack of English communication. To solve these issues RACGAT (Russian-American Coor

9、dinating Group for Air Traffic) was formed in 1993. 对穿过俄罗斯的航班来说最大的障碍就是不完善的俄罗斯空中交通控制系统和英语交流的欠缺。为了解决这些问题， 1993年成立空中交通管制 俄/美协调组 。By summer 1998 the Russian government gave permission to open four cross-polar routes, named Polar 1, 2, 3 and 4. Cathay Pacific flew the first polar flight into Siberia in J

10、uly 1998. 到1998年夏天，俄政府给出了打开四条飞越北极航路的许可，并命名北极航线1,2,3,4号。国泰航空有限公司1998年7月在飞往西伯利亚时飞出了第一个北极的航班。 1998年7月6日清晨，国泰航班CX889由美国纽约肯尼迪国际机场起飞，不停站飞越北极上空直达香港赤鱲角的香港国际机场，其飞经航线是polar route 2.Polar routes are now in common use by airlines connecting Asian cities such as Bangkok, Beijing, Colombo, Dubai, Hong Kong, New D

11、elhi, Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo to North American destinations such as New York, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, and Washington. 极地航线现在广泛应用于连接亚洲城市如曼谷（泰国首都），北京，科伦坡（斯里兰卡首都），迪拜，香港，新德里（印度城市），首尔，新加坡和东京等与美国北部的目的地，例如纽约，芝加哥，底特律，休斯顿，洛杉矶，旧金山，多伦多和华盛顿等。 Antarctica the southern

12、hemisphere, most intercity pairs do not result in a great circle route over Antarctica. Although direct flights between South Africa and New Zealand would overfly Antarctica, there never have been direct flights between those countries. 南极洲南极洲 在南半球，大部分城市间的合作还不能形成南极洲上空的大圆航线。尽管南非和新西兰之间有直飞班机，到目前很多那些国家还

13、未有直飞航班。 Operational considerationsThe FAAs policy letter Guidance for Polar Operations (March 5, 2001) outlines a number of special requirements for polar flight,极地飞行的特别要求极地飞行的特别要求联邦航空局2001年3月5号的政策文件“极性操作指导”列出题纲，包含许多极地航班的特殊要求，This includes two cold-weather suits, special communication capability, de

14、signation of arctic diversion airports and firm recovery plans for stranded passengers, and anti fuel freeze strategy and monitoring requirements 它包括两套寒冷天气专用装备（例如煤油炉、寒衣、毛毯、高热量的干粮等），很高的交流能力，北极转移机场的指定，还有增强救援陷于困境乘客的计划，抗燃油结冰战略以及监控要求。 Jet fuel freeze temperatures range between -40 and -50 C. These temper

15、atures are frequently encountered at cruise altitude throughout the world with no effect since the fuel retains heat from lower elevations, but the intense cold and extended duration of polar flights may cause fuel temperature to approach its freezing point. 航空涡轮发动机燃料结冰温度范围在-40至-50C. 这些温度在全世界的巡航高度怎么

16、努力都会频繁的遇到，因为燃油从较低的海拔就保持高温了。但是极地航班的严寒和扩大的持续可能引起燃油温度达到它的冰点。 Modern long-distance airliners are equipped to alert flight crew when fuel temperatures reach these levels. The crew must then change altitude, though in some cases due to the low stratosphere over polar regions and its inversion properties t

17、he air may actually be somewhat warmer at higher altitudes. 现代长距离大型客机都配备当燃油温度达到这个范围就警告航班机组的装置。航班机组必须改变高度，尽管在一些情况下由于极地区域的低同温层和它的倒置性能，在较高高度的空气实际上可能多少会温暖些。 Questions1. When did routine transpolar flight deep into the Arctic become possible ?2. How did RACGAT come into being ?3. What are the special requirements for polar flight ?Answers1. Only when after the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia became less concerned about the possibility of a trans-polar attack.2. To solve issues such as the inadequate Russian air traffic control system and a lack of Englis