2012年职称英语卫生类B级考试(考场版)

1、2012年职称英语卫生类教材新增内容详解阅读理解篇 1 eat healthy clean your plate! and be a member of the clean-plate -club! just about every kid in the us has heard this from a parent or grandparent. often，its accompanied by an appeal: just think about those starving orphans in africa! sure, we should be grateful for every

2、 bite of food. unfortunately, many people in the us take too many bites. instead of staying clean the plate, perhaps we should save some food for tomorrow. according to news reports, us restaurants are partly to blame for the growing bellies. a waiter puts a plate of food in front of each customer,

3、with two to four times the amount recommended by the government, according to a usa today story. americans traditionally associate quantity with value and most restaurants try to give them that. they prefer to have customers complain about too much food rather than too little. barbara rolls, a nutri

4、tion professor at pennsylvania state university, told usa today that restaurant portion sizes began to grow in the 1970s, the same time that the american waistline began to expand. health experts have tried to get many restaurants to serve smaller portions. now, apparently，some customers are calling

5、 for this too. the restaurant industry trade magazine qsr reported last month that 57 percent of more than 4,000 people surveyed believe restaurants serve portions that are too large; 23 percent had no opinion; 20 percent disagreed. but a closer look at the survey indicates that many americans who c

6、ant afford fine dining still prefer large portions. seventy percent of those earning at least $150,000 per year prefer smaller portions; but only 45 percent of those earning less than $25,000 want smaller. its not that working class americans dont want to eat healthy. its just that，after long hours

7、at low-paying jobs ，getting less on their plate hardly seems like a good deal. they live from paycheck to paycheck ，happy to save a little money for next years christmas presents. 练习：1. parents in the united states tend to ask their children c not to waste food. 2. why do american restaurants serve

8、large portions? a because americans associate quantity with value. 3. what happened in the 1970s? d the american waistline started to expand. 4. what does the survey indicate? a many poor americans want large portions. 5. which of the following is not true of working class americans? c they dont wan

9、t to be healthy eaters. 健康饮食“ 把盘子里的东西吃完了! ”“要成为一名清盘俱乐部的成员 !” 几乎每一个美国小孩都会听到父母亲或祖父母这样的唠叨。父母亲或祖父母们还经常会加上一句恳求的话：“ 想想那些饥饿的非洲孤儿吧，多可怜啊!” 我们的确应该为每一口食物充满感激。但不幸的是，很多美国人吃得太多了。 也许我们应该为明天节约一些粮食，而不足坚持“ 把盘子里的东西吃完” 。据新闻报导， 美国的餐馆应该为美国人日益增大的肚腩负 部分责任。今日美国刊登的一个故事， 服务员给每个顾客提供的一盘食物的量是政府推荐的二至四倍。美国人传统的认为有量才有质，所以大多数餐馆都试图迎合顾

10、客们的这一想法。他们宁愿被抱怨提供了过多的食物也不愿意被投诉提供的食物太少。芭芭拉 ?罗尔斯是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的一位营养学教授。在接受今日美国采访时她说道：“ 从20世纪 70年代起，美国的餐馆就开始提供越来越大份的食物；也就是从这个时候起，美国人的腰围也变得越来越粗了。”健康专家已经试着让很多餐馆提供份量小一些的食物。显然，现在很多顾客也为此而呼吁。据qsr 杂志 (美国的一份餐饮业经营杂志)报道：在上个月对 4000 多人所做的一次调查中，有57的人认为餐馆提供的食物份量太大了，23的人没有发表看法，还有20的人不同意此看法。但是再仔细看看调查结果，你就会发现很多买不起精美菜肴的美国人还

11、是喜欢买大份量食物。 在年收入 15万美元以上的人群中，70的人更愿意买份量小一点的食物：但在年收入少于25万美元的人群中， 只有 45的人愿意买份量小一点的食物。事情是这样的， 不是美国的工人不想吃的健康一点，而是美国工人觉得做许多个小时低收入的工种下来，盘子里的饭菜量小有点不合算。他们是指望薪金支票过日子的，希望能为来年的圣诞节节约一些钱来买圣诞礼物。2012年职称英语卫生类教材新增内容详解阅读理解篇2 prolonging human life prolonging human life has increased the size of the human population. ma

12、ny people alive today would have died of childhood diseases if they had been born 100 years ago. because more people live longer, there are more people around at any given time. in fact, it is a decrease in death rates, not an increase in birthrates, that has led to the population explosion. prolong

13、ing human life has also increased the dependency load. in all societies, people who are disabled or too young or too old to work are dependent on the rest of society to provide for them. in hunting and gathering cultures, old people who could not keep up might be left behind to die. in times of fami

14、ne, infants might be allowed to die because they could not survive if their parents starved, whereas if the parents survived they could have another child. in most contemporary societies, people feel a moral obligation to keep people alive whether they can work or not. we have a great many people to

15、day who live past the age at which they want to work or are able to work; we also have rules which require people to retire at a certain age. unless these people were able to save money for their retirement, somebody else must support them. in the united states many retired people live on social sec

16、urity checks which are so little that they must live in near poverty. older people have more illness than young or middle-aged people; unless they have wealth or private or government insurance, they must often go on welfare if they have a serious illness. when older people become senile or too weak

17、 and ill to care for themselves, they create grave problems for their families. in the past and in some traditional cultures, they would be cared for at home until they died. today, with most members of a household working or in school, there is often no one at home who can care for a sick or weak p

18、erson. to meet this need, a great many nursing homes and convalescent hospitals have been built. these are often profit-making organizations, although some are sponsored by religious and other nonprofit groups. while a few of these institutions arc good, most of them are simply dumping grounds for t

19、he dying in which care is given by poorly paid, overworked, and under-skilled personnel. 练习 : 1. the writer believes that the population explosion results from c a decrease in death rates. 2. it can be inferred from the passage that in hunting and gathering cultures b infants could be left dead in t

20、imes of starvation. 3. according to the passage, which of the following statements about retired people in the united states is true? a many of them have a very hard life. 4. in paragraph 3, the phrase this need refers to d the need to take care of a sick and weak person. 5. which of the following b

21、est describes the writers attitude toward most of the nursing homes, and convalescent hospitals? d critical. 延长人类寿命增加的人口规模。今天还活着的许多人已经死亡的儿童疾病，如果他们已诞生于100年前。因为更多的人活得更长，在任何特定时间大约有更多的人。 事实上，它是死亡率下降，出生率增加，导致人口爆炸。延长人类寿命也增加了依赖负荷。在所有社会中，那些被禁用或太年轻或太老工作的人都依赖于社会其他成员，为他们提供。在狩猎和采集文化，老人们谁不能跟上，可能会留下死亡。在饥荒的时候，婴儿可能

22、会允许死，因为他们无法生存，如果他们的父母饿死，而如果父母幸存下来，他们能有一个孩子。在最现代的社会中，人们感到在道义上有义务保持活着的人，他们是否能工作或没有。 今天我们有一个伟大的许多人过去住在他们想要的工作或有工作能力的年龄，我们也有规则，要求人们在一定的年龄退休。除非这些人能节省的钱为自己的退休生活，别人必须支持他们。在美国，许多退休的人生活在社会的安全检查，这是这么少，他们必须住在附近的贫困。老年人比年轻或中年的人有更多的疾病，除非他们有财富或私人或政府的保险，他们必须经常“ 福利 ” ，如果他们有一个严重的疾病。当老年人成为老年或过弱和生病照顾自己，他们创造他们的家庭的严重问题。在

23、过去，在一些传统的文化，他们将在家照顾，直到他们去世。今天，一个家庭的工作或在学校的大部分成员，往往是家里没有一个人可以照顾生病或虚弱的人。为了满足这种需求，已建成一个伟大的许多养老院和疗养院。这些往往是非牟利机构，虽然有些是由宗教和其他非营利组织的赞助。虽然几个好了这些机构的弧，其中大部分是简单的“ 垃圾场 ”在奄奄一息的 “ 照顾 ” 是由收入微薄，过度劳累，并根据技术人员。2012年职称英语卫生类教材新增内容详解阅读理解篇3 sleep lets brain file memories to sleep. perchance to file? findings published onl

24、ine this week by the proceedings of the national academy of sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzzs. gyorgy buzsaki of rutgers university5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping

25、 rats and mice. specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. the scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appe

26、ar to be intertwined. so-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. the team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. a second study, also

27、published online this week by the proceedings of the national academy of sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels. previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. in the new work, antonio convit of new york university scho

28、ol of medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. the scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickl

29、y sugar is absorbed from the blood by the bodys tissues. subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. in addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar. our st

30、udy suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age. convit says. and it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14 exercise and weight control can help keep glucose le

31、vels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym. 练习：1. which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence to sleep. perchance to file? a does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep? 2. what is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried

32、 out at rutgers university? c somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation. 3. what is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4? d the poorer the memory, the poorer glucose tolerance. 4. in what way is memory

33、 related to hippocampus shrinkage? b the more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer ones memory. 5. according to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym? d to control glucose levels. 第二十四篇翻译睡眠让大脑文件存储器睡觉。说不定就是在整理归类记忆?刊登在最近网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编上的新发现进一步证明了这个理论：当人体的其他部分在鼾声中安眠时， 人体的大脑就在整理

34、和储存着白天形成的记忆。美国新泽西州立大学的乔治buzsaki和他的同事们分析了睡眠中的老鼠和田鼠的脑波。他们特别研究了源于学习记忆中心大脑知觉新皮质 (充满知觉信息的区域)和大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物 的电流活动。科学家们发现，这两个区域的脑波变化仿佛处于交织状态。而10毫秒后大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物发出的波动将紧跟着所谓的睡眠纺缍体(新皮质上的种种活动)。这队科学家们假设这两个大脑区域的互动是理解增强记忆的关键。接下来的研究， 同样也是刊登在这周网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编中，是关于与年龄相关的由于葡萄糖浓度过高引起的记忆衰退。之前的一项研究表明，患糖尿病的人一直受到记忆衰退的困扰。 纽约大

35、学医学院的安东尼 康威特及其同事在一项新的工程中研究了30个平均年龄 69岁的人，以调查是否血糖浓度，随着年龄增长而增长，同样会影响健康人的记忆。科学家们实施了回忆测试、脑部扫描和血糖浓度容许量测试， 以便测量出人体组织从血液中吸收糖分的速度。这对科学家发现， 与最次的记忆相对的，是最低的血糖浓度容许量。此外，他们的脑部扫描也显示出海马状突起的缩小要比那些更容易从血液中吸收糖分的人明显。“我们的研究表明，这种海马状突起的缩小对人类年龄增大而出现的记忆衰退有着不可忽视的影响”，康威特指出，“这一发现大大激增了令人兴奋的可能性，即，不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。”身体

36、锻炼和体重控制能限制葡萄糖浓度，由此，我们有了更多去健身房的理由。2012年职称英语卫生类教材新增内容详解阅读理解篇4 some people do not taste salt like others low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others ，according to a study by a penn state college of agricultural sciences food scientist. the research indicates that genetic factors in

37、f1uence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat. those conclusions are important because recent ，well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others，pointed out

38、john hayes，assistant professor of food science ，who was lead investigator on the study. diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. that is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that

39、 are enjoyable to eat. this study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption. the research involved 87carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips，on multiple occasions ，spread out over weeks. test subjects were 45 men and 42 women ，reportedly health

40、y ，ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. the sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. they rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale，ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind. mo

41、st of us like the taste of salt. however，some individuals eat more salt ，both because they like the taste of saltiness more ，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food. said hayes. supertasters，people who experience tastes more intensely ，consume more salt than do nontast

42、ers. snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor ， and at least for these foods， more is better ，so the supertasters seem to like them more. however ， supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese ，hayes noted. for example ，cheese is a

43、wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk ， but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt , he said. a supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced. hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named fox and a genet

44、icist named blakeslee ，showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. as a result ，hayes explained ，we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists ，and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color. some people ，called supertasters，describe bitter co

45、mpounds as being extremely bitter ，while others ，called nontasters ，find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter. he said. response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitternes

46、s. 练习 : 1. in paragraph 2 ，john hayes points out that c many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly 2. the fourth paragraph describes briefly a. how to select subjects and what to do in the research. 3. the article argues that supertasters b like snack foods as saltiness is their primary

47、flavor. 4. which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste? c they prefer high-salt cheese ，which tastes less bitter. 5. what message do the last two paragraphs carry? a. taste acuity is genetically determined. 第四十篇翻译咸度味感因人而异宾州州立大学农学院食品科学家进行的一项研究表明，有些人很难喜欢含盐量低的食物。该研究指出， 遗传因素导

48、致我们对咸度的不同喜好。该研究负责人、食品科学副教授约翰海斯指出，这些结论非常重要，因为近期对减少食物含盐量的大力宣传使得许多人努力去接受适合其他人而不适合自己口味的食物。含盐量高的饮食会增加高血压和中风的风险，这就是公共健康专家和食品公司共同努力、通过可口的食品帮助消费者减少盐摄入量的原因。该研究使人们更加理解对盐的喜好和摄入的差异。该研究包括87 名经过仔细筛选的参与者，他们在几周的不同时间品尝了汤和薯条等含盐食物。参与者包括45 名男性和 42 名女性，身体健康，年龄在20 岁到 40 岁之间。参与者不会主动改变自己的饮食习惯，且不吸烟。他们通过一种常用的科学量表来区别咸度味感，分为“最

49、轻微味感”到“最强烈味感”等级别。海斯说， “大部分人都喜欢盐的味道。但是，有些人吃盐较多，这不仅是因为他们更喜欢咸味，也因为他们需要咸味来遮盖食物其他讨厌的味道。口味超重的人比口味清淡的人消耗更多的盐。因为快餐食品的主要味道就是咸味，而且咸度越高，味道越好，所以口味超重的人更喜欢快餐。 ”海斯还提到，口味超重的人还需要盐来遮盖奶酪等食物中讨厌的苦味。“例如，奶酪是牛奶味和发酵苦味的完美结合，而盐可以遮盖苦味。口味超重的人不喜欢低盐奶酪，因为苦味太明显了。”海斯举出了化学家福克斯和遗传学家布雷克斯里 75 年前进行的研究，该研究表明，人们品尝特定化学制品的能力是不同的。海斯解释说，由此我们知道

50、每个人的味觉敏度是不同的，这一差异和头发眼睛颜色的差异一样正常。海斯说，“口味超重的人觉得苦味混合物非常之苦， 而口味清淡的人会觉得同样的苦味混合物没有味道，或稍微有些苦。对苦味混合物的反应只是确定在食物偏好方面生物差异的众多方法之一， 因为口味超重的人不只是对苦味敏感。”2012年职称英语卫生类教材新增内容详解完形填空篇going on a diet a typical person needs about 1,800 calories per day to stay alive. these calories keep your heart 1_beating and your lungs

51、 breathing. they keep your organs operating2_ properly and, your brain running. they also keep your body warm. a person 3_ gains weight because he or she consumes more calories per day than needed. the only way to lose fat is to 4_ reduce the number of calories that you consume per day. this is the

52、basic 5_ principlebehind going on a diet. 6_ unfortunately ，diets dont work for most people. they do lose weight but then 7_ go off the diet and put it back. building a sensible diet and exercise plan is the key to 8_ maintaininga consistent weight. you need to figure out how many calories you need

53、in a day and how many you 9_ actually take in. the next step is to add ，exercise so that you can 10_ raise the number of calories you can consume per day. exercise charts can show you how many calories different 11_ forms of exercise can burn. burning 250 or 500 calories per day can 12_ makea big di

54、fference. you can ride an exercise bike while you are watching tv or you can 13_ climb the stairs instead of the elevator. find an exercise 14_ partner . exercise can be a lot easier if there is someone to talk to. its a good idea to wear firm-fitting clothes if you are on a diet. 15_ tight clothing

55、 acts as a reminder of what you are trying to accomplish. 第二篇翻译去节食一个典型的人需要约每天1800 卡路里来维持生计。这些热量，让你的心1_and你的肺部呼吸。 他们让你的的机关operating2_and，你的大脑运行。他们还保持身体温暖。一个人3_weight 因为他或她每天消耗超过所需的热量。唯一的方式来减肥是，以 4_the 你每天 消 耗 的 卡 路 里 的 数 量 。 这 是 基 本 的 饮 食5_behind。 6_，饮食不工作的大多数人。他们不减肥，但 7_饮食，并把它放回。建立一个合理的饮食和运动计划是一致的重量8_的关键。你需要弄清楚多少卡路里，你需要一天，你有多少 9_采取下一步是添加，锻炼，让您可以10_the 每天消耗的热量，你可以数。运 动 的 图 表 可 以 显 示 你 多 少 卡 路 里 ， 不 同11_of 锻炼能燃烧。 每天燃烧 250 或 500卡路里的热量可以12_a 很大的区别。 你可以骑自行车锻炼， 而你正在看电视或可以13_的楼梯而不要乘电梯。找到一个锻炼14_。运动可以是一个容易得多，如果有什么人在说话。公司合身的衣服