动词不定式、动名词

1、动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细内容1. 不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种：(1) 把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2) 用 it 作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： It + be +名词+ to doIt's our duty to take good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to doHow long did it take you to finish the work?

2、It + be +形容词+ for sb + to doIt is difficult for us to finish writing the compositionin a quarter of an hour. It + be +形容词+ of sb + to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays. It seems(appears)+形容词+ to doIt seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，女口： difficult,easy,ha

3、rd,important,impossible,necessary等；在句型中，常用 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is +形容词+ to do句式，如： It'skind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English.2. 动名词作主语Learning without practice

4、is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用 It 句式。如： It's +no good (no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing It's no good reading in dim light.It's no use sitting here waiting. It's +形容词+ doingIt's dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.则不适用于这种结构， 应用不而动名词作主语经常表示抽象这样用的形容词有 expensive,nice,tir

5、ing 等，但 important,necessary 定式代替，如： It'simportant for you to keep fit. There is no+doingThere is no saying what will happen next."It's impossible to"结构。在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于3. 动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别 不定式作主语经常表示具体动作， 常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起； 动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如：It's no good eating too much fat

6、.It's no good for you to eat so much fat. 动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如:It's no use your pretending that you didn't know the rules.二、作宾语1不定式作宾语下动词后只能跟不定式作宾语agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish 等，这

7、些词大部分可接 th at 引导的从句。 如：I decided to ask for my money back.I decided that I would ask for my money back.When our visit to the farm was over,we expected to startback on foot.When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that wewould start back on foot. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时， 先用形式宾语 it 代替不定式， 把不定式置于补语之后，即：

8、 主语 动 词 it 补语 to do 句式。如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor. 介词 but,except,besides+to do(do) 在这种句型中，如介词前有动词 do ，后面应接不带 to 的不定式；如无 do ，则接 to 不定式，即带 do 不带 to， 带 to 不带 do 。如：The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.On Sunday a

9、fternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.2. 动名词作宾语 以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，女口： admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don't mind,give up,insist,on, put off等。如：I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.You must give up smoking

10、, for it does too much harm toyour health. 动名词作介词的宾语I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home.What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如： have difficulty(in)doing,have no trouble(in)doing,lose no ti me(in)doing,prevent/stop(from)doing,there is no use(

11、in)doing 等。3. 部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。女口： begin,continue,start,hat e,like,love,need,require,want等。在need,require,want 后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Yourhandwr iting needs improving(tobe improved). hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。在下列情况下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love 前有 would(sho

12、uld) 时，如：rd like to have a cup of coffee. 当谓语动词 begin,continue,start 等是进行式时，如： Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem. begin,continue,start 与 know,understand等状态动词连用时，女如： I soon began to understandwhatwas happening.4. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补

13、足语。如： Our teachers don't permit our swimming in the lake.Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.5. 部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。 forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：Don't forget fo post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?R

14、emember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad. mean to do 打算做某事doing 意味着I meant to catch up with the early bus.This means wasting a lo

15、t of money. try to do设法尽力做某事doing 试着做某事You should try to overcome your shortcomings.Try working out the physics problem in another way. stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语）doing 停止做某事On the way to the airport,I stopped to buy a paper.You'd better stop arguing and do as you are told. can't help d

16、oing 禁不住to do不能帮助干They couldn't help jumping up at the news.Sorry I have lots of work to do.So I can't help to make up the room for you. go on to do做不同的事或不同内容的事doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。We'll go on fighting so long as there is oppression i

17、nthe world. leave off to do离开某地去干什么（目的状语）doing 停下某事It's time to leave off talking and to start acting.They left off to go fishing.三、做表语 不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties ofthe matter. What I

18、would suggest is to put off the meeting.当主语和表语都是不定式时， 其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以 what引导的名词性分句（例）不定式说明主语的内容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting.句动名词作表语，与主语部

19、分可以转换，如Serving thepeople is out work,而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态 区别开来。四、作定语1. 不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： The next train to arrive is from Washington. Have you anything to be taken to your sister? Do you have anything to say on the question? Would you please give me s

20、ome paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：(1) 表示将来的动作(例)。(2) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词(例)。(3) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态(例)；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态(例)。(4) 不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive 。2. 动名词作定语 This pass

21、age can be used as listening materials. The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. All moving bodies have energy.句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来的；第句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置 于 被修饰词之前， 与被修饰词之间， 可构成逻辑上的主谓关系， 分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。 如： The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua.五、不定式作补足语1. 作宾语补足语 一些及物动

22、词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才 相 对完整。(1) 常要求不定式作宾补的动词有： allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive (强迫)， encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,would like(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如： Would you like me to give your regards to Mary? I want you to understand the whole pass

23、age clearly.(2) 部分动词后常接 to be 形容词、 名词短语等形式， 有时 to be 可省略， 如： believe,consider,discov er,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understa nd 等。 We all believe John(to be)honest. I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No. 1 Middle School.但

24、当不定式是完成式时， to 不能省略，如： We consider him tohave been foolish.(3) 感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 I didn't hear anyone say anything about it. They make the students do too much homework every day.这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第句：Thestudents are made to do too muchhomeworkevery day.(4) help,know 后面的 "to" 可

25、有可无。如：Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?I've never known her(to)be late before.但： He was known to have been to France before.(5) 部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如：You may depend on them to be there early.The Party calls on us to increase production and practise economy.常这样用的短语动词有： ask for,care f

26、or,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for （渴望）， prepare for,wish for 等。2. 作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late. The young university student is considered to have great promise.六、不定式作状语1. 作目的状语（1） I stayed there to see what would happen. H

27、enry has decided to go to the hospital to be examinedby the doctor.（2）有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：Bob took down my telephone number so as（in order）not toforget it.有时为强调目的状语可把 in order to 或不定式置于句首，但 so as to 不能这样用。在这种句式中不定 式部 分可转换为 so that,in order that, 成为目的状语从句，如：I stayed there so that （in order

28、that）I could see whatwould happen.（3）在 部 分 表 示 感 情 色 彩 的 形 容 词 、 过 去 分 词 或 动 词 之 后 可 接 不 定 式 ， 如 ： astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 We are glad to hear the news. I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式， 用主动形式表示被动意义， 这种句型中的主语是

29、不定式的逻辑宾语。 如： The question raised by thestudent is difficult to answer.The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有： comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。2作结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如： so as to;such as toI

30、9;m not so stupid（a fool） as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。I'm not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. enough toThe speed is high enough for us to catch up with thefirst liner. only toJane hurried back only to find her mother dying inthehospital. too toI'm too tired to stay up l

31、onger.但在下列结构中， too 并非是“太而不能”之意。如： rm only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too 修饰 glad to have ，相当 于 very ） We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。3. 不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如：To tell the truth,the play was a great disappointment tome.常见的短语有 to be exact （确切地说） ， to begin with （首先）， to

32、 do him justice （说句对他公道的 话）， to be sure （真的）等等。七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法1. 疑问词+不定式结构疑问词 who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English we

33、ll. The question was where to get the medicine needed.how以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。女口：When we shall leave Icould learn 经常在这种结构中使用的动词有： consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder 等。2. 动词不定式的时态、语态（1）时态 一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：I hope to b

34、ecome a university student this year.（tobecome 发生在 hope 之后）We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play 和 hear 同时发生） 完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如：I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society. 进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：The teacher happened to be correcting

35、 our papers when Icame in.They seemed to be discussing something important.（2）语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作

36、宾语）Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）在 There be 结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things tot ake care of （to be taken care of）. 但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如： These is nothing to do now.（ We have nothing to do now.） There is nothing

37、 to be done now.（We can do nothing now.）3. 动名词的时态、语态（1）时态 一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之 前、之后。如：We are interested in collecting stamps.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the firsttime.We are not afraid of dying. 完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：Lmagine having travelled on the moon.We w

38、ere praised for having finished the work ahead of time.（2）被动语态如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者， 动名词要用被动语态， 动名词的被动语态有 一 般式与完成式之分。如：The young man came in without being noticed.He prided himself on having never been beaten in class.有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如：The bike needs repairing.If a thing is worth doing, it

39、 is worth doing well.4. 在口语中，为避免重复，常用"to"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如： Did you go to visit the Great Wall? No,I wanted to,but there wasn't enough time. Would you like to come to a party? I'd love to. Don't make any mistakes in your homework,will you? I'll try not to. Try to be bac

40、k by 12,won't you? OK,I'll try.另外， be going to,ought to,used to 等也常用于这一结构中。5. 在why引起的问句中，省略"to"。如：Why spend such a lot of money?Why not wait for a couple of days?6. 当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如：It's quite necessary for us to read more and have morepractice.7.

41、"to"在下列短语中是“介词”，后接动名词或名词形式。如：devote to,face up to（勇敢地面対ook forward to（盼望），object to （反对），take to （养 成习惯，对感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to （习惯于）等。动名词动名词是一种非谓语动词形式。它是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词 形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。1）动名词作主语：Talking like that is not polite.那样谈话不礼貌。2）动名词作表语Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。3）动名词作宾语

42、有些动词须用动名词来作宾语 ,它们是 begin, mind, suggest, finish,stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep.Please stop smoking in the house. She is found of collecting stamp.请不要在家里抽烟 她喜欢集邮。4) 动名词作定语She is studying in the reading room.她在阅览室学习。动名词的时态： 动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。I enjoy swimming in the big river.我喜欢在大

43、河里游泳。动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。Do you remember having promised me that? 你记得给我许愿了吗？ 动名词的被动形式：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动 形式来表示。His being looked down upon made him sick. 他被人冷落使他很伤感。 动名词的几个特殊情况：1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。能跟动名词的动词有 avoid, consider, delay,deny, dislike, endure, enjoy,

44、escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep,mind, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help等。能跟不定式的动词有 decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage 等。能跟动名词和不定式的动词有 love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt,

45、 propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start等 .动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的，一般性的 动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。I like to go with you.我想和你一块儿去。I like reading. 我喜欢阅读。2）remember, forget, regret 后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作， 后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。I remember meeting him in the street.我记得在街上见过他。I r

46、emember to write a letter to my parents.我想起来要给我父母亲写信。3）"stop + 动名词 " 表示停止动名词所表示的动作， "stop + 不定式 " 表示停下来做不定式所表示的动作。Stop smoking, please. 请不要抽烟 。Let's stop to have a rest.咱们停下来休息一下吧。4）动名词和分词的区别：动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词 作定语时，分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。reading text 阅读课文 动名词 devel

47、oping country 发展中国家 分词 a sleeping bag 睡袋 动名词 boiled water 开水 分词 动名词二1动名词由动词 + ing 构成，否定形式为 not doing ，具有动词和名词的性质，在句中起 名词作用，可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。1）作主语。如：Seeing is believing.Laying eggs is the ant queen'-tismfeuljlob.It is no use arguing with him. 注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定 式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动

48、作。如：Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. （指一具体动作）但在 It is no use/good, not any use/good, useless 等后常用动名词间或用不定式。2）作表语。如：Her job is teaching.3）作宾语。如：He is fond of playing football.I like swimming.t stand admit ， appreciate ， avoid ， consider ， delay ， dislike ， enj

49、oy ， escape ， excuse face ，feel ，like ，finish ， forgive ，give up ， imagine ， include ，keep ， mention ，mind miss ，practise ，put off ， resist ，risk ，suggest ，can't help （情不自禁）， can ' （无法忍受）等动词成词组后可以用动名词作宾语，但不能用不定式。 forget ， go on ，mean ， regret ， remember， stop ， try 等动词或词组可带动名词或不（让我们继续学第六课。说明

50、前面已学了一部分。）（让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。） 我记得做过练习。）定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。Let ' s go on studying Lesson 6.Let ' s go on to study Lesson 6. I remember doing the exercise.I must remember to do it.I tried not to go there.I tried doing it again.（我必须记着做这事。）（我设法不去那里。）我试着又干了一次。）Stop speaking. （不要讲话。）He stopped to talk.（他停下来讲话。）I mean to come early today.（我打算今天早些来。）Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。） 在 allow ， advise ， forbid ， permit 等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语，如果后面有名 词或代词作宾语，其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We don ' t allow smoking here.We don ' t all ow students to smoke. 动词 need ，r