直接引语和间接引语语法讲解

1、直接引语和间接引语 Name No.一、直接引语：直接引用别人的原话。具有以下特点： 直接引语通常置于引号内 ,不作任何改动。没有时态呼应的问题。 引用原话前可以用逗号“ ,” ,也可以用冒号“： ”。 第二个引号前 ,亦即用重述的话之末 ,按其类别放一个句号（ .）或问号（ ?）等。二、间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的意思,或引用自己说过的话。间接引语多数用宾语从句来表达。间接引语具有以下特点： 不要逗号 ,冒号 ,引号。要考虑人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一样的）。要考虑时态的变化。要考虑时间状语的变化,地点状语的变化和指示代词的变化。三、直接引语与间接引语的转换。转述陈述句或感叹句 ,去冒

2、号和引号连词用that （that,无词意 ,不作成分 ,口语中可省 ）接宾语从句 ,从句中要作人称、时态等相应的变化（时态为“主现从实,主过从相过”；人称 /物主 /反身等代词：引号内的第一人称改为与主句的主语相同的人称；第二人称改为第一人称；第三人称不变。 ）。例如："You speak English very well." She said.她说 ,“你英语讲得不错” 。She said that I spoke English very well. 她说我英语讲得不错。转述一般疑问句 ,去冒号和引号。 连词用 if/whether（ 有词意 " 是否 &

3、quot;,不作成分 ,不可省 ）接宾语从句 ,其后改用 陈述句语序。从句中要作人称、时态等相应的变化。注意：当助动词为do/does/did 时 ,改为宾语从句时应去掉 ,而在谓语动词上体现时态 ,但如为 don't/doesn't/didn't 时 ,则不能去掉。当连词为 if/whether 时 ,其前 谓语动词say/says/said ask/asks/asked,say/says/said to sb ask/asks/asked sb 例如： He said,"do you have a knife?" He asked if/whet

4、her I had a knife.He asked ,"Have you ever been to the Great Wall?" 他问 ," 你去过长城吗 ?"He asked （me） if /whether I had ever been to the Great Wall? 他问我是否去过长城？转述特殊疑问句 ,去冒号和引号。用疑问词作连词 （有词意 ,要作成分 ,不可省 ）引导宾语从句 ,改用陈述句语 序,其后改用陈述句语序。从句中要作人称、时态等相应的变化。注意：当助动词为 do/does/did 时,改为宾语从 句时应去掉,而在谓语动词

5、上体现时态,但如为 don't/doesn't/didn't 时 , 则 不 能 去 掉 。 当 连 词 为 疑 问 词 时 , 其 前 谓 语 动 词 say/says/said ask/asks/asked,say/says/said to sb ask/asks/asked sb 例如：Li Lei said,"Why didn't he go to school?" LiLei asked why he didn't go to school.She said:"Where are you from?" 她

6、说：“你去哪里？”She asked （me） where I was from. 她问我要去哪里。转述祈使句或疑问形式的祈使句 ,通常改为 "Sb ask/asks/asked/tell/tells/told/order /orders/ordered+ 宾语 +不 定式 "的简单句。 ask 表 "请求 ",tell 表“吩咐” ,order 表“命令”例如："Open the door." The teacher said.老师说：“把门打开” 。The teacher told me to open the door.老师要我

7、把门打开。"Would you please show me the book?"He said.他说 :"你能把书递给我吗 ?"He asked me to show him the book. 他要我把书递给他。四、直接引语变间接引语不仅有人称、时态的变化,有时还要把物主代词、指示代词 ,时间状语、地点状语作相应的变化。变化列表如下：动词的时态： （时态为“主现从实 ,主过从相过” ） 引语前或后的主句谓语动词是过去时,宾语从句的谓语动词作如下调整：一般现在时一般过去时 一般将来时过去将来时 现在完成时过去完成时 注意：时态不变的情况：一般过去时过去

8、完成时 /一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时 过去完成时过去完成时当直接引语表示真理或经常性的特点时 ,保持原来的一般现在时。 例如： She said,"The earth is round." 她说：“地球是圆的” 。 She said that the earth is round. 她说地球是圆的。当直接引语中有绝对具体的一般过去时间作状语时,保持原来的一般过去时。例如 :He said,“ I joined the army in 1934. ”他说 :“我是 1934 年参军的”。He said that he joined the army in 1934. 他说

9、他是 1934 年参军的。 人称 /物主 /反身等代词：引号内的第一人称改为与主句的主语相同的人称；第二人称改为第一人称；第三人称不变。 指示代词： this/these 改为 that/those. 时间状语： now then,today that day,tonight that night, tomorrow the next day,next week the next week, last night the night before,yesterday the day before, the day before yesterday two days ago,ago before

10、. 地点状语： here 改为 there 动词： come,bring 分别改为 go,take 三、直接引语改为间接引语（宾语从句）的注意事项：1、当直接引语为客观真理时 ,从句的时态不变 ,与主句无关。The teacher tells/told us,"The moon moves round the earth." The teacher tells/told us that the moon moves round the earth2、当助动词为 do/does/did 时 ,改为宾语从句时应去掉 ,而在谓语动词上体现时态 ,但如为 don't/doe

11、sn't/didn't 时,则不能去掉。He asked,"do you have a knife?" He asked if/whether I had a knife.Li Lei asked,"Why didn't he go to school?" LiLei asked why he didn't go to school.3、当疑问词作主语及其定语时 ,改为宾语从句后其后的语序不变。Who's on duty? What's in the box?What's wrong/the mat

12、ter/trouble with .?What happened to.?Which is the way to.?Whose daughter is Ann? Which boy is Bill?How many of you go to school by bike?4、当连词为 if/whether 及疑问词作连词时 ,其前谓语动词 say/says/said ask/asks/asked,say/says/said to sb ask/asks/asked sb He says to you ,"Can you fly a kite?" He asks you if

13、/whether you can fly a kite.5、如果主句为 Could/Would you tell me 时 ,不表过去时态 ,而是语气较 Can/Will you tell me 更委婉的表达方 式。因此从句时态不变。 （直接引语中的二人称不变 ）Could you tell me? Are you a teacher? Could you tell me if/whether you area teacher.6、直接引语中 ,有 any,anything,anybody,anyone 时 ,改为宾语从句后 ,不能改为 some及其合成词。 Do you know? Does

14、 anyone live here? Do you know if/whether anyone lives here?7、if 与 whether 的区别在以下情况中只用 whether 不用 if.放在句前时： I don't know whether /if he will come.= Whether he will come, I don't know. 与 or not 连用时 :"Do you like English or not?" He asked. He asked Whether I liked English or not. 与 t

15、o do 连用时：He wants to know whether /if we will go .=He wants to know whether to go. 做介词的宾语时： He thinks about whether he was born in China. 从句中有两种选择时 :Tell me whether you go with us or stay at home.8、if/when 引导宾语从句及状语从句的区别：I want to know if/when he (come) . If/When he (come), I(tell) you.(=I(tell)you

16、if/when he (come) . )9、选择连词填空时 缺什么选什么 : 缺时间选 when/what time 缺地点选 where, 缺定语选 which/whose/how much/how many/ what class/grade, 缺状语选 how/how often/how soon/how long, 缺人选 who/whom 不缺的则选 that 或 if/whether, 动词为 say/say to sb/tell sb 则选 that( 整个句子表达陈述语气时 ) ； 动 词为 ask/ask sb 则选 if/whether( 整个句子表达疑问语气时 )10、

17、当直接引语为祈使句时 ,改为复合宾语 ,句型为 :Sb tell/ask/order sb (not) to do stheg: Jim asked Li Lei,"Clean the floor twice a week." Jim asked LiLei to clean the floor twice a week. The teacher said "Don't talk in class." The teacher told/asked/ordered the students(LiLei) not to talk in class.1

18、1. think/believe/expect/suppose/guess 等引导的宾语从句 , 从句不用否定式 ,如果要用 ,常转移到主句的谓语动 词。I think. He isn't a hero. I don't think that he is a hero.They won't comein time.(I suppose) I don't suppose that they will come in time.12. 如果直接引语是反意疑问句或选择疑问句,变为间接引语时与一般疑问句一样,在从句前加连词 if 或whether"You haven't finished the homework,haven't you?" My mother asked. My mother ask