2012届高考英语语法精品学案：专题十 定语从句

1、 定语从句一直是高考的热点和焦点，考点主要集中在以下几个方面：定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选择；非限制性定语从句中as和which的选择；以抽象地点、抽象时间名词作先行词的定语从句中关系词的使用；定语从句和强调结构的综合考查。一、定语从句的基本概念 定语从句中繁多的术语、复杂的关系一直困扰着很多学生，考试时也常为此出错。因此我们首先要理解定语从句的三个基本概念及它们之间的关系。 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它实际上起了形容词的作用。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代

2、词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有when, where，why等。1 / 23由示例可知，关系代(副)词是定语从句的连接枢纽，在定语从句中起了三层作用：引导定语从句，替代先行词，在从句中作成分。因此我们可以得出：关系代词代替先行词在从句中作主语、宾语等；关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中作状语。 关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作什么成分是判断该用关系代词还是关系副词的依据。因此把先行词正确还原到定语从句中是做定语从句题很重要的一个技巧。专题十 正面解读二、关系代词、关系副词一览表 关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语、宾语D

3、o you know the man who/ that is talking with your mother？Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working. The boy (whom/who/ that) she loved died in the war.I like those books whose topics are about history. who, whom, which和that在从句中作宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不能用that或who，应构成“介词whom/which”引导定语从句。who

4、m人宾语whose人，物定语 关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词that人、物主语、宾语A plane is a machine that/ which can fly. Tomorrow I will bring here the magazine for which you asked. He was late again, which made his teacher angry. which可以指代整个主句引导非限制性定语从句，放在主句的后面。which意为“这一点，这”。which物，句子主语、宾语 关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词as人、物、句子主语、宾语

5、、表语As you pointed out, I made a mistake. He is such a person as is respected by all of us. as引导非限制性定语从句时，指代整个主句的内容，放在句首、句中、句末均可。as意为 “正如，就像”。名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as。注意：that和which的用法区别1只用which不用that的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中，which既可代表先行词又可代表前面的一整句话，译成“这一点，这一件事”。(2)在介词后面。(3)先行词是代词that或those时。2只用that不用which

6、的情况(1)当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, none等不定代词时，只用that。(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。(3)如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。(4)先行词被the only, the last, the way等修饰时用that。(5)在疑问词who, which, what开头的特殊疑问句中，为了避免重复只用that。三、“介词 关系代词”引导的定语从句作介词宾语的关系代词一般是which和whom，“介词which/whom”既可以引导限制性定语从句，又可以

7、引导非限制性定语从句。常见的有以下几种结构：1介词 关系代词Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. Mandela was the black lawyer whom I went to for advice. 曼德拉是我寻求建议的一位黑人律师。2名词/代词/数词介词关系代词Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore, three of which were English novels. Last Sunday I bought some books from t

8、he bookstore, of which three were English novels. 上个星期天，我从书店买回几本书，其中三本是英文小说。3形容词最高级 介词 关系代词China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有成千上万的岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句与其先行词之间不用逗号隔开，非限制性定语从句与其先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句起补充说明作用，

9、去掉了不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如：People who take physical exercise live longer.进行体育锻炼的人活得更长些。(限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子的意思就不完整。)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week.他女儿现在在波士顿，(她)下星期回来。(非限制性定语从句，若把从句去掉句子意义仍然完整。)五、必须注意的几个问题1定语从句与状语从句、同位语从句及强调句的辨析比较例句区别与where引导的地点状语从句的区别Years later, he went

10、to New York, where/in which he made great success.The tree should be planted where there is plenty of rain.where引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词，在从句中作状语，where可以转化为“介词 which”。 句中where引导的从句前无先行词，因此引导的是地点状语从句，where本身在从句中作状语，不能转化为“介词关系代词”。 比较例句区别与同位语从句的区别This is the suggestion(that) he put forward. He gave me a suggestio

11、n that we should start at 5 o'clock. that引导的是定语从句，that代替先行词在从句中充当宾语。同位语从句中连接词that 在从句中无意义，不作成分但不可省略。与强调句的区别It was last night that I saw the accident.It was a time when there were still slaves.判断强调句的方法是把it is/ was和 that (who) 去掉，如果句子仍然完整，则是强调句。(句去掉it wasthat 成为I saw the accident last night.) 2.“使

12、用where而非真实地点”型定语从句定语从句的先行词是situation, case, point, scene等名词而且从句缺少状语时，要使用where表示“一种特定的情况”或“一个特定的场合”。如：I have come to the point where I can't stand him. 我已经到了无法容忍他的程度。He's got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane. 他发现他到了有可能会失去控制飞机的地步。1关系代词的误用及漏用(

13、1)【误】 I've read all the books which you lent me. 【正】 I've read all the books that you lent me. 【解析】 定语从句的先行词被all，some，any，no，few等修饰时，关系代词用that。(2)【误】 The student is standing there is our monitor. 【正】 The student (who/that is) standing there is our monitor. 【解析】 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略；此处也可把定语从句改为现

14、在分词作定语。(3)【误】 Dinner starts with a small dish，that is often called a starter. 【正】 Dinner starts with a small dish，which is often called a starter. 【解析】 用which引导非限制性定语从句，而不用that引导。(4)【误】 He lives in the room，the window of that faces the south. 【正】 He lives in the room，the window of which faces the so

15、uth. 【解析】 “介词关系代词”中的关系代词用which不用that。(5)【误】 The man with who I worked has left. 【正】 The man with whom I worked has left. 【解析】 “介词whom”引导定语从句。 2.定语从句主谓不一致 【误】 This is one of the rooms that is free now. 【正】 This is one of the rooms that are free now. 【解析】 在one of结构中，先行词为of后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语用复数。先行词是the onl

16、y/very one of复数名词时，从句谓语用单数。3关系词与被替换词重复【误】 This is the jacket which I bought it last month. 【正】 This is the jacket which I bought last month. 【解析】 which在从句中作宾语，it多余。4介词的误用【误】 The computer to which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai. 【正】 The computer for which I paid 4,000 yuan is made in Shanghai.

17、 【解析】 介词的选用既要考虑先行词，又要考虑定语从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯。此处payfor sth.为固定短语，意为“花钱买”。5from where与from which混用【误】 They stood on the top of the building, from which they could see the whole city. 【正】 They stood on the top of the building, from where they could see the whole city. 【解析】 from wherefrom the top of the b

18、uilding，from whichfrom the building，显然前者比较合适。6忽视倒装结构【误】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies. 【正】 The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which lies a well. 【解析】 in front of放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词lie, stand等，主语为名词，这时要采用倒装结构，把lie, stand等放在作主语的名词前。7限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句误用 (

19、1)【误】 Charles Smith, that was my former teacher, retired last year. 【正】 Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系代词用who, whom。 (2)【误】 This novel, I have read three times, is very touching. 【正】 This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

20、【解析】 在非限制性定语从句中，关系词不能省略。(3)【误】 I had told them the reason, why I didn't attend the meeting. 【正】 I had told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting. 【解析】 that, why通常不用于引导非限制性定语从句。专题十 反面解读(4)正如所通知的那样，我们下个月要举行期末考试。【误】 It has been announced，we shall have our final exams next month

21、.【误】 Which has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 It has been announced that we shall have our final exams next month. 【正】 As has been announced, we shall have our final exams next month. 【解析】 as has been announced引导一个定语从句，放在句首，不能使用which；有时可与It is/has been that转换。(5)我看过金婚这

22、部电影，它的男主角是张国立。【误】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，its leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary，whose leading actor is Zhang Guoli. 【正】 I have seen the film Golden Anniversary, its leading actor Zhang Guoli. 【解析】 在定语从句中，whose既可指人，也可指物，往往放在从句中的某一名词前作定语；该句也可改为独立

23、主格形式。 8定语从句的分隔Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers _ consumer complaints have resulted in changes in the law. Awhere Bwhen Cwho Dwhich【误】 由于不能正确判断哪个是先行词而误选C。【正】 cases是先行词，正确答案是A。【解析】 cases在定语从句中作状语，构成in the cases，主句是cases will be introduced to readers，所以用where引导定语从句。在定语从句中有时会出现先

24、行词与定语从句分隔的现象。要注意准确辨认。1It is in this village，_Mary was born 35 years ago，_she will build her first school，_inspires everyone to help her. Athat; when; which Bwhere; that; whichCthat; that; that Dwhere; when; that【解析】 B考查句子结构分析。第一空引导的是一个定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，所以用where，第二空构成it isthat强调结构，第三空引导一个非限制性定语从句，指代前面提到

25、的一件事情，所以要用which。22010·江西卷 The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister _ she would stay for an hour. Awhere Bwho Cwhich Dwhat【解析】 A考查定语从句。关系副词where引导的定语从句，在从句中作状语。32010·重庆卷 In China，the number of cities is increasing _ development is recognized across the

26、world. Awhere BwhichCwhose Dthat【解析】 C考查定语从句关系词。这里是一个分割定语从句，先行词cities和定语从句被谓语is increasing分隔开，表示“城市的发展”，故应用whose作定语。42009·江西卷 The house I grew up_ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. Ain it BinCin that Din which【解析】 B考查定语从句。还原后应为The house (which/that) I grew up in 主语后面紧跟的是定语

27、从句。5TV­Turnoff Week，_millions of people around the world participate every year, tries to encourage people to turn on life. Ain which Bon which Cwhich Dwhen【解析】 A考查定语从句中“介词十关系词”的用法。句意为：关闭电视周，每年世界各地数百万的人都在做，旨在鼓励人们注重生活。从句中谓语动词participate是不及物动词，常与介词in连用表示“参与”的意思，相当于take part in，选A。62010·江苏卷 T

28、he newly­built cafe，the walls of _ are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. Athat Bit Cwhat Dwhich【解析】 D本题考查定语从句。先行词为cafe，此处the walls of which可以变化成“whose walls”，在从句中作主语。7Nowadays, when people talk about magicians, the first one _comes into their mind

29、 is Liu Qian. Awhere Bwhich Cthat Dwhat【解析】 C定语从句先行词为the first one。定语从句中当先行词为序数词或是被序数词修饰时用that引导定语从句。82009·四川卷 She'll never forget her stay there _ she found her son who had gone missing two years before. Athat Bwhich Cwhere Dwhen【解析】 D考查定语从句的用法。her stay为先行词，可以理解为抽象的一段时间(她呆在那里期间)，when指代her

30、stay，在定语从句中作时间状语。92009·全国卷 My friend showed me round the town，_was very kind of him. Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit【解析】 A考查非限制性定语从句，这里的which指代前面整句话内容。102009·江苏卷 _is known to us is that the old doctor, for_ life was hard in the past, still works very hard in his late life. AAs; whom BWhat; whomCIt

31、; whose DAs; whose【解析】 B考查主语从句及定语从句。第一空是由what引导的主语从句，what is known to us is that也是固定结构；第二空学生很容易会错选whose，后半句还原为：life was hard for him，所以用介词whom。11Sun Valley raised and processed about a million chickens, _up to half went to McDonald's. Ain which Bfor which Cwith which Dof which【解析】 D在定语从句中，of whi

32、ch up to half up to half of which up to half of the chickens。12Take an active part in the activities you enjoy _you can make many friends. Awhere Bwhen Cthat Dwhat【解析】 A考查定语从句关系词的选择。先行词为the activities，在从句中作抽象的地点状语，所以要用where。132010·北京卷 Children who are not active or_ diet is high in fat will gai

33、n weight quickly. Awhat Bwhose Cwhich Dthat【解析】 B本题考查定语从句引导词。先行词children和diet之间是所属关系，用whose 来引导定语从句。142010·四川卷 After graduating from college，I took some time off to go traveling，_ turned out to be a wise decision.Athat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere【解析】 B考查定语从句。这里which引导非限制性定语从句，代替整个主句。15We recommend that

34、 our human beings treat the nature with the same care _we give to our eyes. Athat Bwhich Cas Dwhat【解析】 C考查定语从句引导词的用法。若先行词有the same修饰，其后定语从句则用that或as引导。that表示同一个，as表示同类中的一个但不是同一个。根据题意可知应用as。162010·浙江卷 The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people，many of _ left their village homes for a better l

35、ife in the city. Awhom BwhichCthem Dthose【解析】 A本题考查定语从句。many 从属于nearly 1,000 people，故用ofwhom引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。17The film started to get boring, at _ point I left the cinema accompanied by my twin sister. Athis Bthat Cthe Dwhich【解析】 D本题考查非限制性定语从句。which引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作定语。18After graduation I'd l

36、ike to find a job _I can use what I have learnt at school. Awhose Bwhich Cwhere Dthat【解析】 C本题考查定语从句。根据语境可知，毕业后想找一份学有所用的工作。由于定语从句中成分齐全，故C项正确，where在句中作地点状语。19I admire my English teacher. I can remember very few occasions _ she stopped working because of her illness. Athat Bwhen Cwho Dwhich【解析】 B本题考查定语

37、从句。本句中定语从句的先行词是occasions，“场合”的意思。句意为：我尊敬我的英语老师。我记得没有什么时候她会因为生病而停止工作。选B。20Though it is 30 years _ we last met, I still remember the scene _ we got separated on a rainy day. Abefore; where Bbefore; whichCsince; when Dsince; where【解析】 D考查时间状语从句和定语从句。“it is/has been一段时间since从句”为固定句型，表示自从上次干某事到现在有多长时间了；s

38、cene作先行词且定语从句中需要的是地点状语，故用where或in which引导定语从句。1(2011·天津十校联考)Patience，without_you cant do the work well，is a kind of quality.Athat BitCwhich Dwhat解析：句意为：耐心是一种品质。没有了耐心，你不能做好工作。此处考查了定语从句中“介词which”的情况，which指代的是先行词patience。答案：C2(2010·江苏南京第一次调研)The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car，_I ma

39、naged to lower to $3,500.Asince BwhatCwhich Dthat解析：关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当lower 的宾语，而that不能引导非限性定语从句。答案：C3(2011·安徽合肥第一次质检)I still cant believe my eyes when I remember the scene_the best player should miss the pass.Athat BwhichCwhere Dhow解析：where 引导定语从句修饰先行词scene，where在从句中作状语。句意为：当我记起当时那个最好的

40、选手没有过关时，我简直不敢相信我的眼睛。答案：C4(2011·北京东城期末目标检测)_was reported in the paper，people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help the flooded area in Taiwan Island.AIt BThatCAs DWhat解析：选择定语从句的引导词的关键是：在主句中找出先行词。该句中定语从句的先行词是后面的整个句子people in mainland China sent disaster relief materials to help

41、 the flooded area in Taiwan Island.答案：C5(2011·青岛联合模拟)Chinas new food law provides for a food recall system_producers have to stop production if their food isnt up to standards.Awhere BthatCwhen Dwhich解析：考查定语从句。句意为：中国新的食品法规定了食品召回制度，即如果食品达不到标准，生产者就必须停止生产。先行词为a food recall system，定语从句为producers ha

42、ve to stop production if their food isnt up to standards(in the food recall system)，故选A。答案：A6(2010·南京第三次模拟)Our teacher urges us to form a good habit of learning，_we think will benefit us in the long term.Awhat BthatCwhich Dwho解析：本题考查定语从句。本题属于非限制性定语从句，从句意可知关系代词指代a good habit of learning，在从句中作主语，

43、因此选择which。答案：C7(2011·福建龙岩检测)Remember that there is still one point_we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.Awhere BwhyCwhen Dthat解析：考查定语从句。解定语从句题的关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是one point，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，这里先行词在从句中作make clear的宾语，所以用关系代词that/which引导定语从句并在从句中作宾语，据此选D项。答案：D8(2010·4月济南模拟)Shes in a hopeless situation，_we will keep a very close eye on.Awhere BwhenCwhich Dthat解析：考查定语从句。定语从句的解题关键是：在主句中找出先行词，该句的先行词是a hopeless situation，然后把先行词“代入”从句中，判断其在从句中的“地位”和“作用”，此处关系词在从句中作on的宾语，同时这里又是非限制性定语从句，所以应该用关系代词which，选C项。答案：C9(2010·南京第二次模拟)I admire my English teacher.I can