上海交通大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题（精编版）

1、上海交通大学2013年博士研究生入学考试英语真题part i: reading comprehensionpassage 1there are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds.therearealsodesertinsectswhichsurviveasinactivelarvae(high).in addition, difficultas it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through year

2、s of drought intheformofinactiveeggs.thesearetheshrimpsthatliveinthemojavedesert,an intenselydry region in the south-west of the united states where shade temperatures of over 50areopen recorded.the eggs of the mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grainsofsand. when sufficient spri

3、ng rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, theseeggs hatch. then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimeter long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary des-ert lake. within a week, the shrimps grow from their ori

4、ginal 1 millimeter to a length of a-bout 1.5 centimeters.throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equallyrapidly evaporates. therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. by the twelfthday,however, when they are about 3 centimeters long, hundreds of ti

5、ny eggs form on the un-derbodies of the females. usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, mud-dy patch of wet soil. on the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brieflives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. then, having ensured that their specieswill

6、survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.if sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and oncea-gain the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying，and death. some years is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this ca

7、se, the eggs will remaindor-mant for another year, or even longer if necessary. very, very occasionally, perhaps twicein a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more.inthis case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. thus,ons

8、uchoccasions,thespeciesmultipliesconsiderably,whichfurtherensuresitssurvival.1. which of the following is the most distinctive feature of mojave shrimps?a. their lives are brief.巳. they feed on plant and animal organisms.a. their eggs can survive years of drought.b. they lay their eggs in the mud.2.

9、 by saying“ for the shrimps it is a race against time( para. 3) th”e authormeans .a. they have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating licksb. they have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they survive.c. they have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen days.

10、d. they have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted bytheenvironment.3. the passage mainly deals with .a. the life span of mojave shrimpsb. the survival of desert shrimpsc. the importance of water to lifed. life in the mojave desert4. the word“ dormant ” (para. 4) most pr

11、obably means .a. inactiveb. strongc. alertd. soft5. it may be inferred from the passage that .a. appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desert.b. a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to survive.c. for somespeciesonelifecyclein a year is enoughto survivethe d

12、esert drought.d. somespeciesdevelopa uniquelife patternto survivein extremelyharsh condi-tions.passage 2the welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of welsh identity, but agen-eration ago it looked as if welsh would go the way of manx. once widely spoken on theisle of man but not extinct.

13、 government financing and central planning, however, havehelpedreversethe declineof welsh.road signsand officialpublicdocumentsare writtenin both welsh and english, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages,welshis now one of the most successful of europe s regional languages, spoken b

14、y more than ahalf- million of the country s threoenmpielloi ple.therevivalofthelanguage,particularlyamongyoungpeople,ispartofa resurgenceofnationalidentitysweepingthroughthissmall,proudnation.lastmonthwalesmarkedthe second anniversary of the opening of the national assembly, the first parliament to

15、beconvenedhere since1404. theidea behinddevolutionwasto restore thebalance withintheunionof nationsmakingup the unitedkingdom.withmostof the peopleand wealth,england has always had bragging rights. the partial transfer of legislative powers from westminster, implemented by tony blair, was designed t

16、o give the other members of theclub scotland, northern ireland, and wales a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.thewelshshowedlittleenthusiasmfor devolution.whereasthe scotsvotedover-whelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a welsh assembl

17、y scraped through by less thanonepercenton a turnoutof lessthan25percent.itspowerswereproportionatelylimited.theassemblycan decidehowmoneyfrom westminsteror theeuropeanunionis spent. itcannot,unlikeits counterpartin edinburgh,enactlaws.but nowthat it is here, the welshare growing to like their assem

18、bly. many people would like it to have more powers. its im-portance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003，of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming cardiff from a decaying seaport into abal-timore-style waterfront city. meanwhile a grant of nearlytwo milli

19、on dollars from the europe-anunionwilltacklepoverty.walesisoneofthepoorestregionsinwestern europe-onlyspain, portugal, and greece have a lower standard of living.newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great welsh men and women,boostingself-esteem.to familiarfacessuchas dylanthomasand

20、 richardburtonhavebeen added new icons such as catherine zeta-jones, the movie star, and bryn terfel, theoperasinger.indigenousfoodslikesalt marshlambare in vogue.andwalesnow boastsa national airline, awyr cymru. cymru, weans“ land of compatriots” is the welsh name forwales.thereddragon,thenationsym

21、bolsincethetimeofkingarthur,is everywhereon t-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“ untivl ery recent times most welsh people had this feeling of being second-classciti-zens ,said dyfan jonos，an 18-year old student. it was a warm summer night, and i wassiding on the grass with a group o

22、f young people in llanelli, an industrial town in the south,outside rock music venue of the national eisteddfod, wales s annual cultural festivedis-used factoryin frontof usechoedto thesoundsof new welshbands.“ therewasalmost agenetic tendency for lack of confidence，” dyfan continued. equally comfo

23、rtable in his membership in the english-speaking, global youth culture and a new federal europe,dy-fan,liketherestofhisgeneration,is.growingupwithasenseofpossibility unimaginableten years ago.“ we used to think. we can't do f，igwe re only welsh. now i think thatschanging.”6. according to the pas

24、sage, devolution was mainly means to .a. maintain the present status among the nationsb. reduce legislative powers of englandc. create a better state of equality among the nationsd. grant more say to all the nations in the union7. the word“ centrifugal” in the second paragraph mea_ns.a. separatistb.

25、 conventionalc. feudald. political8. wales is different from scotland in all the following aspects except .a. people desire for devolutionb. locals turnout for thevotingc. powers of the legislative bodyd. status of the national language9. which of the following is not cited as an example of the resu

26、rgence of welsh nation-al identity.a. welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.b. poverty-relief funds have come from the european union.c. a welsh national airline is currently in operation.d. the national symbol has become a familiar sight.10. according to dyfan jones what has changed

27、is_ .a. people s mentalityb. pop culturec. town s appearanced. possibilities for the peoplepassage 3barbed wire, first patented in the united sees in 1867, played an important part inthedevelopment of american farming, as it enabled them make elective fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle aw

28、ay from their crops. this had a considerable effect on cattleranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted use of the plans for grazing, andthefencing led to conflict between the farmers and the cattle ranchers.before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was open made from serrated wire

29、, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and could snapin cold weather due to contraction. the first practical machine for producing barbed wirewas invented in 1874 by illinois farmer and between then and the end of the century about400 types of barbed wire were devised,

30、 of which only about a dozen were ever put to prac-tice.modern barbed wire is made from mild steel high-tensile steel, or aluminum. mildsteeland aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a cable which is strongerthansingle-strandwireandlessaffectedbytemperaturechanges. single-st

31、rand,round or oval, is made from high-tensile steel with the barbs crimped or welded on. thesteel wires used are galvanized一 coated with zinc to make them rustproof. the two wiresthat make up the line wire or cable are fed separately into a machine at one end. they leave it at the other end twisted-

32、together and barbed. the wire co-make the barbs is fedinto the machine from the sides and cut to length by knives that cut diagonally throughthewire to produce a sharp point. this process continues automatically and the finished barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually made of wire in length of 400

33、meters or in weightsof up to 50 kilograms.a variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. it is formed into longcoilsor entanglements called concertina wire.11. what is the main topic of the passage?a. cattle ranching in the united statesb. a type of fencingc. industrial uses of wired

34、. a controversy over land use12. what is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?a.improved rust-resistance巳. increased strengthc. more rapid attachment of barbsd. easier installation13. accordingto theauthor,thesteelwiresusedto makebarbedwireare speciallyprocessed to .a. protect them against

35、rust巳. make them more flexiblec. prevent contraction in cold weatherd. straighten them14. the word“ fect in line 20 is closest in meaning to.a. put b. eaten c. bitten d. nourished15. what is the author s purpose in the third paragraph?a. to explain the importance of the wireb. to outline the difficu

36、lty of making the wirec. to describe how the wire is maded. to suggest several different uses of the wirepassage 4withoutregularsuppliedof somehormonesour capacityto behavewouldbe gloriouslyimpaired ； without others we would soon die. tiny amounts of some hormones can modifymoodsandactions,ourinclin

37、ationtoeatordrink,ouraggressivenessof submissivenessand our reproductive and parental behavior. and hormones do more than influence adultbehavior ； early in life they help to determine the development of bodily form and may evendetermine an individual s behavioral capacities. later in life the chang

38、ing outputs ofsomeendocrine glands and the body s changing sensitivity to some hormones are essential as-pects of the phenomena of aging.communication within the body and the consequent integration of behavior werecon-sideredtheexclusiveprovinceof thenervoussystemupto thebeginningof the presentcentu

39、ry. the emergence of endocrinology as a separate discipline can probably betracedto the experiments of bayliss and starling on the hormone secretion. this substance is se-cretedfromcellsin theintestinalwallswhenfoodentersthe stomach ； it travels through thebloodstreamandstimulates thepancreas tolibe

40、ratepancreatic juice,whichaids in diges-tion. by showing that special cells secret chemical agents that are conveyed by theblood-streamandregulatedistanttargetorgansortissues.baylissandstarling demonstrated thatchemical integration could occur without participation of the nervous system.the term“ ho

41、rmone” was first used with reference to secretion. starling derivedtheterm from the greek hormone, meaning to excite or set in motion. the term“ endocrine”was introduced shortlythereafter.“ endocrinise prod-u”se dto referto glandsthat secretucts into the bloodstream. the term“ endocrine” contrasts w

42、ith，wh“ichexisocarpin-e”plied to glands that secret their products though ducts to the site of action. examples of exocrineglandsarethetearglands,thesweatglands,andthepancreas,which secretspancreatic juice through a duct into the intestine. exocrine glands are aim called duct glands, while endocrine

43、 glands are called ductless.16. what is the author s main purpose in the passage?a. to explain the specific functions of various hormonesb. to provide general information about hormonesc. to explain how the term“ hormone” evolvedd. to report on experiments in endocrinology17. the passage supports wh

44、ich of the following conclusions?a. the human body requires large amounts of most hormones.巳. synthetichormonescanreplacea person snaturalsupplyof hormonesifnecessa- ry.c. the quantity of hormones produced and sects on the body are related to a person sage.d. the short child of tall parents very had

45、 a hormone deficiency early in life.18. itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbeforethebaylissandstarling experi-ments ,most people believed that chemical integration occurred only_ .a. during sleepb. in the endocrine glandsc. under control of the nervous systemd. during strenuous exercise19. the word“ l

46、iberate” could best be replaced by which of the following?a. emancipate巳. dischargec. surrender d. save20. according to the passage another term for exocrine gland is .a. duct glands巳. endocrine glandsc. ductless glands d. intestinal glandspassage 5hostilityto gypsieshasexistedalmostfromthetimetheyf

47、irstappearedin europe inthe 14th century. the origins of the gypsies, with little written history, were shrouded inmystery.whatis knownnowfromcluesin the variousdialectsof theirlanguage, romany,is that they came from northern india to the middle east a thousand years ago, working asminstrelsandmerce

48、naries,metalsmithsandservants.europeansmisnamedthem egyp-tians,soonshortenedto gypsies,a clan system,basedmostlyontheir traditionalcraftsand geography, has made them a deeply fragmented and fractious people, only really uni-fying in the face of enmity from non-gypsies, whom they call gadje. today ma

49、ny gypsyactivists prefer to be called roma, which comes from the romany word for“ man” . butonmy travels among them most still referred to themselves as gypsies, and i have cried to re-flect the common usage of the people themselves.in europe their persecution by the gadje began quickly with the chu

50、rch seeing heresyin their fortunetelling and the state seeing anti-social behavior in their nomadism. at varioustimes they have been forbidden to wear distinctive bright clothes, to speak their own lan-guage,to travel,tomarryoneanother,orto plytheirtraditionalcrafts.insomecountriesthey were reduced

51、to slavery it wasrvt until the mi-1800s that gypsy slaves were freed inromania. in more recent times the gypsies were caught up in nazi ethnic hysteria, andperhapshalfa millionperishedin the holocaust,whichthe gypsiescall porraimosthegreatdevouring.theirhorseshavebeenshotandthe wheelsremovedfromthei

52、r wagons,their names have been changed, their women have been sterilized, and their children havebeenforciblygivenfor adoptionto non-gypsyfamiliespracticein switzerlanduntil1973.but the gypsies have confounded prediction of their disappearance as a distinctethnicgroup,andtheirnumbershaveburgeoned.to

53、day therearean estimated8 to 12 milliongypsies scattered across europe, making them the continent's largest minority. the exactnumberis hardtopindown.gypsieshaveregularlybeenundercounted,bothby regimesanxioustodownplaytheirprofileandbygypsiesthemselves,seekingtoavoid bureaucra-cies. attempting t

54、o remedy past inequities, activist groups may overcount. hundreds of thousandsmorehaveemigratedtotheamericaandelsewhere.withveryfew exceptionsgypsies have expressed no great desire for a country to call their own unlike thejews towhom the gypsy experience is often compared.“ romane，sta”nsaid ronald

55、lee，the ca-nadian gypsy writer,“ is where my two feet stand.”21. gypsies are united only when they_ .a. are engaged in traditional cram巳. call themselves romac. live under a clan systemd. face external threats22. in history hostility to gypsies in europe resulted in their persecution by all thefol-lowing excep