英语词汇学复习

1、英语词汇学复习的内容:一、考试题形式分为：I .选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合，即知识点等。1-9cahptersH .填空(30分)：考定义概念。1-10chapters田.(20分)习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms:习语的特点IV .(10分)论述题：弟二早为王V .树形图(依据 上下义关系作图)(20分)：弟、八早二、教材内容简介三、复习内容Introduction 部分Lexicology 这门课算哪种学科的分支 :Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology 和那些重要的学科建立了联系：1)Morpholog

2、y 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology的两大方法：1) Diachronic approach :历时语言学2) Synchronic approach :共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？ Woman 的词义的变化是 Narrowing or specialization第一章词的概述；1.识记：词的定义2.声音与意义3.声音与拼写4.词汇5.词汇的分类What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。1)

3、A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类 (classification of a word)词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子

4、：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次戈U分为 manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次戈U分为 mis-和 fortuneblackmail 次划分为 black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ' no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat 2)The relationship between th

5、em is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as Engli

6、sh language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes 川ogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for thi

7、s is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changedmore rapidly than spelling over th

8、e years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3

9、) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音，拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是sound and form '不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular histor

10、ical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.Classification of Words (本课的一个重点)What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2)

11、By notion 3) By originBy use of frequency 可划分为:1) The basic word stock2) Nonbasic word vocabularyBy notion可划分为：1) Content word2) Functional wordContent words are also known as notional words . (Content wordsB勺另 U 称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称

12、)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stabilityAccording to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you What are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character2) Stability3)

13、Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability要把握住All national character-'的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通 的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？ e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knightStability is relative, not absolute.根据词的 use frequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作 None basic vocabulary,非

14、基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon )3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver是girl的sla

15、ng表达方式，但是二者之间存在着 Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ?Answer : Content words What is native words?Answer :(1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words br

16、ought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon words.(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of

17、the language什么叫 borrowed words?Answer:(1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts .In any d

18、ictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed.什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).'DenizenS 的例子者B

19、要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).什么叫 Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from

20、 another language, such as'long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch) 什么叫 Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word d

21、ream ,which originally meant ' joydnd'music ' , and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.6.英语词汇的形成与发展1)印欧语系的谱系关系 2)英语词汇发展的历史回顾3)当代英语词汇发展的状况4)词汇发展的方式The development of the English vocabularyThe Indo-European Language FamilyIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3,0

22、00(some put it 5,000)languages,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar .重点：语系戈U分的标准) What is the criteria to divide language families ?1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar(重点)The Balto-Sla

23、vic comprises such modern languages a(择题内容：) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.(Indo-European ' 两大分支： .Eastern set ® .Western setEastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and AlbanianWestern set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.In the wester

24、n Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.Celtic : Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages:Norwegian ,Icelandic, Da

25、nish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English. With Vikings ' invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language.It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.

26、Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.重点句:Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England 古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts )古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了( early scripts)Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？.Sound and form reached

27、their concord in ( Modern English period )如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern English又可以细划分为early period ,modern period.*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)Early modern English appeared in the RenaissanceModern English period有什么样的外来语的进入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period 现代英语时期，英语词汇大

28、量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization )The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language (重要选择或填空内容 )Growth of Present-day English VocabularyThree main sources of new words :1)The rapid developm

29、ent of modern science and technology2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and languageModes of Vocabulary Development1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2)Semantic change (还包括外来词的 Semantic loans )Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer 外来词可以被

30、称作borrowed words ,因此又可以被称作. 重点旬： borrowed words are also known as loaned words . 恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English. 英语从 synthetic language 发展至U present anal

31、ytical language是在英语的哪个阶 段完成的？答案： Modern English period文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段 ？答案： Early Modern English period在英语发展过程 在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？French, Latin, English in Middle English periodeasel, port, freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？答案：Middle English , Dutch在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500个词汇，这种语言是什么？答案：Dutch据现

32、代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少？答案：50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue )第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的 Present - day English Vocabulary注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。Old English 和 Middle English 最大的 striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面？ 答案： Old English was a language

33、of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响？ 答案： Greek , Roman culture某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段？答案：Modern English十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种 industry?答案：Printing这导致 sound and form 出现 concord ,出现 standardization.第二章 词的结构和词的构成方式；词的结构：1.词素morpheme 2.词素变体

34、3.词素的分类4.词根和词干The smallest unit in the English language refers to (morphemes)The minimal free form in the English language refers to (word)In the plural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs)Deer复数没有变，还是deer, sheep复数没有变，还是

35、sheep,因此，这种变化被称作 (zero derivation) 名词解释：Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes. In other words, the morphemes is ' thsmallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs, e.g.the morpheme of plurality

36、 -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matches It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geeseor by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish 简答题：what are the types of morphemes ?借:简答题时，名词解释)答案：Free morphemes and boun

37、d morphemes Free morphemes :1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free.2) These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single fr

38、ee root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root4) free morphemes are free roots. bound morphemes:1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words.3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分为两类:inflecti

39、onal and derivational affixes.Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words.2) Derivational

40、 affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.3) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word4) a ' root is that part of a wordf

41、orm that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed 'stem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, undere

42、stimate.3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.问题：Stem和root有一个最大的区别在哪里 ？(答案：a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation , dict请加以理论的分析？Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, whi

43、ch can function alone in a sentence,Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nation as a free root, still remainsDict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has

44、to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .问题： 分析下面句话 :He is much more cleverer than any other one in the village, too heads are better than one.请从构词角度分析以上的例子，cleverer , bettercleverer (-er : inflectional affixes )better ( good , well 的特殊变化)It

45、 is allomorph of good and well.Language segmentEnglish language grammatically can be segmented into five ranks:a. the sentenceb. the clausec. the phrased. the worde. the morphemeMorphemesThe minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech.Fall into two categories

46、: 1) Free morphemes 2) Bound morphemesFree morphemesA free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word.It can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech.Eg:man,earth,wind,car,anger,noonFree morphemes are free rootsBound morphemesMostly affixes. Cannot stan

47、d by itself. Only exist as:1) Inflectional affixes2) Derivational affixes1.1 nflectional affixesAttached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationshipsNumber small and stableEasiest to learn2.Derivational affixesTo create new words1) prefixes (before the word)2) suffixes (after the word)词

48、的构成方式：1.词缀法2.复合法3.转类法4.拼缀法5.截短法6.首字母缩略7.逆生法8.专用名词普通化问题：在英语中，主要的构词法分为哪几种？答案：有七种：1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening 5) clipping 6) acronymy 7) blending有三种最常用:affixation , compounding and conversion问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种？答案：Extension问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式？答案：Narrowing问题：Affixa

49、tion又被称为什么？它分为哪两类？答案： Affixation is also known as derivationAffixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation要点：有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别：a-, non, ir : negative prefixesde- , dis-(既属于 negative ,也属于 reversative prefixes )mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixessuper , sur-, extra : prefixes of

50、degree or sizeanti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitudetrans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixesfore-, post- : prefixes of time and orderbi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixespan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixessuffixation :1. Noun suffixes1) Denominal nouns2) Deverbal nouns3)

51、 De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness,4) Noun and adjective suffixes注意 Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释.要点：复合词分为哪三类：1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open简答题:what are the characteristics of compounds ?What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features

52、2) Semantic features3) Grammatical features最常见的三种词性：1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds问：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性，哪两种不具有多产性？在形容性复合词当中，哪三类有多产性？ 动词性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的？*名词解释ConversionConversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.Functional shift

53、= conversionZero-derivation (选择或填空要点)Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案： 由 Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive简答题：形容词变动词的三种类别问题：请你举出由conjunction变为noun的一个例子？答案：Ifs and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words 选择或填 空要点)问题：

54、blending'分为哪四类合成词？1. head + tail2. head + head3. head + word4. word + tail问题：绝大多数blending都是什么词性？答案：nounsThe overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.问题：截短法clipping分为哪四类？答案：There are four common types of clipping :1) Front clipping2) Back clippin

55、g3) Front and back clipping4) Phrase clipping要注意clipping的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge ( refrigerator截短之后在i, g中间加一个d ),还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke ( coca cola) 问题：什么是 acronymy?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases

56、 and technical terms Acronymy包含两类：1） initialisms （不发首）e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2） acronyms 彤成新的发音）e.g. CORE, TEFL 'Words from proper names 有四大类:1. Names of people e.g. bobby : Names of people2. Names of places e.g. champagne, rugby3. Names of books e.g. utopia4. Tradenames e.g. cabal 问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？e.g.

57、 diagnosis -?diagnose :（先有诊断的名词，后有了诊断的动词，这种构词被称 作）backformationbloomers （它的构词法满足哪一种词法 ）:属于 Words from proper names中的 Names of peopleVJ-day :（这种构词法是由哪一种构成的）属于Initialisms中的Acronyms Pop:（采用哪一种构词法构成的）：clipping Sitcom : blending FORTRAN : head + headBath （名词） bathe （动词）Bath和bathe存在一种什么关系？（ Conversion ） 重,点旬： Conversion is also known as functional shift. 问题：Noun + v-ing,这类词构成的词是什么词？答案：compounding 问题：Record-breaking ,它是属于复合法中的哪一种？ 答案：Adjectives compounds 问题：请说出 Adjectives compounds中多产性强的有几类？ 答案：有三类1） n + v-ing2） n + a3） n + v-ed问题：up-bringing是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？ 答案：noun co