2022年教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点5

1、教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力章节考点(5.4) （teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 5.4）teacher qualification examination, middle school education, knowledge and competence, chapter 5.4 fourth section of middle school students personality development i. personalit

2、y overview (1) the concept of personality personality is the organic integration of ones intellect, emotion, desire, values and habits of behavior, it gives people adapt to the unique environment of the organization mode, complex knowledge, emotion, consciousness and behavior is the result of the in

3、teraction of heredity and environment, contains a past influence as well as of now and in the future the construction. (two) the basic character of personality; the integrity of 1. personality a real person has many psychological factors and characteristics, such as intelligence, emotion, desire, va

4、lues and habits, but they are not isolated, but closely linked and integrated into an organic organization. a real mans behavior is not only a specific part of the operation of the results, and always close contact with other parts of coordinated 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 1

5、5 页 - - - - - - - - -activities. 2., the stability of personality the stability performance of personality into two aspects: one is the personality of the cross time continuity. in the different stages of life, personality continuity as the first manifestation of persistent self. the two is the cros

6、s situational consistency of personality. the personality refers to stable psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person often expressed and the temporary, occasionally behavior does not belong to personality characteristics. for example, an outgoing students are not only good at communic

7、ation in school, love friends, love in the school of communication, love the party, although he occasionally keeps a certain distance with others, show a quiet mood. 3., the uniqueness of personality unique personality refers to the psychological and behavior between people are different. the divers

8、ity of combination of personality structure, each persons personality has its own characteristics. in daily life, we can observe whenever and wherever possible to each persons actions are different from others, each person all have their needs, hobbies, cognition, emotion, volition and values. 4., t

9、he social nature of personality social personality refers to such social animal become members of society. personality is the unique social person. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -personality is formed in the genetic and biological basis of individual, restr

10、icted by the individual biological characteristics. in this sense it can be said that personality is a comprehensive individual nature and social the people who meet the need of food. for example, the content and the way is affected by the specific social and historical conditions. therefore, can be

11、 summed up: personality is a complex of characteristics of individual stable, showing a unique pattern of individual thoughts, emotions and behaviors. this unique mode is the result of individual socialization, but also affect the interaction of the individual and the environment. (three) temperamen

12、t and personality personality is a concept of meaning is very rich, which includes the psychological characteristics of temperament and character stability. personality temperament is individual early in life to show the stability of individual differences, namely those of psychology and behavior by

13、 genetic and physiological characteristics of the decision. the concept and we usually say temperament, temper approximation. pavlov according to the intensity of nervous process, balance and flexibility, the higher nervous activity type of animal and human beings into four kinds: excited, lively, q

14、uiet and restrained, and the corresponding is choleric and balgam, and depression. types and characteristics of higher nervous activity 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -temperament and personality are different. the main difference is: (1) temperament is dete

15、rmined by biological factors, can not be changed, and the essence of personality is formed by individual life experience, because experience and new change; (2) in the early stage have temperament appear, and personality appeared relatively late; (3) to observe the temperament in the animal body, an

16、d there is no animal personality; (4) temperament is revealed from the persons mood, speech and deportment in specific content, does not involve the behavior, and personality characteristics and behavior of the content may be the relevant (such as academic trait anxiety); (5) the behavior of higher

17、cognitive process control and personality related, it has nothing to do with temperament (four) character and personality personal reality stable attitudes and habits of behavior is the character. in the external environment especially under the influence of the social environment, the unique behavi

18、or patterns formed by the individual life practice, cognition, emotion and volition, is the persons character. personality is the mode of existence of a person, is the product of individual genetic quality and environment interaction. personality temperament is innate, is a natural expression of phy

19、sical and genetic, it is difficult to change, no good or bad; the personality of the character is acquired, is the social and cultural patterns of engraving, is likely to change, there is good or bad. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -from the influence of per

20、sonality temperament. first of all, the formation of temperament will affect the individual character. because the character directly depends on the nature and methods in education and social interaction. a variable temperament is the formation of personality in the early stages of individual develo

21、pment will emerge, which will affect the behavior of different parents or other people. the interaction of individual and social environment of different nature. secondly, according to their own temperament can render dynamic character, so that the character has a unique color. for example, the same

22、 character is helpful and sanguine in helping people often agility, emotion is apparent on the outside, the mucus quality may act calm, do not show emotion on the outside. once again, temperament will also affect the character formation or transformation speed. for example, to the formation of self-

23、control, choleric people often need a great deal of effort and restraint is required, while a depressed person is more likely to develop without having to control himself from the point of view of the character of temperament, personality can also hide or change the temperament to a certain extent,

24、so it is subject to the practice of life. for example, the scouts must have a calm and brave personality. in strict military training practice, these forms may conceal or transform the choleric the character of impulsive and unrestrained temperament. two, factors affecting personality development th

25、e formation and development of personality can not be 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -separated from the relationship between innate heredity and acquired environment. psychologists believe that personality is formed and developed gradually under the interac

26、tion of heredity and environment (i) biological genetic factors because personality has strong stability characteristics, personality researchers pay more attention to the role of genetic factors. according to the existing research results, the role of heredity on personality is summarized as follow

27、s 1. heredity is an essential factor in personality the extent of the 2. genetic factors on personality with personality traits are different. usually in intelligence, temperament and biological factors of these traits, the more important the role of genetic factors; and the relationship between val

28、ues and beliefs, personality and social factors closely traits, environmental effects may be more important. 3. the development of personality is genetic and environmental factors of two people. the result of the interaction of both biological properties, and has the social attribute. people in the

29、embryonic state, the influence of environmental factors on the start, this effect will continue in ones life. the factor of environment is diverse, small family factors to social and cultural factors. have an important effect on the formation and development of personality of these factors. (two) so

30、cial and cultural factors 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -everyone in the specific social and cultural environment, the cultural influence on personality is extremely important. social culture personality of the members of the society, the personality struct

31、ure of its members towards the direction of the development of this similarity, the similarity with the function of maintaining social stability, and that every person can be firmly embedded in the whole cultural form. (three) family environment factors study on the causes of family personality, foc

32、using on family differences (including family structure, economic conditions, living environment, family atmosphere etc.) and different parenting styles of personality development and personality differences. the study found that authoritative parenting parents behave in their childrens education is

33、 too dominant, all the children by their parents to control growth. in this environment, children are easy to form the negative and passive, dependent, obedience, weakness, lack of character initiative, sometimes forming personality dishonest. indulgent parenting styles of parents of children over i

34、ndulgence, let the children want parents to. children sometimes appear out of control. the growth in the home environment in which children were willful, childish, selfish, rude and barbaric, poor independence, outrageous nonsense. parents and children democratic parenting styles in the family in an

35、 equal and harmonious atmosphere, parents respect the child, give the child the autonomy and positive guidance. this kind of parenting style can make children form positive personality traits, such as lively, 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -happy, straightfo

36、rward, self-reliance, refined and courteous it is true that the family is indeed a factory of human character, and it shapes peoples different personality traits (four) early childhood experience; the saying goes: three years, seven years old. the impact of early life events on personality, has been

37、 emphasized by personality psychologists. it needs to be emphasized that the development of personality in spite of childhood experience, happy childhood is conducive to the healthy development of individual personality, unhappy childhood may the individual will form a bad personality, but the two a

38、re not the one-to-one relationship. for example, doting may also make children form a bad personality, adversity may also bring out the child strong character. in addition, early experience no effect on personality, and other factors together determine the formation and development of personality. (

39、five) natural physical factors these physical factors of ecological environment, climate, space congestion will affect the formation and development of personality. for example, the temperature will increase the frequency of certain personality characteristics, such as hot weather makes people restl

40、ess. but the natural environment on personality does not play a decisive role. in different physical environment, people can the behavior of different characteristics. three, personality theory 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -(1) freuds theory of personality

41、 development freuds psychoanalysis. his personality system is huge, cover and contain everything that is unconscious instinct theory driven, juvenile life experience determines the individual future destiny. the subconscious instinctual drives as the central concept and set up the theory, also known

42、 as the spiritual motivation theory. freud regards personality as a dynamic system made up of three mental structures, namely, id, ego and superego. most of human behavior is the result of the interaction of id, ego and superego the id is the only personality structure inherent, composed of biologic

43、al instinct and desire. i follow the principle of happiness act, without regard to any physical or social constraints, and demands to be satisfied immediately. when the baby saw what he wants, whether it is not something others or potentially harmful. hell get it. i fling caution to the winds to the

44、 impulse is subconscious, we are not perceived. in the first two years of interaction with the outside world, the second part of the personality structure of the self - developed gradually. self follow the principle of reality. that is to say, the task is to measure the self reality under the condit

45、ion of satisfying the id impulses. the id impulses are not usually allowed by society, so selfs job is to these impulses remain in the subconscious. self is different from the id, free to operate on the perceived awareness, conscious and 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 9 页，共 15 页 - - -

46、 - - - - - -subconscious mind. when the children grow up to 5 years or so, the third part of the personality structure of the superego - began to form. superego represents the needs of the society, especially from parents values and standards. the superego part called conscience, is a personal moral

47、 standards. when the individual acts in violation of the standards, will be affected by the conscience the blame and guilt. another part of the superego is called the ego ideal, is a personal behavior by parents who praise or reward in childhood. the ego ideal is a source of personal goals and aspir

48、ations, when this standard is achieved, it takes pride in it. the three part of the personality structure is always in a state of counterbalance. the ego of a healthy person prevents the ego and the superego from over manipulating their personality, self is to find a way to meet at the same time, th

49、e id and superego needs. however, it is often quite difficult. the subconscious is the battlefield personality of the three part. the self is to keep in touch with reality, but also coordination personality the other two parts. (two) ericksons theory of social development stage 1. stages of personal

50、ity development erickson put the personality development as a gradual process, which is extended to the entire course of peoples life, the eight stages that personality development will go through the 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 10 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -same sequence, each stag

51、e in the development of individual faces crisis and development tasks. (1) basic trust and basic distrust (0-1.5 years old) the development task at this stage is the development of the world, especially the basic attitude of the social environment, cultivate a sense of trust. the first basic conflic

52、ts faced by childrens trust trust. this trust or distrust, stage of development in the future, will be extended to the parents of other people. therefore, the established between infancy and parents to trust individual social relations as the foundation, will be the foundation of personality he will

53、 establish good interpersonal relationship with others. (2) sense of autonomy, shame and suspicion (2-3 years old) the development task of this stage is to cultivate independence. erickson believes that at this stage of the children with double desire: not only to gain the support of parents, but al

54、so for parents to let themselves. the children attempt to handle things, if parents allow children to do what they can and do, encourage childrens independent exploration wish, children will gradually realize their ability, cultivate the autonomous personality; on the other hand, parents dote on and

55、 protect or excessive criticism may make children doubts about her self and the environment control ability, to produce a sense of shame. this stage can develop smoothly according to social demands to behavior psychological disorders; characteristics of development is lack of confidence, action over

56、cautious. 精品学习资料 可选择p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 11 页，共 15 页 - - - - - - - - -(3) initiative and guilt (4-5 years old); the development task of this stage is to cultivate the initiative. due to the development of physical activity and language, children are likely to extend to his activities

57、outside the family. however, the limited ability often makes active children by adults is prohibited, so that they feel guilty, which may reduce the childrens enthusiasm. therefore, this stage the crisis is not only to the development of childrens own initiative, but also to avoid activities that ma

58、y be prohibited. this stage of the development of the psychological characteristics of smooth active curiosity, has the direction of action, began to have a sense of responsibility; mental disorders is a feature of the development of fear, lack of self-worth. (4) sense of diligence and inferiority (

59、6-11 years old) the stage of the development task is to develop the sense of diligence. during this period, the majority of children have entered the school, the first time to accept social give him and expect him to complete the task. if children get the society more successful experience in learni

60、ng and other collective activities, helps children develop hardworking personality, and the frustration and the failure led to a sense of inferiority. if the first three stages of the impact on children is the biggest family factors, then this stage for children is the biggest factor. the school sta