组织学与胚胎学课本复习重点2

1、组织学与胚胎学课本复习重点免费 2( Histology and Embryologytextbook review key free 2)50, grasp the noun: intestinal villus (Intestinal villus,P177).51. The characteristics of the salivary gland acinus under light microscope and the structure and function under electron microscope. (P188)Thinking: which digestive g

2、land can be seen in the structure of the pulp half moon?Such as: the parotid gland, submandibular gland, pancreas andliver of the sublingual gland(answer: Part one)52. The light, electron microscopic structure and function ofthe exocrine acinar of the pancreas. (P190)Note: alveolar heart cells are d

3、erived from intercalated duct epithelial cells without myoepithelial cells.53. Characteristics and functions of islet (Pancreas) in light microscopy. (P190-192, we need to focus on the function of 5 cells and the mechanism of blood glucose regulation)54. The light, electron microscope characteristic

4、s and function of hepatic lobule. (P193-196) pay attention to the following points:Central venous structure features: incomplete tube wall, no smooth muscle.The structure and functions of the liver cells: large volume,a polyhedral shape, has three functions: blood sinus, bile duct and liver cell sur

5、face; the nucleus is big and round, the middle, 1 to several nucleoli; the cytoplasm was abundant, eosinophilic, more mitochondria.The endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is synthesized bile, and the rough endoplasmic reticulum is synthesized into various proteins and released into the hepatic sinusoid.Mast

6、er drawing: draw the ultrastructuralmap of liver cells andmark the main structures (including the three functional surfaces of liver cells). (P194)The location of hepatic sinusoid and bile canaliculi;The characteristicsof hepatic sinusoid include: A. sinus wall:the endothelium has holes, no septa an

7、d no basement membrane; the intercellular space is large; the endocytic vesicles;B. sinus cavity: hepatic macrophages (the largest group ofcells in fixed macrophages in vivo); large granular lymphocytes (with NK activity).The connections between adjacent hepatic cell membranes that constitute the bi

8、le canaliculi: tight junctions and desmosomes (preventing bile from spilling into the sinus space).IV sinus space: full of plasma, is the liver and the blood exchange between the substance of the place. A. fat storing cells synthesize collagen, store vitamin A, and B. reticular fibers.55, 3 main cha

9、nnels in portal area (Portal): interlobular vein, interlobular artery and interlobular bile duct. Pay attention to how to distinguish the 3 pipes under the light microscope.56. The histological structure of trachea (bronchus) (P203-206)Note: the cell type (5): ciliated cells, goblet cells (gland sec

10、retions and tracheal mucus barrier, composed of a basal cell, brush cells), diffuse neuroendocrine cells (small granule cells).Tracheal gland type: mixed gland.57. The change of the structure of the pulmonary duct wall. (P207-209)Understanding "three fewer and more": changes in mucosal lay

11、er goblet cells and tracheal glands; changes of lamina propria annular smooth muscle and changes of hyaline cartilage in adventitia.58. The structural features of the pulmonary respiratory tract and the structure and function of the two alveolar cells.(P209-211)Reflection: the tissue structure of th

12、e alveoli and its relationship with gas exchange function.59, grasp the noun: P211 lobule (Pulmonary), P206 barrier (Blood-air)60. The structure of cornea (Cornea). (P214-217)Thinking: the reason why the cornea is colorless and transparent. (A: corneal epithelium has no pigment cells or blood vessel

13、s; the stroma of the cornea has a collagen plate in parallel with the plane; the stroma contains a proper amount of water.)61, Try, to, explain, the, struture, of, retina. (P219-221)Note: cell type and structural features and functions of rod cell and cone cell ().62. Circulation of aqueous humor. (

14、P223)63. The structure and function of iris and ciliary body. (P218-219)64. The structure of each wall of the membranous cochlea: parietal wall: vestibular membrane; external wall: spiral ligament and vascular stria; bottom wall: osseous spiral plate and membranous spiral plate.The structure and fun

15、ction of the spiral apparatus; the structure and function of the sense spot and ampullary crest. (P226-227)65, the composition, structure and function of renal unit.Renal tubules: proximal tubules, segments, and distal tubulesnephron renal corpuscle: the renal capsule and glomerulusThe composition o

16、f the medullary loop: the proximal tubule, the straight part, the thin segment and the distal tubule straight part.The structural features of renal corpuscle. (P222-223)Arterial, high pressure, pass, no septum, negative charge, vascular membrane.The renal capsule: podocyte EM: primary and secondary

17、projection projection; hole hole between the secondary protuberance, a slit membrane.The glomerular basement membrane: molecular sieve, negative charge.The three layers of barrier (Filtration) are porous endothelium, basement membrane and podocyte membrane. Plasma components change into urine throug

18、h the barrier. Its function is to selectively filtration in plasma (glomus on the size and charge of choice).Comparison of proximal convoluted tubule and distal convoluted tubule (see table below):The structural features, ultrastructural features and functions of light microscopyProximal convoluted

19、tubules are large, eosinophilic, brush border, basal longitudinal lines, unclear boundaries, microvilli, plasma membrane folds, lateral processes, reabsorption, secretion, and excretionThe distal convoluted tubule is small, weakly eosinophilic and has no brush margin; there are longitudinal lines, t

20、heboundaries are obvious, the plasma membranei s folded, and the ion exchange (potassium and sodium retention) - aldosterone;Reabsorption of water antidiuretic hormoneMastering the drawing: the ultrastructure of the renal proximal convoluted tubule is plotted, and the important characteristics and s

21、tructures are indicated. (P237)The juxtaglomerular apparatus: (P239-240)What, is, juxtaglomerular, complex, mastering concepts and functions.The origin, structure, function, origin, structure andfunction of the macula, and the function of the extra glomerular mesangial cells.Thinking: the structure

22、of the renal corpuscle and its relation to the formation of urine.How does urine form? (hint: original urine: renal corpuscle;end urine: urinary tubule)66. The arrangement law of spermatogenic cells at all levels.What is spermatogenesis? (P246)Structural characteristics of spermatogenic cells at all

23、 levels. (P246-249)Attention was paid to the karyotype and DNA number of spermatogenic cells at all levels:Karyotype; DNA number;Spermatogonia 46, XY, 2NPrimary spermatocytes 46, XY, 4NSecondary spermatocytes 23, X or 23, Y, 2NSperm cells 23, X or 23, Y, 1NSecondary spermatocytes have short duration

24、 and are difficult to see in the sections of seminiferous tubules.67. The morphological characteristics and differences ofSertoli cells and Leydig cells. (P252, P253) note:Connection between adjacent supporting cells: tight junctions.The relation between endocrine regulation and endocrine regulation

25、:Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Sertoli cell, synthetic androgen binding protein, promotes spermatogenesis;Luteinizing hormone (LH), testis stromal cells, androgen secretion.68, grasp the noun: P252 barrier (Blood-testis).69, follicular development process, the structure of follicles at all lev

26、els. (P262-264) Note: gate cells secrete androgens.70, the formation, structure and function of corpus luteum (Corpus, luteum). (P266)71 follicular and ovulation.Mastering the concept of ovulation (P265).Judgement: follicular atresia can occur at any time during follicular development.72. The genera

27、l fine structure of the uterine wall. (P269-270)73. The change of endometrium and its relation with ovary. (P270-271, refer to the following table to review the memory)Menstrual period (1-4 days), proliferative phase (5-14 days), secretory phase (15-28 days)Corpus luteum degenerationThe level of est

28、rogen and progesterone decreases, mature follicle growthEstrogen levels increase ovulation, corpus luteum formationAny increase in the level of estrogen and progesteroneChanges of 1 and spiral arteries in endometrium2, function layer peeling, menstruation formation3, epithelial repair 1, intimal thi

29、ckness changes2. Changes in the uterine glands3, spiral artery changes 1, endometrium, uterus gland, spiral artery further change2, endometrial edema3 、 proliferation and differentiation of stromal cellsRelationship with endocrine regulation:Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes follicular dev

30、elopment;Luteinizing hormone (LH) promotes ovulation and the formation and secretion of the corpus luteum.Embryology part (74-88):74. The English and the nouns that need to be mastered in the embryology section:(1) sperm capacitation (Sperm, capacitation): P279;(2) fertilization (Fertilization): P27

31、8(3) original article (Primitive, streak): P288(4) placental barrier (Placental, barrier): P303;(5) cleft lip (Cleft, lip) and cleft palate (Cleft, palate):P319(6) of congenital umbilical hernia, umbilical fistula,Meckel's diverticulum: P327(7) polycystic kidney disease, umbilical fistula, conge

32、nital cryptorchidism, inguinal hernia: P339-340, P344-345(8) blood island (Blood Island): P350(9) tetralogy of Fallot and atrial septal defect: P35775. The time, place, condition, process and significance offertilization. (P278-280)76. The structure, implantation and physiological changes of endomet

33、rium after implantation. (P282-283)77. The formation of amniotic cavity and yolk sac. (P287)78, two blastodermic ectoderm.79, three, three blastoderm blastoderm formation of mesoderm differentiation. (P288, P291)80, the formation of chorion, amnion, yolk sac, allantoic cord and umbilical cord, and their functions in embryogenesis. (P300-301)81. The structure and function of placenta. (P303)82. The evolution of pharyngeal