加强跨文化意识在英语新课堂中的培养

1、加强跨文化意识在英语新课堂中的培养 加强跨文化意识在英语新课堂中的培养 范静静 胡利红【摘要】 社会生活的信息化和经济的全球化，使得英语在国际交流中的地位日益突出，我国随着改革开放的深入，在基础教育发展策略中，把英语教育作为素质教育的重要组成部分，并将其摆在突出的地位。培养英语综合素养不仅依靠听、说、读、写，还要从潜意识里进行英语国家文化的教育。因此在英语课程标准中，文化意识被作为和语言知识、语言技能、情感态度、学习策略并重的一大板块，受到了空前的重视。本文试着从跨文化意识的定义与内容出发，就英语教学中培养跨文化意识的必要性，结合英语实际教学活动中的一些案例分析了如何在英语教学中加强学生跨文化

2、意识以及加强学生跨文化意识培养的意义。 【关键词】 跨文化意识 新课程 英语教学 培养 一、文化意识及跨文化意识定义和培养内容文化意识，就是人们对于文化的一种自觉的能动的认识活动，是人们在学习语言的过程中同时领悟文化的内涵和接受文化的熏陶，并潜移默化地内化为一种追求文化的情感。（英国学者泰勒) 跨文化意识是指跨文化交际中参与者对文化因素的敏感性认识，即对异同文化与共同文化的异同的敏感度和在使用外语时根据目标语文化来调整自己的语言理解和语言产出的自觉性。跨文化意识主要是对文化差异的意识，加强对文化差异的敏感性是进行有效跨文化交际的前提。而且根据我国英语课程标准及其解读，跨文化意识不仅指

3、对异国文化与本国文化的异同的敏感度，还包括在使用外语时根据目标语文化来调整自己的语言理解和语言产出的自觉性。（Hanvey） 培养文化意识，就是要培养继承和发扬民族优秀文化和革命文化传统，积极吸收各界文化优秀成果的意识，促进学生自觉地提高文化品位和审美情趣，培养创新精神，发展健康个性，形成健康人格。在英语教学中跨文化意识的培养主要包括两个方面的内容，一是文化知识的传授，一是跨文化交际能力的培养。 二.、加强跨文化意识培养的必要性1加强培养学生跨文化意识是新课程理论的重要目标和素质教育的要求改革开放以来，我国的英语教育规模不断扩大，教育教学取得了显著的成就。然而，英语教育的现状尚不能适

4、应我国经济建设和社会发展的需要，与时代发展的要求还存在差距。为此，我国教育部对英语课程进行了重大改革，制定了英语课程标准（实验稿）。标准强调课程从学生的学习兴趣、生活经验、和认知水平出发，倡导体验、实践、参与、合作与交流的学习方式和任务型的教学途径，发展学生的综合语言运用能力，使语言学过程成为学生形成积极的情感态度、主动思维和大胆实践、提高跨文化意识和形成自主学习能力的过程。跨文化意识的培养体现了从关注语言本身转向关注对的人的教育，这才是素质教育。2跨文化意识是英语教学中语言知识和语言技能学习的重要内容和影响因素.传授文化知识、培养文化意识和世界意识，是英语教学中的一个重要任务。语言与文化密不

5、可分，语言有丰富的文化内涵，是文化的载体和主要表现形式。语言离不开文化，文化依靠语言。语言是随着民族的发展而发展的，语言是社会民族文化的一个组成部分。不同民族有着不同的文化、历史、风俗习惯和风土人情等，各民族的文化和社会风俗又都在该民族的语言中表现出来。英语新课程标准的实施，也正好体现了英语教学中，对语言和文化这两者有机结合的要求。Cross-cultural awareness is the important content and influencing factors of language knowledge and language skills learning in Engli

6、sh teaching. Cultivating cultural knowledge and awareness and the consciousness of the world is an important task in English teaching. Language and culture are inseparable. Language contain the rich cultural connotation which is the carrier of culture and the main form of expression. The language ca

7、nnot exist without culture, and culture rely on language. Language was developed with the development of the national language and language is a part of social culture. Different nationalities have different cultures, history, customs, habits and customs, etc. Each nation's culture and social cu

8、stoms are displayed in the national language. The implementation of the new curriculum standard, which just reflected the requirements of organic combination of language and culture.此外，英语学习中有许多跨文化交际的因素，这些因素在很大程度上影响对英语知识的学习和使用；这些在谚语俗语上就有很明确的体现。如果不太了解颜色在我国文化与英语文化里一些差别，如，学生碰到了He looks blue. 这样的句子就会摸不着头

9、脑，很难把握文章里作者的意思，更不能理解文章的感情基调等深层次的问题了。3 跨文化意识是英语综合语言运用能力的保证任何一种语言的功能都是用于交际的，所以我国基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力，那么英语教学不仅仅是传授语言知识, 更重要的是培养学生的交际能力, 培养他们应用英语进行跨文化交际的能力，仅仅学会一门外语的语音、语法规则和掌握一定量的词汇并不意味着学会了这门外语能顺利地进行交际，文化意识才是得体运用语言的保证。英语对我们来说是外语，了解一个国家的风土人情和文化背景是进行正确交际的关键，因此，高中英语课堂教学加强英语背景知识等文化意识的渗透具有现实意义和交际动能。

10、Functions of any language are used for communication, so the overall goal of the foundation education stage English course is to cultivate students' comprehensive language- using ability. For this reason, English teaching is not only to teach language knowledge, more important is to cultivate st

11、udents communicative ability and to cultivate their ability of applying English in intercultural communication. Only to learn a foreign language in phonetics, grammar rules and master a certain amount of vocabulary .Learning the language dont mean that they can communicate smoothly. Cultural conscio

12、usness of language is the assurance of using language properly. English is a foreign language for us, to understand the local conditions and customs and cultural background of a country is the key to proper communication. Therefore, high school English classroom teaching strengthen the infiltration

13、of cultural consciousness, such as English background knowledge Which has the realistic meaning and communication. 4新课程改革下高考成功的关键因素高考是高校选拔人才的重要手段，也是检测基础教育的一个重要的评价手段。随着新课程改革的推行，为了实现培养培养高素质、有着较深厚文化修养的英语人才的目标，我们发现高考这根指挥棒在英语试题方面也有了相应的变化，在考查学生基础知识和能力的同时,更注重考查学生在特定语境和实际生活中运用语言完成任务的能力，比如在阅读里会涉及英语国家文化背景知识的篇

14、章，如果不了解英语国家的文化，就有可能出现认识单词或句子却误不出其中的内涵甚至是误解，这样就达不到阅读的要求；另外在完形填空里会涉及到一些价值观等道理性的篇章，如果没有足够的跨文化意识，很容易犯“想当然”按照一贯性的中国化思维去完成一篇地道的英语短文的错误。如：2008年高考英语试题湖北卷36题：-Youd better go and _(把你的车洗洗). The college entrance examination is the important means of selecting talents in universities and colleges,it is also an

15、important means of evaluation which can detect basic education. With the implementation of the new curriculum reform, in order to cultivate talents who have the high quality, and has a deep cultural accomplishment of the goal of English, we found that the college entrance examination this baton also

16、 has the corresponding change in the English exam. When examining students' basic knowledge and ability, pay more attention to test students in a specific context and language using in a real life's ability to complete tasks, such as the national cultural background knowledge in reading invo

17、lves English, if you don't understand the culture of the English-speaking countries, you will misunderstand a word or a sentence with the connotation even you recognize the word or sentence,which will not achieve reading requirements. Also involves some values in the cloze test, such as rational

18、 discourse. If you dont have enough cross-cultural awareness, you will complete the idiomatic English essay with Chinese ideas. For example: the college entrance examination English test question in 2008, 36: Hubei, - You 'd better go and _ (把你的车洗洗).-No, Ill do it myself (have) The correct answe

19、r：have your car washed. （the answers of most students：wash your car ,have to wash your car ）就这一题来看，先不谈这个题目的解题要求，学生最根本的原因是对汉语与英语之间的文化表达差异的敏感性与灵活性不够。在汉语里我们也常说到要会听话，即听出话里有话，一个简单的升调或降调或停顿等就可以直接传达出两种截然不同的态度，这个在高考听力里也成为了一个重要的考察方面。所以总结出了高考的这些变化以及问题所在，我们就要及时完善我们的备考策略，其中最根本的一个要求就是加强学生中英文化之间的跨文化意识。On this que

20、stion, the first ,not to talk about this the solving requirements of this question, the most fundamental reason of the student is lack of sensitivity of the cultural expression and the flexibility of differences between Chinese and English. In Chinese we also often said to learn listening, namely re

21、cognized the deep meaning of the sentences. a simple ascending or descending or pause can directly convey two quite different attitudes, listening in the college entrance examination has become an important aspect. So come to the conclusion that changes and problems of the college entrance examinati

22、on, we will promptly improve our test strategy, and one of the most fundamental requirement is to strengthen students cross-cultural awareness in Chinese and English.  三、培养跨文化意识的策略与途径 培养文化意识的方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，使他们能主动地、自觉地吸收并融入新的文化环境中。 Methods of cultivating cultural consciousness

23、 are varied, teachers should adopt a flexible approach to improve students' sensitivity of the culture, so that they can actively and consciously integrate into the new culture environment. 首先，教师要在教学活动中坚持和体现交际教学法的理念。The teacher must stick the ideal of communicative teaching method in teaching ac

24、tivities . 交际教学法（Communicative Approach），就是以教师与学生之间、学生与学生之间英语语言的交际活动为手段，以培养学生英语语言的交际能力为目的的教学方法。交际法旨在发展学生的交际能力，其特点是将语言的结构与功能结合起来进行交际教学。这样中学英语教学的过程就是学生英语语言交际能力的习得过程，学生在交际中不断地掌握语言技能、语言知识及其背景文化的特点。简单地说，交际教学法就是使学生在交际活动中学会语言，学会交际的方法。Communicative teaching method, (Communicative Approach), is an teaching a

25、pproach which in order to cultivate students language communicative ability with the means between students and students.Communicative approach aimed at developing the students' communicative competence. Its characteristic is to combine the structure and function of communication language teachi

26、ng. This process of middle school English teaching is the the acquisition process of students' English language communication ability. Students constantly grasp language skills in communication, the characteristics of the language knowledge and cultural background. In brief, communicative teachi

27、ng method is to make students learn language in the communicative activities and learn the communication method. 其次，教师的课堂教学方式应当逐步改进，更多的将跨文化交际的教学活动引入到日常的英语教学中，从而提高学生跨文化的意识。英语教材中有许多内容蕴含着丰富的英语国家文化知识，教师可在课文讲解过程中将这些文化知识点进行归纳总结，通过归纳总结形成几个跨文化交际专题进行练习体验。比如人教版高中英语 Book Unit 19 The Merchant of Venice在课堂教学中教师可

28、组织学生以情景模拟、角色扮演等教学方式渗透跨文化交际的内容，学生在主动参与表演的过程中加深对英语文化的体会与理解，更能通过对比本国文化发现跨文化交际过程中所存在的问题，从而进一步引导他们加强对跨文化交际的认识和理解。在教学过程中，如果只注重对语言材料的教学和训练，而忽视文化意识的培养和渗透，就会造成英语工具性和文化性的分离，难以培养学生的跨文化交际能力。teachers' classroom teaching ways should be gradually improved.more cross-cultural communication teaching activities w

29、ill be introduced in daily English teaching, so as to improve students' cross-cultural awareness. The content of English teaching material contains the much national cultural knowledge of English, and teachers can summarize these cultural knowledge in the process of text interpretation. Through

30、summarizing, form several project practice experience in cross-cultural communication. Such as high school English which published by Peoples Education Press, Book Unit 19 The Merchant of Venic.In The classroom teaching, teachers can organize the student to scene simulation, role-playing and so on.

31、This teaching methods penetrate the content of cross-cultural communication. Students can deeply understand English culture in active participation. They can find the problem of the process of cross-cultural communication by comparing its culture, which further guides them to strengthen the understa

32、nding of cross-cultural communication. In the teaching process, if only pay attention to the teaching and training of language material, and ignore the cultivation of cultural awareness and penetration, which can cause instrumental and cultural separation of English. So it is hard to cultivate the s

33、tudents' intercultural communicative competence.再次，充分利用各种多媒体资源。学校教学的网络资源都基本已配备齐全，可经常组织学生观看以文化冲突为主题的电影和教学短片，学生以小组为单位对观看内容进行讨论，从而总结出个人在跨文化焦急过程中应当注意哪些方面。比如在学习人教版高中英语 BOOKUnit 16 The United States of America，我们可以充分结合时事，利用多媒体播放Barack Obama 总统的就职演说，以及华裔能源部长朱棣文（Steven Chu）相关演讲，这样既可以让学生对其历史文化国情等有直观的视觉和听

34、力的接触和了解，还可以对学生进行无声的德育、价值观、上进心，爱国主义等方面的渗透。Making full use of various multimedia resources. School teaching network resources has been equipped basically, which can often used to organize the student to watch the film and teaching video with the theme of cultural conflict. students discuss the content

35、 of the watching in small groups as the unit,and sum up what aspects that the person should be paid attention in the process of cross-cultural anxiety. For example, In learning high schools English BOOKUnit 16 The United States of America which is published by Peoples Education Press. We can fully c

36、ombine with The current events, and broadcast President Barack Obama's inauguration speech by using multimedia, as well as the Chinese energy secretary Steven Chu presentations related, which can let students understand its historical and cultural conditions, also can give the silent moral educa

37、tion, the values and the patriotism to the middle school students.另外，通过充分利用外教资源。加强外籍教师与中国教师和学生之间的交流互动，从而提高学生跨文化交流的意识；随着科技的发展，通过英特网与外国人交朋友聊天等都是现实的了。可以鼓励学生以信件，Email, QQ 等 形式在条件允许的范围内运用英语来交流了解普通的最真实的英语国家人民生活习俗等等。In addition, by making full use of resources of foreign teachers, Strengthen the commu

38、nication between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers and students, so as to improve students' cross-cultural communication consciousness. With the development of science and technology, it is the reality that we can chat and make friends with foreigners on the Internet. This Can encourage stud

39、ents to chat in English by letters, Email, QQ, and other forms in permitted conditions which can realize the most authentic and common life custom of people who are from English countries.最后，在生活中学习英语是培养英语素质、渗透跨文化意识的重要道路。教师可以组织丰富多采的课外活动，比如，英语角、辩论赛，演讲朗诵等等。这些活动可以让学生现场走入英语的语境当中，但有限的交流时间对于语言的学习和文化知识的渗透还是

40、远远不够的。所以教师更重要的是鼓励学生自主的在课外丰富英语文化积累的意识，比如说现在的商品等都有英语的说明介绍，英语的商标品牌以及广告，路标，旅游景点等。如：LG这个品牌的文化内涵是Life is good. 这些不仅可以在丰富英语学习环境中积累知识，还能使学生体验英语学习的成就感，进一步增强对英语的兴趣。Learning English in the real life is an important way to cultivate English quality and to penetrate cross-cultural awareness. Teachers can organiz

41、e many extracurricular activities, such as English corner, debate competition, speech reading and so on. These activities can let students walk into the context of English, but limited time of communication is not enough to language learning and cultural knowledge acquiring. So it is more important

42、to encourage students to accumulate rich culture consciousness in extracurricular time. For example, goods have English instruction now , such as English trademarks and brand advertising, landmarks, tourist attractions, etc. Such as: the cultural connotation of LG brand is that “Life is good”. These

43、 can not only make the accumulation of knowledge rich in the English learning environment, but still can make students have the achievement of experience of English learning ,which can further enhance the interest of English. 四、加强跨文化意识培养的意义跨文化意识对于学生的全面发展有重要意义。跨文化意识的培养有利于消除因文化差异而带来的语言文化学习中的屏障，有助于提高学生

44、英语学习的兴趣和正确的运用英语, 使学生进行成功的跨文化交际；对目标语（英语）文化的了解与理解有利于学生加深对本国文化的认识，培养爱国主义精神，有利于提高人文素养；同时有利于了解世界文化，培养学生的世界意识，还能增强不同文化的认同感和包容性，从而更好地促进语言和文化的发展，以及不同语言、文化间的交流和沟通，社会发展也必将使跨越不同文化的人类交流愈加频繁。 总之，我们应该认识到英语教学中的跨文化意识培养不是空泛的，而是必要的和可操作的。通过加强跨文化意识的培养，在外语教学中培养高素质、有着较深厚文化修养的外语人才首先需要我们的教师自身学习有效的教学理念，具备丰富的英语文化知识，并且与时

45、具进加强自身文化修养，其次，培养学生文化意识的具体的实践方式却是动态的和不确定的，需要我们每位教师在实践中作出有弹性的设计，组成开放的结构，并在实施过程中采取灵活的策略。4、 跨文化意识培养应遵循的主要原则（1） 实用性原则（2） 由于文化概念所涉及的内容纷繁复杂，而教师和学生的时间和精力有限，所以在教学过程中，教师必须对教学内容进行甄别筛选，精选出最具实用性和普遍性的部分，合理安排教学内容。文化教学不能没有目的和边际，不能成为空中楼阁，这会让学生无所适从，找不到学习的重点和方向，甚至失去学习兴趣。因此，教学内容的相关性和目的性非常重要，跨文化意识的培养不能完全脱离教材，应在教材的基础上，根据

46、授课内容而定。Due to the complicated contents of cultural concepts, the time and energy of teachers and students are limited, so teachers must identify screening of teaching content in the teaching process, and selects the most practical and universal parts, and arrange teaching content reasonably. The cul

47、ture teaching can not live without purpose, and cannot become a castle in the air, which can make students confused about what to do, and can not find the focus and direction of the study, and even lose interest of learning. Therefore it is very important for the correlation of the teaching content

48、and purpose. The cultivation of cross-cultural awareness cannot be completely separated from the teaching material, and should be on the basis of the teaching material and according to the teaching content. （2） 母语与英语并重我们在学习和使用英语的时候，必然都会受到母语的影响。跨文化意识的培养不是使学生思想西化，而是相反，母语的输入，才能真正达到跨文化交际的目的。教师应使学生认识到：文化

49、是平等的，不同文化之间存在某些共性。这是跨文化意识培养和跨文化交际开展的基础。因此，学习西方文化，绝不是否定中国文化。对学生跨文化意识的培养，教师还应加强对英语与母语文化差异的理解，英语作为一门被广泛使用的语言，不应只承载文化输入的任务。在与人交际时，还应承载起母语文化输出的任务，这样才能最终达到文化理解和文化宽容。对高中学生而言，中国文化的输入，无疑可以增强学生的民族自豪感，激起学生更大的学习热情，提高学生的参与程度，提高他们的语言运用能力。When we are learning and using English, inevitably will be affected by the m

50、other tongue. The cultivation of cross-cultural awareness is not to make the student thought westernize, but on the contrary, language input which can truly achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication. Teachers should make students recognize that culture is equal, and there are some commonne

51、ss among different cultures. This is a basis of cross-cultural awareness training and the requirement for the cross-cultural communication. Therefore, the study of western culture is not to deny the Chinese culture. On the cultivation of the students' intercultural consciousness, the teacher als

52、o should strengthen the understanding of culture difference between English and native language. As a widely used language, English should not only carry cultural input task. In communication with others, but also carry the mother tongue culture output task, so as to ultimately achieve cultural unde

53、rstanding and tolerance. For middle school students,there is no doubt that the input of Chinese culture can strengthen students' sense of national pride, stimulate students' learning enthusiasm, and improve their ability of using language. (1) 在课文教学中渗透文化教育根据新课标精神编写的现行英语教材不仅为我们提供了真实、地道、优美的英语，

54、而且註重了把英语国家的文化融入教材。教师要善于利用这套教材，介绍英语国家的历史地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、价值观念，让学生的语言学习与文化学习同步并进。这样就既能促进学生对所学知识的理解和记忆，又能激发学生的学习兴趣，提高他们的跨文化素养。 例如：牛津高中英语(模块十·高三上学期)第二单元阅读部分美国的人口流动一文，选自美国生活杂志，讨论的主题是美国的人口趋向问题。教师不但要求学生掌握文章中出现的新的词语知识，如onthe move(在迁移中)，account for(占据)，reduce the risk of(减少的危险)、make sense(有道理

55、)等，还要求学生理解文章的篇章结构，同时也要求学生了解当今美国人群的不同流动趋向及其原因(Pop-ulation trends of different groups of people in the USA and the reasons for these trends)，并介绍一些有关美国人搬迁的歷史背景、美国人口情况、美国人最早的退休年龄、美国政府对老年人的特殊政策以及佛州的地理位置和气候情况等文化信息，扩大学生接触异国文化的范围，帮助学生开拓视野，提高他们对中外文化异同的敏感性和鉴别能力。这样，久而久之，学生的跨文化意识就会逐步建立起来。 ”The Oxford English fo

56、r senior high school” (Module10,first semester of senior),the unit 2 of reading, “The migration of the United States ", selected from the journal of “the American life”, which talk about the theme of the American population trends. Teachers not only demands students to master the new words whic

57、h appears in the article.Such as “onthe move”, “account for”, “reduce the risk of”, “make sense “and so on. But also require students to understand the discourse structure of the article, and also require students to understand the crowd of different flow trend in America today and the reason at the

58、 same time.(Pop-ulation trends of different groups of people in the USA and the reasons for these trends). And introduce some information about American historical background of the move, the population of the United States, the earliest American retirement age, the United States government's sp

59、ecial policy for the elderly and Florida's geographical location and conditions of climate and cultural information, expanding the scope of students contacting with other cultures, helping students to widen sight and improving their sensitivity to the similarities and identification ability of differences between Chinese and foreign culture and . So, the students' cross-cultural aware