实用英语文部分PPT课件

1、Now read the passage and compare youranswers withthe authorsQUESTIONDo you think animals have a culture? If yes ，give an example. What makes human bei ngs different from animais?A The ability to use toolsB The learning and sharing of behaviorC The use of language第1页/共17页content课文 lately social scien

2、tists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans,or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture,we mean a way of life a group of people have in common.Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn.It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together.It is a

3、lso the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.The first paragraph第2页/共17页content翻译 最近最近, ,社会科学家们已经开始问如果文社会科学家们已经开始问如果文化是在人类身上发现化是在人类身上发现, ,或者如果也发生在一些或者如果也发生在一些动物文化身上。当我们谈到文化时动物文化身上。当我们谈到文化时, ,我们指的我们指的是一种生活方式的一群人的共同点。文化包是一种生活方式的一群人的共同点。文化包括我们学到的信仰和态度。它的行为模式有括

4、我们学到的信仰和态度。它的行为模式有助于人们共同生活在一起。它也是行为模式助于人们共同生活在一起。它也是行为模式, ,让一群人不同于另一组。让一群人不同于另一组。The first paragraph第3页/共17页The second paragraph课文翻译 Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth,and other defenses.instead,we use tools, cooperate with one another,and communicate in lang

5、uage. But these aspects of human behavior, or culture“ , can also be found in the lives of certain animals.我们的文化让我们弥补了我们失去了的力量,爪子,长牙和其他防御。相反,我们使用工具,互相合作,交流的语言。但是,这些方面的人类行为,或“文化”,在某些动物的生命的身上，也可以被发现。第4页/共17页The third paragraph文章We used to think that the ability to use tools was the diving line between

6、 human beings and other animals. Lately, however,we have found that this is not the case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. 翻译我们习惯于认为,使用工具的能力是潜藏在人类与其他动物之间。然而,最近我们发现情况并非如此。黑猩猩不仅能使用工具,但实际上它们本身也制造工具。第5页/共17页CONTENTSThis is a majoy step up from simply picking up a ha

7、ndy object and using it. For exemple,chimps have been stripping the leaves and twigs off a branch,then putting it into a termite nest.When the termites bite at the stick,the chimp removes it and eats them off the end-not unlike our use of a fork!这是一个生产台阶这是一个生产台阶,从简单地拣起一个方便从简单地拣起一个方便的对象的对象,并使用它。为例并使用

8、它。为例,黑猩猩已经被剥夺黑猩猩已经被剥夺了枝叶间的一个分支了枝叶间的一个分支,然后把它变成白蚁巢。然后把它变成白蚁巢。当白蚁咬棒当白蚁咬棒,这只黑猩猩删除它并且吃掉它这只黑猩猩删除它并且吃掉它们推到了们推到了不像我们使用叉子不像我们使用叉子!第6页/共17页content课文 For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture,animals could not be taught such behavior. Or even if they could learn,they would not

9、teach one another in the way people do.This too has proven to be untrue.A group of japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in japan.They were given sweet potatoes by scientist who wanted to attract them to the shore of an island.The fourth paragraph第7页/共17页content翻译 一段时间我们

10、认为,尽管人类学习他们的文化,动物不能教这样的行为。甚至如果他们可以学习,他们不会互相教人们在做。这也已经被证明是不真实的。一群日本猴子在京都大学研究中心在日本的猴子。他们被赋予的甜土豆的科学家想吸引他们到岸上的岛。The fourth paragraph第8页/共17页CONTENTSOne day a young famale began to wash her sweet potato to get rid of the sand.This practice soon spread thoughout the group.It became learned behavior,not fr

11、om humans but from other monkeys.Now about all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not.Thus we have aculturaldifference among animals.一天一个年轻的女性开始洗她的甜土豆来一天一个年轻的女性开始洗她的甜土豆来消除沙子。这种做法很快蔓延的所有组。消除沙子。这种做法很快蔓延的所有组。它成为学习行为它成为学习行为,不是来自人类不是来自人类,而是来自其而是来自其他猴子。现在所有的猴子没有接触到这组。他猴子。现在所有的猴子没有接触

12、到这组。因此我们有一个因此我们有一个“文化文化”之间的差异的动之间的差异的动物。物。第9页/共17页CONTENTS文章翻译 We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior.We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet wet still have held onto the last feature-language.But even the use of language

13、can no longer separate human curture from animal culture.Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed.我们已经排除了使用工具和发明的方法告诉动物行为的人类行为。我们也排除了学习和分享行为。然而湿还持有的最后一个特性语言。语言的使用可以让人类文化和动物文化不再分开。试图教猩猩说话已经失败了。第10页/共17页CONTENTSHowever,this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs.But teaching them langu

14、age has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word.Two psychologists trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language.然而然而,这是因为猿没有适当的发声器官。但教他这是因为猿没有适当的发声器官。但教他们语言非常成功们语言非常成功,如果我们愿意接受其他形式不如果我们愿意接受其他形式不仅仅是口头的。两位心理学家名叫华秀训练一仅仅是口头的。两位心理学

15、家名叫华秀训练一只黑猩猩使用标准的美国手语。只黑猩猩使用标准的美国手语。第11页/共17页content文章This is the same language usd by deaf people.In this language,talkis made through gestures,and not by spelling out words with individuai letters.By the time she was five years old,Washoe had a vocabulary of 130 signs.Also,she could put them toget

16、her in new ways that had not been taught her originally.This means she could creat language and not just copy it.She creates her own sentences that have real meaning.This has allowed two-way talk.It permits more than one-way command and response.The fifth paragraph第12页/共17页content翻译这是同一种语言的美元聋人。在该语言

17、中,“交谈”是由通过手势,而不是由拼写出单词与独特的信件。当她五岁的时候,有一个130年的公共词汇迹象。同时,她可以将它们组合在一起以新的方式,没有教她最初。这意味着她可以创造语言,不是复制它。她创建了她自己的句子,有真实的意义。这使得双向交谈。它允许超过单向命令和响应。The fifth paragraph第13页/共17页The sixth paragraph课文翻译 Of course,there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know,no ape has formed social institutions su

18、ch as religion,law,or economics.Also,some chimps may be able to learn sign language;but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas.当然,也有限制动物的文化。据我们所知,没有任何猿形成了社会的机构,如宗教、法律或经济学等。另外,一些黑猩猩也可以学习手语,但是这种形式的语言与抽象的思想交流的能力是有限的。第14页/共17页The sixth paragraph文章Yet with a spoken language we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who kn