英语语法 relative clause

1、 The glow of the setting sun is splendid; its a pity that dusk is fast approaching. 夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。 Home is where you can find love and care. 家是你能够得到爱和关怀的地方。 今日事，今日毕。 Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Heaven helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。 He laughs best who laughs

2、 last. Spring is a time when youth dreams and old age remembers. 春天是青年人梦想将来和老年人缅怀过去的季节。 夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏。 The glow of the setting sun is splendid; its a pity that dusk is fast approaching. 家是你能够得到爱和关怀的地方。 Home is where you can find love and care. 今日事，今日毕。 Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today

3、. 自助者天助。 Heaven helps those who help themselves. 谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。 He laughs best who laughs last. 春天是青年人梦想将来和老年人缅怀过去的季节。 Spring is a time when youth dreams and old age remembers. 1. Types of relative clauses 2. The choice of relative words 3. Ellipsis of relative words (略 p.577-579) 4. The clauses intro

4、duced by preposition + relative pronoun 5. The double relative clauses and embedded relative clauses (双重关系分句和 嵌入式关系分句) A relative clause serves as an attribute to a noun or pronoun in the main clause. The noun or pronoun is called the antecedent. The clause is often placed after the antecedent and i

5、ntroduced by relative words. Relative clauses are divided into restrictive and nonrestrictive ones. Compare: Were looking for a pub that serves food. Mr. White, whose home is not far from here, is a doctor. A restrictive relative clause gives essential information about the meaning of the antecedent

6、. It is not separated from the head by a break in intonation, or by a comma in writing. A non-restrictive relative clause adds extra information, separated by commas in writing, and intonation in speaking. Relative words include relative pronouns, and relative adverbs. Relative pronouns： who, whom,

7、whose, that, which, as Relative adverbs: when, where, why1.The man _ came to our school is Mr. Wang. ( )2.The girl _ I met is Lucy. ( )3.A child _ parents are dead is called Tom. ( )4.I like the book _ you bought yesterday. ( ) 主语 宾语定语宾语who/ that(whom) whose(which/that)5. His parents wouldnt let him

8、 marry anyone _ family was poor. ( )6. I like the person to_ you just talked. ( )7. We shall never forget the days _ we spent together. ( )8. We shall never forget the days _ we lived together. ( )9. Cars, _ cause pollution, should be banned. ( ) 定语 介宾 宾语状语主语whose whom(that)whenwhichThe choice of a

9、relative word depends on: whether the clause is restrictive or non-restrictive whether the head of the noun phrase is personal or non-personal what the role of the relative word is within the relative clause 1. 指物时只用that或which的情况 2. 指人时that和who的的区别 3. The choice of relative pronouns and relative adv

10、erbs 4. The usage of “whose” and its transformation 5. “preposition + relative pronoun” 6. How to distinguish between “as” and “which” 7. Subject-verb concord in restrictive clauses 1. Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen. 2. There is little _ I can do to make up for the lost time. 3

11、. The weather turned out to be good, _ was more than we could expect. 4. He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. 5. We talked about the things and persons _ we saw then. 6. A plane is a machine _ can fly. 7. Who _ has worked with you as long as

12、I have does not know the tenderness of your heart? thatthatthatthatthatwhichwhich只用只用that，不用，不用which的情况：的情况：1. 先行词为不定代词先行词为不定代词all, little, few, much, no, none, any, anything, everything, nothing。e.g. Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen.2.先行词被先行词被the only，the very，the last, the s

13、ame等修饰时，用等修饰时，用that。e.g. He is the only person that I want to see now.3.先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时, 用用that。e.g. This is the best book (that) Ive ever read.4. 先行词同时指人和指物时，用先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。e.g. We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.5.先行词为表语先行词为表语, 或关系代词作从句的表语时或关系代词作从句的表语时

14、, 用用that。e.g. A plane is a machine that can fly.Mr. Smith had unmarked him for the imposter that he was.6. 疑问代词作先行词时疑问代词作先行词时, 需用需用that。what作先行词时作先行词时, 也用也用that。e.g. Who that has worked with you as long as I have does not know the tenderness of your heart? 7. 主句以主句以there开头时。开头时。e.g. There is little

15、that I can do to make up for the lost time. 8. “That” is often used instead of “which” in speech.e.g. Is this the house （that） you bought?思考思考: that 在关系分句和名词性分句中的用法有何区别？在关系分句和名词性分句中的用法有何区别？That cant be used to introduce Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses .which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词,也

16、可也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。是整个主句或主句的某一部分。e.g. 1. She heard a terrible noise, _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. it B. which C. this D. that 2. The weather turned out to be good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it BB That cant be used after a preposition. e.g. 1. He paid the bo

17、y $10 for washing the windows, most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year. A. these B. those C. that D. which 2. In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _ she could turn for help. A. that B. who C. from whom D. to whomD D When the antecedent is “that” . e.g. The clock is that _ tells t

18、he time. A. those B. it C. that D. which D 指人时用who不用不用 that的情况：先行词是one, ones, those, anyone, he, she, they, I时。 Put in that or who? He laughs best _ laughs last. Those _ want to go to the computer room write your name here.whowho We shall never forget the days _ we spent together. ( ) We shall never

19、 forget the days _ we lived together. ( ) The house _ we visited is being repaired now. The house _ Luxun once lived is being repaired now. He has reached the point _ a change is needed. 他已到了改弦更张的地步。宾语宾语状语状语wherewherewhenthatthat where的先行词也可是有的先行词也可是有地点含义的抽象名词地点含义的抽象名词。e.g. He has reached the point

20、where a change is needed. 他已到了改弦更张的地步。 类似的先行词还有：类似的先行词还有：case, situation, scene where 可用可用in which代替。代替。e.g. Let me think of a proper situation _this sentence can be used. A. where B. that C. of whom D. which Do you know the woman whose husband is a doctor? They live in a house, whose door opens to

21、the south. whose的先行词的先行词指物指物时，可转换为时，可转换为“ of +关系代词关系代词”型，如：型，如： They lived in a house, of which the door opens to the south. They lived in a house, the door of which open to the south.Fill in the blanks with proper prepositions:1. The sun gives us heat and light, _ which we cant live.2. The student

22、_ whom we were talking just now is the best student in our class.3. Ill never forget the day _ which she said good-bye to me.4. Who can give me the reason _ which he hasnt turned up yet? foraboutonwithout关系代词前关系代词前介词介词的确定的确定:1） 根据从句中根据从句中动词动词与与先行词先行词的的逻辑关系逻辑关系，请体会：，请体会：e.g. Is that the newspaper for

23、 which you often write articles?2）根据从句中）根据从句中动词动词或或形容词形容词的的习惯搭配习惯搭配，如：，如：e.g. Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im not sure？3） 根据根据先行词先行词与与介词介词的的搭配习惯搭配习惯，请体会：，请体会：e.g. 1949 was the year in which the P.R.C. was founded.4） 非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可非限制性定语从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用用“数词数词/

24、/代词代词 + of + + of + 关系代词关系代词”的结构，如：的结构，如：e.g. There are 50 students in our class, two- thirds of whom have been to Beijing.1. _ we all know, the earth is round.2. Such books _ you tell me are interesting.3. I have the same plan _ you.4. She has married again, _ was expected.5. She has married again,

25、 _ was unexpected.6. She has been late again, _ was expected.7. Tom has made great progress, _ made us happy.Asasasasaswhich which两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用换，但下列情况多用as。1. 关系代词引导的关系代词引导的关系分句居句首时关系分句居句首时。e.g. As we all know, the earth is round.2. 当与当与such或或the same连用时，一般用连用时，一般用

26、as。e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting. I have the same plan as you.3. 当从句和主句语义一致时，用当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用，反之则用which。e.g. She has married again, as was expected. She has married again, which was unexpected.4. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如动语态，如 be known，be said，be reported等，等

27、，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。作主语。e.g. She has been late again, _ was expected. Tom has made great progress, _ made us happy.aswhichThis is the same pen _ I lost yesterday. A. as B. that C. the one D. A&BDCompare: I am not one who _ afraid of difficulty. Dont choose me, who_ not

28、fit for the job. 定语从句的定语从句的 verb 在人称和数方面应与它的在人称和数方面应与它的antecedent 保持一致。保持一致。isam Prague (布拉格) has an international flavor _ _is difficult to match. In the new Czech Republic（捷克共和国）, _ has only been in existence for a few years, Prague is the center of government, business and culture. It is the plac

29、e _ business people from all over the world converge. It is a cultural center _ has few equals. It is a city _ population has been through good times and bad times. It prefers the good times _ the Czech wine flows and Czech fine cuisine flourishes. 布拉格具有一种无可比拟的国际品味。对于刚成立几年的捷克共和国来说，布拉格是政治、经济和文化中心。它是其

30、他地区难以企及的文化中心。这个城市的人们历经沧桑巨变，目睹兴衰存亡。而这座城市更偏爱葡萄酒飘香四溢、佳肴久负盛名的盛事时光。whichwhichwherethatwhosewhen 双重关系分句双重关系分句：同一个先行项之后跟有两个关系分句。：同一个先行项之后跟有两个关系分句。 e.g. Youll easily find us, just look for a house whose windows need washing and whose fence needs repairing! There was one thing he told me which I dont know. c

31、.f. I gave him the book, which he thought was very useful. (he thought 为插入语） An embedded relative clause is a clause that functions both as the postmodifier of a noun phrase in the main clause and as the object of another inserted clause, that is to say, the relative clause is embedded in another cl

32、ause. e.g. She has an adopted child who she says was an orphan.1. Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday.2. Is that factory which your father once worked in?3. The man whom I spoke is from Canada.4. July 1,1999 is the day when well never forget._(去掉去掉)which_tothe one5. I still remember the holidays I stayed with them.6. Im going to work in the hospital where needs me.7. Those that havent been to the West Lake will gather at the school gate.8. I dont like the way which you