ContrastiveAnalysis语言学中的对比分析PPT课件

1、Contrastive AnalysisGroup Member：.第1页/共24页OutlineWhat is Contrastive Analysis/ Study/ Linguistics?What is the psychological basis of CA?What procedures should we adopt while conducting CA?What do we contrast / compare?第2页/共24页Definition An inductive investigative approach based on the distinctive el

2、ements in a language .It involves the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of language in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them . It could also be done within one language.CA can be both theoretical and applied according to varied purpose.第3页/共24页kindsInt

3、ralingualCross-linguistic/Interlingual Phonological interferenceSyntactic interferenceContrastive pragmatics第4页/共24页Kinds Intralingual -Analysis of contrastive phonemes. -Feature analysis of morph syntactic categories. -Analysis of morphemes having grammatical meaning -Analysis of word order第5页/共24页

4、Kinds Cross-linguistic/Interlingual -Comparative analysis of morph syntactic systems. -Comparative analysis of lexical semantics -Analysis of translational equivalence -Study of interference in foreign language learning第6页/共24页kindsPhonological interference -Those who cannot distinguish /n/and /l/ s

5、ound in Chinese cannot distinguish the two sounds in English , either第7页/共24页Kinds Contrastive pragmatics -Analysis needs to consider not only linguistic contrasts but also pragmatic contrasts such as the similarities and differences in the stylistic uses , cultures , and other communicative network

6、s.第8页/共24页Theoretical basesHeavily influenced by Structuralism and Behaviorism. The focus on CA is on the surface structure, including the phonology , morphology , syntax and discourse.Following behaviorism , CA emphasizes on transfer in language learning第9页/共24页 Basis assumptions L2 learning involv

7、es overcoming difficulties in the linguistic systems of the target language. The main difficulties in learning a L2 are caused by interference from the L1.CA can predict , or at least account for , difficulties in L2 learning. Teaching materials based on contrastive analysis can reduce the effects o

8、f interference and difficulties , and facilitate L2 learning.第10页/共24页Two types of transferPositive transfer : similar structure facilitate learning.L1 habits can successfully be used in the L2. Negative transfer: “interference” from the L1 . L1 habits will cause errors in the L2.第11页/共24页uThe proce

9、dures followed involve: 1) description (i.e. a formal description of the two languages was made such as distinctive features of each) 2) selection (i.e. certain areas or items of the two languages were chosen for detailed comparison such as phonology, syntax and lexicon) The lively chat was punctuat

10、ed by shouts and laughters. The lively chat was punctuated by shouts and bursts of laughter. 3) comparison (i.e. the identification of areas of difference and similarity)第12页/共24页Differences between Chinese and English: As for the same thing, Chinese and English give a different name because of thei

11、r different focus. Generally, black is equivalent to “黑”，and red is to “红”.“青睐” in Chinese means “like” and “favor” while greeneyed in English means “jealous”. “眼红” in Chinese is equivalent to green-eyed in English. Then, what does “red-eyed flight” mean?第13页/共24页Similarities in Chinese and English:

12、 There are some similarities in syntax, look at the following examples:一朝被蛇咬，三年怕井绳。 Once bitten, twice shy. 眼不见，心不烦。 Out of sight, out of mind.4) prediction (i.e. determining which areas were likely to cause errors) which is always considered as a failure of doing.第14页/共24页What we are going to do ne

13、xt is data collection. There are two types of data: 1) corpus-based data 2) introspective data Corpus-based data :a collection of materials that has been made for a particular purpose, such as a set of textbooks which are being analyzed and compared or a sample of sentences or utterances which are b

14、eing analyzed for their linguistic features.Introspective data:a kind of data involving the subject reflecting the kinds of decisions they make and the kinds of strategies they use while carrying out a task, and reporting them as they occur. 第15页/共24页Corpus-based data/ Introspective data Introspecti

15、ve data is based on intuition to make judgment, the judgment of sentimentality. Personal judgment may not always be reliable, but this procedure can not be abandoned because it is very convenient. So that is why everybody uses it. You can not mix the two data. You can only use one, either corpus-dat

16、a or introspective.第16页/共24页What do we contrast or compare? Can we improve our linguistic competence without systematically comparing our mother tongue and the target language? First, we must understand the meaning of a word while learning a foreign language. Second, we must learn its grammar while

17、learning a foreign language. Third, we should also be familiar with other aspects of language, such as semantics and pragmatics. Finally, we should know the target culture while learning a foreign language. 第17页/共24页Contrastive analysis on lexical level As Swedish linguist Ferdinand de Saussure says

18、, “Language is a system of mutually dependent lexical item, whose value can only be acquired from other lexical items. For example, the value of the word “bachelor” can only be generated from spinster, woman, and husband.” There are some collocations that are taken for granted. Now take “salary” as

19、an example: a big / high salary / fat salary a comfortable salary / a handsome salary low salaries / a small salary a modest salary 第18页/共24页Contrastive Analysis on Syntactic Level Humboldt, a German linguist, says that any sentence in any language has two levels: one is logic and the other is gramm

20、ar. Chinese language has much more coincidence in logic and grammar and it is more based on logic. There are many differences between Chinese and English in syntax. They are as follows: hypotactic(主从的) vs. paratactic（并列的）, grammatical principle vs. semantic principle subordination vs. coordination g

21、rammatical word order vs. pragmatic word order non-pro-drop vs. pro-drop （主语脱落）第19页/共24页 Take pro-drop and non-pro-drop as an example, Question: 开门了吗？ Answer: 开了 。 发现了错误，一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered. 看树看果实，看人看作为。 A tree is known by its fruit, and a man is known by his actio

22、n.第20页/共24页 Since English is a sort of analytical and grammatical language, it is more strict, stringent and definite even in agentless passive sentences. However, Chinese is quite different from English. It is vague, and depends heavily on context and semantics rather than on grammar. Since Chinese

23、 has no morphology, it is necessary for English learners of L2 Chinese to have the knowledge of pragmatics when understanding Chinese grammar. Otherwise, it will cause ambiguity or misunderstanding in meaning.第21页/共24页Contrastive Analysis on Macroscopic Level The difference between microscopic CA and macroscopic CA is that microscopic CA focuses on phonology, lexis, grammar, etc. while macroscopic CA focuses on text, and discourse. What is text? Text is not limited by its form; it can be spo