教师版高考英语作文写作基础——过渡词

1、高考英语作文写作基础过渡词一. 教学内容：英语写作专题训练过渡词众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分的纽带。 过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。一、过渡词的分类1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词:and, also， as well, as well as， or, too,

2、 not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor（2）表递进关系的过渡词: besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more， whats worse（3）表转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in pite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlybut

3、 also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the first whereas the second, oncenow, on the one hand on the other hand, someothers（4）表原因的过渡词:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）（5）表结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, so

4、that, suchthat （6）表条件的过渡词:if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, a

5、fter a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, ther

6、eafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陈述事实的过渡词: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表强调的过渡词: certainly, indeed, above all, surely, m

7、ost important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously（13）表比较的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to（14）表目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to（15）表总结的过渡词: in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally

8、speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。（1）用于“启”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in

9、recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that, As the proverb says, It goes without saying that, It is clear/obvious that, Many people often ask （2）用于“承”的过渡词语 表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermo

10、re, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，It is true that,Everybody knows that,It can be easily proved that,No one can d

11、eny thatThe reason why is that ,There is no doubt that,To takefor an example (instance) ,We know that,What is more serious is that（3）用于“转”的过渡词语 用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise

12、, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead,I do not believe that,Perhaps youll ask whyThis may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to,Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found, Thats why I feel that（4）用于“合”的过渡词语 用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通

13、常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up

14、From this point of view On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why we must二、过渡词的应用 有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如： 1. 学生习作TV and web

15、site TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes y

16、ou feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. Every medium has its own f

17、eatures. It is hard to say which is better. 这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。修改后的文章： TV and websiteBoth TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different

18、sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in. However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV report

19、ers do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter. In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better. 修改后的文章

20、用过渡词来衔接上下段第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.第二段第一句为：However, they are different in many ways.第三段第一句为：In a word, every medium has its own features这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Bothand, However, In a word使全文有序地衔接起来。如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。（见上文）我们常常遇到这样的作文题目，如：

21、发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面，这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。 As a new way of shopping, online shopping is becoming more and more popular in our daily life. Online shopping has many disadvantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead of searching a crowded

22、 store, we just need to watch the computer screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We dont have to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the computer screen at the same time. However, online shopping is not

23、 so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the computer screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. Whats worse, we can not see the things in detail. Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So we should develop it.2

24、. 2005年高考作文题 我们主要看一下今年的高考作文题中过渡词的使用:2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（1）英 语 第二节 书面表达（满分25分）假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。注意：1. 词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3. 参考词汇：牛津Oxford 费用fee Dear Sir/Madame,_Yours,Li HuaPossible version: Dear Sir/Madame,

25、Im writing for more information about the day tour to London.As a student at Oxford University, Id like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to b

26、ring along my own food? How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the next day, Id like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London.Yours, Li Hua2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英 语（北京卷）第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分）第一

27、节 情景作文（20分）美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。注意：1. 信的开头已为你写好。2. 词数不少于60。 Dear Jeff,Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing. Best wishes, Li HuaPossible version:Dear Jeff

28、,Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.While you are here, well provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. Youll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite c

29、lose to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon well eat at the school dining hall. Im sure youll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in

30、playing ball games or swimming. Itll be a lot of fun.If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. Well try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience. Best wishes, Li Hua第二节 开放作文（15分）请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。In your English class, the teacher shows this picture of a

31、little boy looking into a mirror, and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings.Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the next page. 请将开放作文写在右侧横线内One possible version:We can see in the picture a

32、little boy standing in front of a mirror. Hes letting his imagination fly. What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. Although he is small and short now, he believes he will grow up to be a tall and strong young man like Yao Ming, who he admires. I

33、think this picture tries to tell us that we should always look into the future with hope and confidence.2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（3）英 语第三节 书面表达（满分30分） 假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。赞成迁出： 反对迁出：1. 游客多，交通堵塞2. 郊区环境好 1. 建于1906年，中外闻名2. 搬迁易造成动物死亡 注意：1. 词数100字左右，信的开头已为你写好。2. 可根据

34、内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3. 参考词汇：郊区suburbJune 3 ,2005Dear Editor, Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city._ June 3 ,2005Dear Editor, Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the

35、 city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beiji

36、ng Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is .Whats more, moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.Yours truly,Li Hua学习连接词-把握连接上下文的关键要想使文章有整

37、体性、连贯性，就要学会正确使用连接词 下面请你认真学习并学会运用下列常见连接词i表示罗列增加 first, second, third, first, then/next, after that/ next, finally for one thingfor another, on (the)one handon the other hand, besides / whats more/ in addition / furthermore/ moreover /another/ also, especially/ In particular, i表示时间顺序 now, at present,

38、recently, after, afterwards, after that, after a while, in a few days,at first, in the beginning, to begin with,later, next, finally,immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment , as soon as, the momentfrom now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile,till, not.until, before, af

39、ter, when , while, as, during,i表示解释说明 now, in addition, for example, for instance, in this case, moreover furthermore, in fact, actuallyi表示转折关系 but, however, while, though, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, in contrast, despite, in spite of, even though, except(for), instead, of cou

40、rse, after all, i表示并列关系 or, and, also, too, not only. but also, as well as, both. and, either .or, neither.nori表示因果关系 because, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to., due to., therefore, as a result(of), otherwise, so that, such thati表示条件关系 as (so)long as, on condition that, if, unlessi表示让步关系 t

41、hough, although, as, even if, even though, whether .or., however, whoever, whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever, no matter how (who, what, which, where, when, whom)i表示举例 for example, for instance, such as., take. for examplei表示比较 be similar to, similarly, the same as, in contrast, compared with(t

42、o). just like, just as,i表示目的 for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to , so as to, i表示强调 indeed, in fact, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, above all, i表示概括归纳 in a word, in short, in brief, on the whole, generally speaking, in my opinion, as far as I kno

43、w, As we all know, as has been stated，as I have shown, finally, at last, in summary, in conclusion,看高考题体会连接词的运用：2001 高考试题Dear Dick,How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce lea

44、rning load. I dont know about others, but I used to have work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time. I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV o

45、r read newspapers. Whats more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things. Best wishes, Li Hua用所给的词完成下面短文：finally, then, at first, after that I had a bad cold last week. _, I had a running nose, but I did not take it seriously. _I began to cough

46、. _, I had a fever and felt weak. _, I was sent to hospital and had to lie in bed for three days.答案： At first, Then, After that, Finallyhand , but, finally, immediately, now, at first, one day, then, so, The naughty boy in the story “The Boy Who Cried Wolf” has grown up. _he works as a weatherman in

47、 his village. _he studied the weather carefully _found that a storm was coming. _, he told all the villagers to prepare for the bad weather, _ no one believed him. _, the weather was fine, _ the villagers said that the young man was lying again. _the weather suddenly changed _a storm wind came. All

48、the villagers tried to save the crops _ it was too late. _, the storm ruined all the crops.答案：Now, One day, and, Immediately, but, At first, so, Then, and, but, Finallyibut, moreover, of course, for one thing, in addition, however, first, furthermore, then, secondForeign cars are often more expensiv

49、e to own in the United States than American-made cars. _, foreign cars cost more to buy. _, there are reasons for this. The quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. _, high tariffs（关税）on many foreign models have raised prices. _, foreign cars often cost more to register. _, in

50、surance rates can be higher. _, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for American cars. _, there are some financial advantages to owning a foreign cars. _, many of them get better gas mileage, and they need new tires less often than American cars do. _, their resale value is higher.

51、 The price of a year-old foreign car may be only $300 less than what it cost new. _ the price for a year-old American car will be around $1,000 less.答案：Foreign cars are often more expensive to own in the United States than American-made cars. For one thing, foreign cars cost more to buy. Of course,

52、there are reasons for this. The quality of workmanship that goes into making them is very high. Then, high tariffs(关税) on many foreign models have raised prices. Furthermore, foreign cars often cost more to register. In addition, insurance rates can be higher. Moreover, parts and repair costs are much greater than they are for American cars. However, there are some financial advantages to owning foreign cars. First, many of them get better gas mileage, and they n