现代测绘技术在道路桥梁工程中的应用(中外翻译)

1、现代测绘技术在道路桥梁工程中的应用每项工程建设都必须以社会与经济效益为依据，按照自然条件和预期目的进 行规划设计，测量工作是工程建设中的一项最基础的工作，在道路、桥梁、隧道 工程建设屮起着重要的作用，为获取一条最经济、最合理的路线，首先应进行路 线勘测，绘制带状地形图，进行纵、横断面测量，进行纸上定线和路线设计，并 将设计好的路线平面位置、纵坡及路基边坡线在地面上标定岀来，以指导施工， 当路线跨越河流时，拟设置桥梁跨越之前，应测绘河流两岸地形图，测定桥轴 线的长度及桥位处的河床断面，桥位处的河流比降，为桥梁方案选择及结构设 计提供必要的依据，当路线纵坡受地形限制，采用避让山岭绕线平面线形不能

2、满足规范要求，而选用隧道方案时，测定隧道进出口大比例尺地形图，为隧道 洞口布置选择提供必要的数据。可以说，测绘技术在道路桥梁工程建设中期的作 用是十分重要的。现代测绘技术以遥感(rs),地理信息系统(gis)、全球定位系统(gps)为核心 和主体，在计算机技术和通信技术的支持下，正在形成一门新的科学一一地球空 间信息学(geomatics),现代测绘学就是地球空间信息学。现代测绘学是一门新 兴的空间信息科学技术，是应用系统的方法、现代化的手段，在空间信息生成和 管理过程中用于科学研究、行政管理、法律运作和技术工作的空间数据进行获取 和管理中所采用的所有学科的综合体.是涉及到空间数据的量测，分析

3、、管 理和显示的一门现代化的综合技术手段和方法。其主体是遥感(rs)、全球定位系 统(gps)、地理信息系统(g1s)三门既相互独立又密切联系的科学技术，统称为 “3s”技术。“3s”技术的集成即“3s体化”是现代测绘学发展的重要方向。多年来，路、桥地形图的野外测量一直沿用平板仪(或经纬仪)测图的传统方 法。这种方法外业作业吋间长、精度低，常常难以满足设计要求，对工程进度及 工程质量都有不同程度的影响。冃前，数字化测图己广泛应用到国民经济建设屮 的各个领域，同样在交通系统中也已普遍得到应用。数字化测图具有精度高、作 业时间短、自动化程度高及操作简便等优点，特别是外业工作一结束，便能提交 供设计

4、使用的数字化地形图，大大缩短了作业工序和时间。这些优点是传统作业 所无法比拟的。道路桥梁等的设计、施工.管理都与地质地理条件、区域综合信息密切相关, 涉及到大量的数据采集，处理、管理等工作。以g1s、gps、rs为主体的现代测绘 学的特点和结构决定了其在公路的修筑和管理中应用的优越性，这既是现代测绘 学应用领域拓宽的需要，也是公路修筑和管理的必然要求。以“3 s”技术为主 体的现代测绘技术辅以常规测绘技术、计算机技术、人工智能专家系统技术等, 可以在公路修筑和管理的整个过程屮都提供强有力的技术支持，从而利用最先进 的空间科学技术服务于公路的修筑和管理，提高工作效率，保证工程质量，节约 工程费用

5、。道路桥梁的修筑与该地的水文地质条件、地形地貌条件，自然地理条件、社 会经济状况有着密切关系。地质资料的获取是进行路线选址和设计的先决条件， 但传统的方法工作量大，工程周期长，投入成本大。在突变性地质构造及多源信 息处理方面效果并不理想。现代测绘学的信息获取，处理功能可有效进行公路的 选线和设计。首先利用遥感技术进行公路地质调查，利用区域有关遥感资料，从 中提取沿线的主要地质信息，然后结合路线调查、实地勘测和对已有资料的全面 分析，确定该地区的对公路选线有影响的所有的因素条件，为选址提供基础资料。 将由遥感技术所获得的区域地理、地质等方面的资料输入地理信息系统的数据 库，地形图通过数字化仪进行

6、输入，图像信息在扫描进入g i s后通过栅格矢量 数据结构的转换以需要的形式进行存储，属性信息由键盘输入或由数据库移植， 同时要充分利用gis中已有的该地区的信息.将需要的多源地理信息进行统一管 理。公路的修筑既要尽量减少对耕地的占用，又要尽可能选取地质条件好、施工 难度小的地区，同时还要考虑路线的曲直程度、安全等各方面的问题。因此道路 的选线是一个综合的多目标优化问题。对这一问题的解决要充分利用g i s的空 间分析模块进行。工程中首级控制网常采用gps进行四等控制，为方便施工再 利用常规方法进行一级导线的加密，首级控制网往往采用与国家点联测分带换算 得到实地任意坐标系统，以控制整体系统的连

7、接及与已有线路进行衔接纟思而在线 路主要控制坏物如特大桥、长隧道等（为便于施工需进行誌等控制网的布设，这 类控制网内部精度要求较线路首级控制高，这时多采用独立网的形式，这种独立 网不同于其它独立工程如大坝、枢纽、厂房等一般独立控制网，作为线路整体的 一部分，需要与路线进行坐标衔接，坐标系统一致，以便施工过程中保持线路的 连续性，控制平差采用独立网自由平差求定长基线后再进行约束平差，然后再对 两端一级导线重平差方法。利用遥感和地理信息系统进行公路的地质勘察和选址 及辅助设计，充分利用了现代技术，具有考虑因素系统全面，采用信息实时准确、 分析过程高效可靠、操作利用简便易行等优点，已获得了广泛的应用

8、。例如乌奎 （乌鲁木齐奎屯）公路、太【口（太原【口关）高速公路的设计阶段都充分利用了遥感技 术。道路在其使用过程中，必然要受到当地自然条件、环境变化、人类活动等因 素的影响，利用现代测绘技术可以进行公路宏观监测。以公路修筑过程中的儿何 信息为基础，将道路及其所在区域各方面的信息通过gis的数据采集模块输入gis 数据库，在gis的基础上建立公路管理系统，对整个公路的状况、沿线地理信息 等在系统屮进行综合管理。由于地下采矿、区域发展等各方面的影响，公路所在 地区的自然地理条件可能发生演变，这些变化极有可能对公路引发大的破坏。及 时对公路所在区域的自然地理环境进行动态综合监测，发现可能引起公路破坏

9、的 因素并采取有效的维护措施。可以从宏观上保证对公路的动态监测。遥感信息是 进行公路动态综合监测的基本信息源。基于gis的公路管理系统是实施监测的技 术支扌掌，该系统可以充分继承gis已有的空间分析功能，并结合公路管理的要求 进行适当的二次开发，从而实现管理工作的自动化，规范化。桥梁的沉降观测亦是一项非常重要的工作，特别是本次对试验桥梁的观测， 对高速公路新建加宽桥梁的灌注桩抛高提供了较为科学的参考数据。一般桥梁灌 注桩抛高的经验数据为25mm。通过我们对试验桥梁的观测数据表明，在本文所 提到的地质条件下，桥梁抛高要大一些，达到了十几毫米。但同时，也可以说， 在桥梁施工过程中，灌注桩的抛高问题

10、是多样性的，与桥梁的结构和地质情况有 很大的关系。在实际桥梁施工过程中，要加强桥墩台的沉降观测的频率，保证观 测数据的正确性、可靠性和连续性；其次，具体问题具体分析，对观测数据要及 时分析，从而真正做到利用沉降观测数据来指导施工。此外，测绘还有多方面应用如下：数字化铁路：是建立在铁路信息公共基础平台上的把铁路行业有关运输组织、 客货营销、经营管理各业务环节的海量动态和静态的、多分辨率、多尺度、三维 的信息进行采集、存储，并按照统一的地理坐标集成起来，建立完整的铁路信息 模型，为铁路行业的勘测、设计、规划、运营、管理和各级决策工作提供开放式、 分布式的和全方位的信息服务，实现铁路行业的数字化管理

11、。itcs 控制系统：itcs（incremental train control system 增强型列车控制系 统）是基于卫星定位技术和无线数据通信的列车控制系统。系统将通信技术和铁 路信号技术进行深度融合，实现了列车控制信息的无线传输。铁路gps测量：用gps技术对铁路轨道线及其附属设施进行精确定位测量。 测量成果用于生成列车控制所需的数据库。基准站、流动站：基准站乂叫参考站。是指在同一观测时段内，在已知点上 架设测站，一肓保持跟踪卫星，同时在已知点的一定范围内流动设站作业，这些 架设在已知点上的测站就叫做基准站（或参考站）；在基准站的一定范围内流动 作业所设的站叫做流动站。rtg技术：

12、rtg （real-time gipsy,又称星站差分）是全球差分gps系统。 其gps差分信号通过国际海事卫星进行广播。用户gps接收机在接收gps信号 的同时可接收到海事卫星广播的rtg相位差分改正信号，从而达到实时高精度 定位。rtk技术：rtk （real-time kinematic,又称载波相位差分）是单站差分gps 系统。是基于载波相位观测值的实时动态定位技术。rtk定位时要求基准站接 收机实时地把观测数据（伪距观测值、相位观测值）及已知数据传输给流动站接 收机，流动站的gps接收机利用基准站的实时数据链求解出流动站的位置。rtg+rtk技术：通过接口使gps接收机在接收gps信

13、号的同吋接收星站 差分信号（rtg）和载波相位差分信号（rtk）,两种差分信号同时对gps直接 定位坐标进行修正，系统软件依据解算的指标参数择优选取差分改正坐标。rtg + rtk技术以互补的方式将二者有机地结合起来，充分发挥了各自的优势，不 仅成倍地提高了作业效率，而且增加了作业中的检核条件，提高了成果的可靠性 和精度。铁路关键点、基本点：关键点是指铁路上的信号机、轨道电路绝缘节、道岔 尖轨和公里标；基本点是指轨道中心线上的任意点，相邻基本点之间的距离不大 于3米。现代测绘学是一门具有广阔应用前景的空间信息科学技术，将其应用于道路 修筑和管理具有多方面的优越性，可以缩短作业吋间，减少工作强度

14、，提高工程 质量，节省建设资金，提高工作效率，规范工程实施，加强道路管理，这已被大 量的公路建筑工程所证明。随着今后交通运输业的进一步发展，现代测绘技术在 公路的修筑和管理中必将发挥越来越大的技术支持作用。the application of modern mapping technology inthe engineering of roads and bridgesthe construction of each project must be the social and economic benefits as the basis for planning and design in

15、accordance with the natural conditions and the intended purpose of the survey work is the most basic work of engineering construction of a construction of roads, bridges, tunneling plays an important the role of access to one of the most economical, the most reasonable route, first line investigatio

16、n, drawing the strip topographic map, longitudinal cross-section measurement, the paper alignment and route design and design route flat position longitudinal slope and embankmenl slope lines on the ground calibration, to guide the construction route across the river to be set up before the bridge a

17、cross the mapping rivers topographic maps, determination of the length of the bridge axis and the bridge is located in the riverbed section. bridge is located in the river slope, to provide the necessary basis for the bridge program selection and structural design, road longitudinal slope by topogra

18、phical constraints, to avoid the mountains winding horizontal alignment can not meet the regulatory requirements, the choice of a tunnel option, the determination of the tunnel import and export large-scale topographic maps, provide the necessary data for the tunnel entrance layout selection. it can

19、 be said that the role of mappi ng tech no logy in the mid of roads and bridges construction projects is very important.modern mapping technology as the core and the main remote sensing (rs), geographic information systems (gis), global positioning system (gps), in support of computer and communicat

20、ion technologies, is the formation of a new science - geomatics(geoinatics), modern surveying and mapping and geomatics. modern surveying and mapping is an emerging spatial information science and technology is the method of application, the means of modern scientific research, administrative, legal

21、, operational and technical work in spatial data access and spatial information generation and management process for complex used in the management of all disciplines. is related to the measurement of spatial data analysis, pipemanagement and displayed in a modern technical means and methods. its s

22、ubject is the remote sensing (rs), global positioning system (gps), geographic information system (gis) three, both independent and closely linked to science and technology, collectively known as the m3sm technology. n3sh technology integration as a n3s integrationn is an important development direc

23、tion of modern surveying and mapping science.over the years, the field measurements of topographic maps in road, bridge has been used to the traditional methods of plane table (or theodolite) mapping. this approach outside the industry, operating time, low precision, it is often difficult to meet th

24、e design requirements, have varying degrees of impact on the progress of works and the quality of the projec匸 at present, the digital mapping has been widely applied to various areas of national economic construction, the same transport system has generally been applied.digital mapping has the advan

25、tages of high accuracy, short operating time, high degree of automation and easy operation, especially the end of field work, will be able to submit for the design of digital topographic maps, greatly reducing the operating procedure and time. these advantages unmatched by traditional jobs.roads and

26、 bridges, such as design, construction. management are closely related to geological and geographical conditions, regional information related to the data acquisition, processing, management, and so on. determine the superiority of its application in road construction and management as the main feat

27、ures of modern surveying and mapping gis, gps, rs and structure, which is both modern surveying and mapping and the need to broaden application areas, road construction and management of the inevitable . h3 sh technology as the main modern mapping technology supplemented by conventional mapping tech

28、niques, computer technology, artificial intelligence expert system technology, can provide strong technical support in the whole process of road construction and management, which utilizes the most advanced space science and technology in highway construction and management, improve efficiency, ensu

29、re the quality of the project, saving the cost of the project.the construction of roads and bridges and the hydrogeological conditions, terrain conditions, natural and geographical conditions and socio-economic situation has a close relationship. access to geological data for route siting and design

30、 prerequisite, but the traditional method of a heavy workload, long project cycle, large input costs. not yielded satisfactory results in mutation geological structure, and multi-source information processing. modem surveying and mapping information acquisition, processing capabilities can be effect

31、ive route selection and design of the road. first highway geological survey using remote sensing techniques, use of regional remote sensing data, extracted along the major geological information, and then combined with the line survey, site investigation and comprehensive analysis of existing data,

32、to determine the region's impact on highway route all the factors that condition, to provide basic information for the site.will be the data input of the remote sensing technology, regional geography, geology, geographic information system database, the topographic map by the digitizer input ima

33、ge information is scanned into the gi s, through the conversion of the raster and vector data structures need store attribute information by keyboard input or database migration to full use of gis has been in the area of information. the needs of multi-source geographic information for unified manag

34、ement. the construction of the road it is necessary to minimize the occupation of farmland, but also, as far as possible, select the geological conditions, the difficulty of construction areas, but also consider the route merits the degree of security issues. therefore, the selected line of the road

35、 is an integrated multi-objective optimization problem. the solution to this problem should make full use of gis spatial analysis module. primary control network engineering is often used gps to four other control using conventional methods to facilitate the construction of a wire encryption, primar

36、y control network is often used with the national point of joint observation points with the conversion to get the field any coordinate system, to control the overall system to connect with existing wiring convergence of fine linen to the main control in the linesu, such as bridge, long tunnel (in o

37、rder to facilitate the construction need for the layout of the control network, biao and other such control network internal precision than the line heads control is high, then the use of a separate network, this independent network is different from other independent projects such as dams, hub, pla

38、nt and general independent control network, as an integral part of the line, and line coordinates of convergence, the same coordinate system in order to maintain the continuity of the line construction process control adjustment independent network free adjustment of demand given long baseline after

39、 constraint adjustment, and then both ends of a wire re-adjustment method using remote sensing and geographic information systems the geological survey of the road and location-aided design, take full advantage of modern technology, with consideration system fully, using real-time accurate informati

40、on, efficient and reliable analysis process, the operation using simple, etc., have been widely used, for example the kuitun (urumqi kuytun) road, too old (the taiyuan old off) highway design stage to make full use of remote sensing tech no logy the road in its use, is bound to by the local natural

41、conditions, environmental change, human activity factors, the use of modern mapping technology to highway macro monitoring. geometric information in the highway construction process, based on the information on all aspects of the road and its region through the gis data acquisition module input gis

42、database, established on the basis of gis road such as the integrated management system. because of the impact of underground mining, regional development, natural and geographical conditions of the road region may evolve, these changes are most likely to cause much damage to the road in a timely ma

43、nner on the road where the region's natural geographic environment for dynamic monitoring, discovery may cause road damage factors and take effective maintenance measures-from the macro level to ensure the dynamic monitoring of the road. remote sensing information is the essential source of info

44、rmation highways dynamic monitoring. of gis-based road management system is the implementation of technical support for monitoring, the system can inherit the existing spatial analysis functions in gis, combined with the requirements of the appropriate secondary development of road management in ord

45、er to achieve automation, standardization of management work.settlement observation of the bridge is also a very important work, especially the observations on the test bridge, highway pile throw new widened bridge high to provide a more scientific reference data. general bridge pile throw high empi

46、rical data for the 2 5mm. geological conditions mentioned in this article through our observational data showed that the test bridge, the bridge throw gaoyao large, reaching more than a dozen mil lime ter s< but at the same time, can also be said that the bridge construction process, the pile of

47、cast high diversity, have a great relationship with the bridge structure and geological conditions. the actual bridge construction process, to strengthen the pier settlement observation frequency to ensure the accuracy, reliability and continuity of the observational data; secondly, to analyze speci

48、fic issues, the observed data, timely analysis, in order to truly use settlement observational data to guide constructionin addition, mapping, there are many applications as follows:digital railway: is to build the railway industry in the public infrastructure of the railway information platform tra

49、nsport-related organizations, passenger and freight marketing, the business management aspects of the mass dynamic and static, multi-resolution, multi-scale, three-dimensional information acquisition, storage , in accordance with the geographical coordinates of a unified and integrated, to establish

50、 a complete rail information model to provide an open, distributed and comprehensive information service for the investigation, design, planning, operations, management and all levels of decision-making of the railway industry to achieve digital management of the railway industry. itcs control syste

51、m: enhanced of itcs (incremental train control system train control system) is based on satellite positioning technology and wireless data communications, train control systems. system of communication technology and railway signaling technology in-depth integration of wireless train control informa

52、tion transmission. rail gps measurements: the precise location measurement using gps technology on the railway track lines and ancillary facilities. the measurement results used to generate the train control required database. base stations, mobile stations: base station, also known as reference sta

53、tions. refers to the erection of the station on a known point in the same observation period, and keeps track of the satellite, mobile station operating within a certain range of the known point, mounted on a known point on the station called the base station (or station); within a certain range of

54、the base station to mobile station operations called station. rtg technology: rtg (real-time the gipsy, also known as the star stations differential) is a global differential gps system. gps differential signal through the international maritime satellite broadcasting. the user can receive the gps r

55、eceiver while receiving gps signal to maritime satellite radio rtg phase difference correction signal so as to achieve real-time high-precision positioning.rtk: rtk (real-time kinematic, also known as the carrier phase difference) technology is the single-station differential gps system. real-time dynamic positioning technology based on carrier phase observation