艺考生课程阅读第六十八讲

1、20XX年学大教育艺考生课程阅读 第六十八讲 阅读理解中的猜词技巧适用学科英语适用年级高三适用区域通用课时时长（分钟）60知识点理解主旨和要义根据上下文推断生词的词义教学目标知识目标：了解词义句义题特点方法目标：掌握一套准确猜测文章中生词方法与技巧能力目标：提高英文阅读理解能力教学重点通过文章上下文进行猜词教学难点通过文章上下文进行猜词教学过程一、课堂导入As a long-distance swimmer, she would compete against herself and the obstacles presented by distance, danger, cold, and

2、exhaustion.猜一猜划线部分词义是什么？二、复习预习1. 议论文具体分为哪几种类型？每种类型文章中心主旨如何精确捕捉？2. 平时在做阅读题时遇到生词怎么办？三、知识讲解知识点1 根据构词法猜测词义1.合成法man-madehandwritingcopyrightgreenhouseall-roundtypewriterbreakthroughhigh-classblacklistone-wayEnglish-speaking2.派生法A. 否定前缀un-（不） unimportant in-/im-/ir-/il- （不） impossible dis-（不） dislike mis-

3、（不） misunderstandB. 其他前缀 re-（再） rebuild inter-（互） interchange pre-（前） preschool anti-（反） antifreeze non-（否） nonprofitC. 名词后缀-er（人） teacher -er（物） cooker-ician（人） physicianD. 形容词后缀-able（能） eatable -less（否） homelessE. 动词后缀 -en（使） widen -fy （使） satisfy -ize（使） modernize知识点21. 以定义为线索猜测词义 关键词或词组引出法mean（意

4、指）， refer to（指的是），be defined as （被定义为 ），be known as （被称为），be called （被称为）， that is（也就是说）定语从句例： The scientists who study insects are called entomologists.2. 以同位语为线索猜测词义They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times.3. 以例举的句子为线索猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，表示列举关系的信号词有 : lik

5、e, for example, for instance, such as, especially, include, consist of, specially等。例： The consequences of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geographical area as they were in the past.4. 以重述为线索猜测词义作者经常使用一些信号词 ,这些信号词有 : in other words, to put it a

6、nother way, that is to say, or 例： It will be very hard but also very brittle.that is, it will break easily. 从后面的解释中我们可以了解到 brittle 是“脆 ”的意思。5. 以同义词、近义词为线索猜测词义（1）or 有时可作为识别同义词或近义词的信号词 .（2）like（像一样）, as.as如（ 同一样）, the same as 与（ 相同）等也可作为识别生词的同义词或近 义词的信号词 ,以这些词为线索 ,有时也可推断出生词的词义来 .例： Influenza is someti

7、mes called flu or a bad cold.6. 以反义词、对比关系为线索猜测词义常用来表示对应关系和提供相反信息的信号词有 :but, yet, however, while, whereas, otherwise, in spite of, despite, even though, although, though, unlike, instead(of), rather than, nevertheless, on the contrary, 例： She is usually punctual for all her class, but today she arriv

8、ed in the middle of her first class.7. 以因果关系为线索猜测词义因果关系的信号词有 : since, as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so.that, such.that 例： Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes d

9、ecisions without seeking the opinions of others.知识点3根据普通常识与生活经验推测生词词义例： The Olympic games were to be completed in good spirit. The idea was to participataen d not to win知识点 4文章背景下的词义分析：1. 词本义分析（理解词的字面意义）2. 相关性排除（去除与词的字面意义不相干的选项）3. 浅义排除（排除对词语直接浅显解释的选项）4. 与文章中心主旨挂钩（优先考虑与中心主旨较为相关的选项）知识点 5具体信息指代题：1. 上文就

10、近找原词2. 注意词性与结构四、例题精析 【例题 1】Why play games? Because they are fun, and a 1ot more besides. Following the rules plamove . acting as a team member these are all“game” ideas that you will come across throughout yThink about some of the games you played as a young child, such as rope-jumping and hide-and-

11、seek. Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, they translate life into exciting dramas that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives, such as taking turns and cooperating 合（ 作） .Many children ' s games have a practi

12、cal side Children around the world play games that prepare them fo work they will do as grown-ups. For instance, some Saudi Arabian children play a game called bones. Which sharpens the hand-eye coordinatio（n 协调） needed in hunting.Many sports encourage national or local pride. The most famous games

13、of all, the Olympic Games, bring立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本athletes from around the world together to take part in friendly competition. People who watch the event wave flags, knowing that a gold medal is a win for an entire country, not just the athlete who earned it. For countries experiencing natural disaste

14、rs or war, an Olympic win can mean so much.Sports are also an event that unites people. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. People on all continents play itsome for fun and some for a living. Nicolette Iribarne, a Californian soccer player, has discovered a way to spread hope through socc

15、er. He created a foundation to provide poor children with not only soccer balls but also a promising future.Next time you play your favorite game or sport, think about why you enjoy it, what skills are needed, andwhether these skills will help you in other aspects of your life.The underlined part in

16、 Paragraph 2 most probably means that games can A. describe life in an exciting wayB. turn real-life experiences into a playC. make learning life skills more interestingD. change people ' s views of sporting events【答案】 C【解析】 这部分前面的谓语动词是 translate有“翻译，解释，转移，调动 ”的意思，该部分后面有一个定 语从句，前后结合就可以理解这部分的意思了。

17、【例题 2】Ask someone what they have done to help the environment recently and they will almost certainly mention recycling. Recycling in the home is very important of course. However, being forced to recycle often means we already have more material than we need. We are dealing with the results of that

18、 over-consumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place.The total amount of packaging increased by 12% between 1999 and 2005. It now makes up a third of a typical household 'wass te in the UK. In many superma

19、rkets nowadays food items are packaged twice with plastic and cardboard.Too much packaging is doing serious damage to the environment. The UK, for example, is running out of it for carrying this unnecessary waste. If such packaging is burnt, it gives off greenhouse gases which go on to立身以立学为先，立学以读书为

20、本cause the greenhouse effect. Recycling helps, but the process itself uses energy. The solution is not to produce such items in the first place. Food waste is a serious problem, too. Too many supermarkets encourage customers to buy more than they need. However, a few of them are coming round to the

21、idea that this cannot continue , encouraging customers to reuse their plastic bags, for example.But this is not just about supermarkets. It is about all of us. We have learned to associate packaging with quality. We have learned to think that something unpackaged is of poor quality. This is especial

22、ly true of food. But is also applies to a wide range of consumer products, which often have far more packaging than necessary.There are signs of hope. As more of us recycle, we are beginning to realise just how much unnecessary material are collecting. We need to face the wastefulness of our consume

23、r culture, but we have a mountain to climb.What does the underlined phrase over-cons“umption” refer to?A. Using too much packaging.B. Recycling too many wastes.C. Making more products than necessary.D. Having more material than is needed.【答案】 D【解析】根据文中的“We are dealing with the results of thaot ver-c

24、onsumption in the greenest way possible, but it would be far better if we did not need to bring so much material home in the first place. 可知划线部分” 意义应为“过度消费”，所以 D 项意义正确。例题 3】立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 【答案

25、】 不利的，有害的。【解析】 句中 “also提”示第二句与第一句句义相近，根据“ harmful”，不难推断出划线部分词义为 “不 利的，有害的 ”。五、课堂运用【基础】1、When something goes wrong，it can be very satisfying to say，“Well,it '-asn ds-oso' s fault. or “”I know I 'm late，but it 's not my f；autlht e car broke down.”It is probably not you，r fbautl tonce y

26、ou form the habit ofblaming somebody or something else for a bad situation， you are a loser. You have no power and could do nothing that helps change the situation. However, you can have great power over what happens to you if you stop focusing on whom to blame and start focusing on how to remedyth

27、e situation. This is the winner'success.Winners are great at overcoming problems. For example, if you were late because your car broke down, maybe you need to have your car examined more regularly. Or, you might start to carry along with you the useful phone numbers, so you could call for help w

28、hen in need. For another example, if your colleague causes立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本you problems on the job for lack of responsibility or ability, find ways of dealing with his irresponsibility or inability rather than simply blame the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don'tYou should accept

29、that the person. Ask to work with a different person, or don't rely oaccept that the person is not reliable and find creative ways to work successfully regardless of how your colleague fails to do his job well.This is what being a winner is all aboutcreatively using your skills and talents so th

30、at you are successful no matter what happens. Winners don'ewte hr apvreo bflems in their lives; they have just as many difficultsituations to face as anybody else. They are just better at seeing those problems as challenges and opportunities to develop their own talents. So, stop focusing on “ w

31、hosefa ult it is. ”O nce you are confident about your power over bad situations, problems are just stepping stop on for success.The underlined word remedy in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to.A. avoidB. acceptC. improveD. consider立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本【答案】C【解析】根据文章中 “however可”知 “You have no power and co

32、uld do nothing that helps change the situation. 为与”划线词所在句关系十分紧密的一句，又根据该句中 “ change the situation可. 知答案”为 C。2、I am a writer. I spend a great deal of my time thinking about the power of language the way it can evoke （唤起） an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth. Language is the to

33、ol of my trade. And I use them allall the Englishes I grew up with.Born into a Chinese family that had recently arrived in California, I'vet btoe ethne g ivingkind of English my mother speaks. Like others, I have described it to people as“brokembarrassed to say that. It has always bothered me th

34、at I can think of no way to describe it other than as if it were damaged and needed to be fixed, as if it lacked a certain wholeness. I 've heard o “ limitedE nglish, f”or example. But they seem just as bad, as if everything is limited, including people 's perceptions（认识） of the limited Engl

35、ish speaker.I know this for a fact, because when I was growing up, my mother '“s limited E”ng lish limited my perception of her. I was ashamed of her English. I believed that her English reflected the quality of what she had to say. That is ,because she expressed them imperfectly her thoughts we

36、re imperfect. And I had plenty of evidence to support me: the fact that people in department stores, at banks, and at restaurants did not take her seriously, did not give her good service, pretended not to understand her, or even acted as if they did not hear her.I started writing fiction in 1985. A

37、nd for reasons I won' t get into today, I began to writethe Englishes I grew up with: the English she used with me, which for lack of a better term might be described as “ broken ” w, ahnadt I imagine to be her translation of her Chinese, her intern（al内在的） language, and for that I sought to pres

38、erve the essence, but neither an English nor a Chinese structure: I wanted to catch what language ability tests can never show; her intention, her feelings, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts.By saying “ Language is the tool of my trade” , the author means that .A. she uses Eng

39、lish in foreign tradeB. she is fascinated by languagesC. she works as a translatorD. she is a writer by profession【答案】D【解析】推理理解题。 “trade本”身就有“职业，行业 ”之意，加之文章第一段和最后一段都谈到了作者是 一名作家。因此可知作者是一名职业作家，故选 D。巩固】3、There were smiling children all the way. Charily they knew at what time the train passed their home

40、s and they made it their business to stand along the railway, wave to complete strangers and cheer them up as they rushed towards Penang. Often whole families stood outside their homes and waved and smiled as if those on the trains were their favorite relatives. This is the simple village people of

41、Malaysia. I was moved.I had always traveled to Malaysia by plane or car, so this was the first time I was on a train. I did not particularly relish the long train journey and had brought along a dozen magazines to read and reread. I looked about the train. There was not one familiar face. I sighed a

42、nd sat down to read my Economics.It was not long before the train was across the Causeway and in Malaysia. Johore Baru was just another city like Singapore, so I was tired of looking at the crowds of people as they hurried past. As we went beyond the city, I watched the straight rows of rubber trees

43、 and miles and miles of green. Then the first village came立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本into sight, Immediately I came alive; I decided to wave hack.From then on my journey became interesting. I threw my magazines into the waste basket and decided to join in Malaysian life. Then everything came alive. The mountain

44、s seemed to speak to me. Even the trees were smiling. I stared at everything as if I was looking at it for the first time.The day passed fast and I even forgot to have my lunch until I felt hungry. I looked at my watch and was surprised that it was 3:00 pm. Soon the train pulled up at Butterworth. I

45、 looked at the people all around me. They all looked beautiful. When my uncle arrived with a smile, I threw my arms around him to give him a warm hug （拥抱 ）. I had never done this before. He seemed surprised and then his weather-beaten face warmed up with a huge smile. We walked arm in arm to his car

46、.I looked forward to the return journey.Which of the following words can best take the place of the word“ relish ” in the second pA. chooseB. enjoyC. prepare forD. carry on【答案】B【解析】 根据“and”后句子“had brought along a dozen magazines to read and rere可ad知. 作者预期”该旅途 无聊，进而可推测出作者并不是很喜欢旅行，故选 B。4、For a while,

47、my neighborhood was taken ever by an army of joggers慢（ 跑者 ）. They were there all the time: early morning, noon, and evening. There were little old ladies in gray sweats, young couples in Adidas shoes, middle-aged men with red faces.“Come on! ” My friend Alex encouraged me to join him as he jogged by

48、house every evening.“ You' ll feel great.”Well, I had nothing against feeling great and if Alex could jog every day, anyone could. So I took up jogging seriously and gave it a good two months of my life, and not a day more. Based on my experience, jogging is the most overvalued form of exercise

49、around, and judging from the number of the people who left our neighborhood jogging army. I' m not aloneio in. my opinFirst of all, jogging is very hard on the body. Your legs and feet a real poundi（ng追击）ruining down a road for two or three miles. I developed foot, leg, and back problems. Then I

50、 read about a nationally famous jogger立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本who died of a heart attack while jogging, and I had something else to worry about. Jogging doesn 'kti ll hundreds of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, jogging will surely bring them out, as they did with me.Secondly, I got no en

51、joyment out of jogging. Putting one foot in front of the other for forty-five minutes isn ' t my idea of fun. Jogging is also a lonely pastime.And how could I enjoy something that brought me pain? And that wasn'jtu st the first week: it was practically every day for two months. I never got p

52、ast the pain level, and pain isn' tit! So many other exercises, including walking, lead to almost the same results painlessly, so why jog?I don ' t jog any more, and I don' t think I ever will. I' m walking two miles three times a wand that feels good. I bicycle to work when the weat

53、her is good. I' m getting exercise, andsame time. I could never say the same for jogging, anId' ve found a lot of better ways to stay in shape. The underlined word“ them” (Paragraph 3) most probably refers to .立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本A. heart attacksB. Back problems C. famous joggers D. physical weak

54、nesses【答案】D【解析】该题为具体指代题， 根据文章中 “them”的上句 “Jogging doesn't kill hundreds of people, but if you have any physical weaknesses, 可知答”案为 D。拔高】5、The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again.【答案】永远的，永久的【解析】根据因果关系词

55、 “so进”行分析。从后面的结果 “永远不能再运动 ”中，可以推测“ permanent”的 意思为 “永远的，永久的 ”。6、Most dentists ' officesd rarbe p laces, but Emilion' s new office is a bright and cheerful place.【答案】死气沉沉的，阴暗的 【解析】根据上下文的反义词进行猜测， 可知“drab是”“cheerfu或l bright 的”反义词， 因此可以推断出该 词意为：死气沉沉的，阴暗的。课程小结本节课主要围绕词义句义题进行讲解，即：词义句义题的特点、文章中生词猜测方法

56、、文章中词义 语境化分析。需要重点掌握的是文章中生词猜测方法。在英语阅读理解题中，词义句义题难度较大，得分率较低。因此，同学在平时阅读训练时要通过训 练熟练掌握词义句义题解题方法，学会应对阅读中的各种生词课后作业【基础】1.Societies all over the world name places in similar ways. Quite often there is no official naming ceremony but places tend to be called names as points of reference by people. Then an orga

57、nized body steps in and gives the place a name. Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost.Many roads

58、and places in Singapo（re新加坡）are named in order that the pioneers will be remembered by future generations. Thus we have names such as Stamford Road and Raffles Place. This is in keeping with traditions in many countriesin both the West and the East.立身以立学为先，立学以读书为本Another way of naming places is naming them after other places. Perhaps they were named to promote friendships between the two places or it could be that the people who used to live there were originally from the places that the roads were named after. The mystery is cl