学术交际英语第一部分(第3章)

1、第三章学术论文写作3.1标题Title3.2摘要Abstract 关键词Keyword3.3引言Introduction3.4正文Body3.5结论Conclusion3.6致谢Acknowledge3.7参考目录Reference3.8附录Appendix3.9作者简介Author 3.1标题标题Title1) 写作要求l标题不应过长 =15wordl多用专业术语及关键性词汇 l不要使用缩略语形式和符号 l可根据实际需要编写副标题 2) 写作常用表达 （1）名词短语lDesign and Realization of the Radio Frequency Identification Sy

2、steml一种无线射频识别系统的设计与实现题目翻译对比：n级联隧道二极管放大器应用的探索l译1:Investigation on the Application of the Cascaded Tunnel-Diode Amplifier l译2：Application of Cascaded Tunnel-Diode Amplifier Study of, Investigation on, Observation on 等词组徒然增加题目长度，并无实际内涵。题目翻译对比：n一种基于等距线的碰撞检测算法l译1:Algorithm for Detection of Isometric-line

3、-based Collisionl译2:Isometric-line-based Collision Detection Algorithm 名词短语作前置定语或作状语可省略介词使用 名词+of+A+介词+B lThe advantage of TDMA over SCPCldependence of the output on the inputn题目：电子望远镜对光学望远镜的优越性n译：Superiority of Electronic Telescopes to Optical Telescopes 使标题显得地道凝练（2）动词短语和“on 短语” lImproving the Stab

4、ility of Oscillators l振荡器稳定性的改进l试论大型实时传输系统的可能性 “试论”如何表达？lOn the Possibility of Large-Scale Real-Time Transmission System3) 格式要求l首字母大写，专有名词大写nAnalysis of the reliability of bus RS485 l首字母大写，实词首字母大写 nSmall Intelligent Winder Based on Electronic Braking Mode Without Gear？Without的词性是？W大写的原因是？l全部字母均大写 nP

5、REDISTORTION TECHNIQUE FOR MICROWAVE FILTERS 3.2摘要摘要 Abstract1)写作要求 l长度 50 words 400words 用词简练l组成：目的，方法，结果，意义l一般在论文写作结束后写摘要2)写作注意事项l语态 “大词” 不用缩略语l时态 大量固定搭配 名词表动作l词汇特点 开头句型 连贯句型l常用句型 比较句型 结论句型l语态n人们说。It is said thatn我们发现。It was found thatn大家认为。It is considered 被动语态为主n例：针对片上网络映射问题，提出一种新的映射算法。 lA new m

6、apping algorithm is proposed, aiming at the mapping problem of network-on-chip.lThis paper proposes a new mapping algorithm, aiming at 汉语无主句英语应以被动语态表达，或考虑this paper为主语。 n例：首先回顾了光纤通信的历史，综述了光纤通信的发展现状，接着介绍了密集波分复用的若干使能技术，最后对40Gbs系统的若干关键技术进行了评述。lThis paper begins with an introduction to the current statu

7、s of optical fiber communication, followed by a presentation of some enabling technologies of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) and concludes with a comment on some key technologies for the 40Gb/s system. begins with,followed byand concludes withl时态1. No.1 一般现在时2. No.2 一般过去时和现在完成时n例：本文讨论

8、了。介绍了。This paper discussed,introduced. This paper discusses,introduces 虽然“了”，仍是n例：先前的研究表明。Previous research showed that Previous research has shown that 说明论题的发展背景和研究趋势,“现在完成时”表示持续到撰写论文时的行文或状态 about get tell enough cheap buy understand say approximatelyapproximatelyobtainobtaininforminformsufficients

9、ufficientinexpensive/cost-effectiveinexpensive/cost-effectivepurchasepurchaseappreciateappreciatestatestatel词汇 特点1 Big Words change important end ask use finally care similar varyvaryvital/significantvital/significantterminateterminateinquireinquireutilize/employ/adopt/applyutilize/employ/adopt/appl

10、yeventuallyeventuallycautioncautionidenticalidenticalcannt cannotlab laboratoryProf. professorad advertisementl词汇 特点2 No Short Terms 动词与名词动词与名词n做做一分析比较；研究 make an analysis a comparison; a studyn做做一介绍描述；说明 give an introduction a description; an explanationl词汇 特点3 Set Collocations 动词与名词动词与名词n提高质量 impr

11、ove the quality n提高效率 raise increase the efficiency n提高能力 increase the abilityn提高认识 deepen the understanding 名词与介词名词与介词nMake a study of/ Do a research on(into)nMake an analysis of/Give an introduction tonFor this purpose/To this endnBy this method/In this waynThe method for/The way ofnthe current th

12、rough / the voltage acrossnBe able to do/be capable of doingnBe different from/the difference betweenandnBe dependent on/Be independent of noun of A preposition BnThe advantage of A _ B nThe ratio of A _ BnThe distance of A _ BnThe superiority of A _ BnThe effect of A _ Bovertofromtoonnthe passage o

13、f A _ B n the departure of A _ B n the reaction of A _ B n the interaction of A _ B n the dependence of A _ B throughfromtowithonnTranslate the following phrases:休息一会儿看一下放松放松l词汇 特点4 Tend to use nounsn例：本文说明了一种简单的传输过程。This paper illustrates a simple transmission process.This paper provides an illustr

14、ation of a simple transmission process. l句型n基本要求：u1）谓语动词简单，句子其他成分复杂u2）大量使用be（陈述定义）和have（叙述事物特征）u3）使用不提及人的陈述句n摘要开头句型lThis paper deals with / discusses / studies / presents / gives / proposes （或者用被动语态）lThis study investigates lThis research showsl例：本文对计算机原理作了简要介绍，重点放在软件开发上。lA brief introduction to the

15、 principle of computers is given with emphasis on the development of software.lThis paper gives a brief introduction to ,with emphasis on “本文讨论了其重点放在” 句型： This paper discusses with emphasis onn摘要连贯句型l本文首先。接着。最后总结。lThis paper begins with,followed byand concludes with 注意衔接词的使用l例：首先介绍了用等效传输线法解析求解孔缝屏蔽效能

16、的原理，同时在此基础上提出了求解金属接缝屏蔽效能的方法，然后通过算例验证了该方法的有效性，最后给出了该方法在实际中的应用。lThe paper first introduces the analytical formulation for the shielding effectiveness of enclosures with aperture, and puts forward a method for solving shielding effectiveness of metal-to-metal contact seam. Then it validates the method

17、by an example and finally presents its application.n摘要比较句型lA comparison of withis made.lhas advantages overlin comparison withn摘要结论句型lIt can be concluded thatlIn summing up, it may be stated thatlThe experiment results indicate thatlThe research suggests thatlThe investigation has revealed thatlThe

18、findings of the research have led the author to a conclusion thatlFinally, a summary is given of 3)关键词关键词Keywords l反映文章主题l38 wordsl按字母次序排列 l如正文有缩写形式，在该词后附上其缩写式 uKeywords: Environmental Monitoring System, Genetic Annealing, Network-on-Chip(NoC), Real-time Data Acquisition 3.3 引言引言Introductionl(1)引言不应

19、重复摘要或解释摘要 l(2)解释或定义专门术语或缩写词 l(3)给自己的研究一个恰如其分的评价 l(4)避免语言过于俗套 l引言写作句型u背景写作句型nIn recent years, there has been a great interest innIt is noteworthy that has made progressnIn most studies of , has been emphasized with attention being given to nSeveral researchers have theoretically investigatedu提出问题时nLi

20、ttle literature is available on npose a problem of considerable interest in many industrial applications. u主题写作句型主题写作句型nIt is important to studynIn this paper, is discussed (studied, presented, investigated, described, etc.)nThe primary goal of this research isnThe purpose of this paper (study, thes

21、is, etc.) is nThe emphasis of this paper is to surveynThe present study is therefore focused onnThis paper reports onnThe present work deals mainly with 3.4正文正文Body1)段落主题u能说明段落中心思想的内容 u能体现中心思想 u使用简洁明了的句子 u主题句的位置可以在开头，中间，结尾2)段落衔接u重复关键性词语重复关键性词语u使用指示代词使用指示代词u使用转折词语使用转折词语3)常用表达u图形表格 Figure 1 /Fig.1 Tab

22、le 1/ Tab.1u计量单位与公式 Equation 1/ Eq.1u列举 first, second, third, last 注意文中 firstly, secondly, thirdly, lastly 前后一致 3.5结论结论Conclusion 1)结论写作内容与要求u结论应包括新发现，相关检验，未来研究u写作应明确，语言简练，避免使用与引言一模一样的句型，结果发现可分若干条写。2)结论常用句型u我们的研究结果表明：Our result suggests thatu作者建议：The author suggests that . should do.u本报告表明：This repo

23、rt suggests thatu这一分析有利于指出： This analysis strongly suggests thatu最后我们建议： Finally in conclusion we suggest thatu我们的结论是： we conclude that It is concluded thatu在的基础上，可以得出以下结论：On the basis of ,the following conclusions can be drawn u本研究指出：This study indicates thatu这些发现指出：This findings indicates thatu实验结

24、果指出：The results of the experiment indicate3.6 Acknowledgment(致谢) 3.6.1 Example analysis (致谢实例分析)3.6.2 Basic contents and commonly used sentence patterns of acknowledgements(致谢的基本内容和常用句式) e.g.1Acknowledgment We thank Prof. Mario Baldi for his contributions to the initial development of FS with tunabl

25、e lasers. Tunable Laser-Based Design and Analysis for Fractional Lambda Switches (Viet-Thang Nguyen, Renato Lo Cigno, and Yoram Ofek), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 56, N O . 6 , J U N E 2 0 0 8：9 5 7 - 9 6 6 分析：这篇致谢行文简洁，作者仅对Prof. Mario Baldi在该领域初始发展阶段的贡献做了感谢。 3.6.1 Example analysis (致谢实

26、例分析)e.g.2 Acknowledgment The authors are grateful for the constructive comments by anonymous reviewers, which improved the presentation of this paper. The authors would also like to thank Professor Rodney Kennedy, Mr. Ramtin Shams, and Dr. Pascal Vontobel for helpful discussions and for their valuab

27、le comments. On Information Rates of Time-Varying Fading Channels Modeled as Finite-State Markov Channels （Parastoo Sadeghi, Senior Member, IEEE, and Predrag Rapajic, Senior Member）, IEEE IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 8 , A U G U S T 2 0 0 8：1 2 6 8 - 1 2 7 8 分析：作者首先感谢了匿名审稿人，其次对提

28、供有益讨论和宝贵意见的Rodney Kennedy教授， Ramtin Shams先生，和Pascal Vontobel博士表示感谢。 e.g. 3Acknowledgments The authors thank David Hill and Marilee Burrell for preparing the mouse antisera to WAF1. This work was supported by the Preuss Foundation, the Clayton Fund, and National Institutes of Health grants CA-09071 a

29、nd CA-43460. WAF1, a potential mediator of p53 tumor suppression (El-Deiry W. S, Tokino T, Velculescu V.E, et al.) Cell, 1993, 73(4): 817-825 分析：作者首先感谢了David Hill 和 Marilee Burrell在实验材料准备方面的帮助，并给出了三种来源的4项基金资助信息。 (1) 基本内容应包含: 感谢资助研究工作的科学基金、奖学金基金、合同单位、支持的企业、组织或个人；协助完成研究工作和提供便利条件的组织或个人；在研究工作中提出建议和提供技术支

30、持、实验材料等帮助的人；给予转载和引用权的资料、图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者；给予宝贵意见的审稿人和编辑；以及其他应感谢的组织和人。 3.6.2 Basic contents and commonly used sentence patterns of acknowledgements(致谢的基本内容和常用句式) (2) Commonly used sentence patternsWe thank forWe acknowledge The authors are grateful for sth. by sb.The authors are grateful to sb. for s

31、th.The authors would like to thank for The authors wish to make the acknowledgement of The authors thank forGrateful acknowledgement is made to Special gratitude is owed/ expressed/given to Thanks to forThanks are owed to Special thanks go to Sincere thanks are given to Thanks must be given to Thank

32、s must be extended to Exercise for 3.6 3.7 References(参考书目)Different formats of references：(1)MLA (Modern Language Association) (2)APA(American Psychological Association)(3)CMS(Chicago Manual of Style)(4)CSE(Council of Science Editors)(5)Vancouver Style(6)ACS (American Chemical Society)(7)AMA (Ameri

33、can Medical Association) (1) MLA (Modern Language Association)格式强调文献的作者，即文献作者比文献的发表时间更为重要。在这种格式中，参考文献一词通常使用 “works cited”，并居中安排，文献按照字母顺序排列，双倍行距，各行之间不空行，每条文献的第二行首字母要缩进。e.g.Works CitedBook Author Last Name, Author First Name. Book Title. ed. Editor First Name Editor Last Name. City Published: Publishe

34、r, Year. Website Author Last Name, Author First Name. Site Title. ed. Editor First Name Last Name. Publication Day Month. Year. Accessed Day Month. Year. . (2) APA (American Psychological Association)格式是社会科学领域中的常用格式，在撰写心理学和社会学相关文章时可以使用这种格式。与MLA不同的是，APA格式注重文献的出版时间和标题而非作者。在此格式中，参考文献一词使用References，居中排列

35、，所有文献按照首字母顺序依次排列，双倍行距，第二行首字母缩进，并在页面右上角加注页码和简化的文章标题。e.g.Title Page #ReferencesBook Author, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Book Title. (Vols. Volume#(s). In First Initial. Middle Initial. Editor Last Name (Ed.), Published City, Published State: Publisher. Web Document Author Last Name, First I

36、nitial. Middle Initial. (Year). In Web Document Title. (chap. Chapter/Section). Retrieved Month. Day, Year, from URL Address (3) CMS (Chicago Manual of Style) 格式CMS格式最早是1890年芝加哥大学的学生使用的，因此而得名芝加哥格式。此格式多用于图书、杂志、报纸以及包括艺术、历史、文学等学科的人文科学领域。它注重标注作者信息而非出版年代。在此格式中，参考文献一词使用Bibliography，居中排列，所有文献按照首字母顺序依次排列，两条

37、文献之间双倍行距，文献内单倍行距，每条文献第一行左对齐，第二行首字母缩进。e.g.BibliographyBook Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Book Title. City Published: Publisher, Year Published. Website Author Last Name, First Name Middle Name. Site Title. Created Day Month Year. (Accessed Day Month Year). (4) CSE (Council of Science Edit

38、ors) 格式CSE 格式形成于2000年，它是起源于1957年的CBS (Council Biology Editors) 格式的扩展形式，此格式对细节要求严格，因此常用于科学研究领域或以国际交流为目的的相关领域，而不适合文学领域。此格式中参考文献一词用Cited References，文献不是按照首字母顺序排列，而是按照文内标注出现的顺序相应排列，双倍行距，第二行首字母缩进，在页面右上角标注页码和文章标题缩写。e.g.Heading Page #Cited ReferencesWeb Document Author. Site Title home page on the Internet

39、. Published City (Published State): Publisher; Year Month Day. cited Year Month Day. Available from: URL Address. Book Author Last Name, First Initial. Book Title. City Published (State Published): Publisher; Year. Total Page Numbers p. Exercise for 3.7 3.8 Appendix (附录) Appendix is not necessary fo

40、r each paper. It often includes the original materials, relevant materials and graphs, detailed data of the experiment, computing programs, tables, pictures, questionnaires, etc. Only part of the key materials are presented in order to protect the copyright.3.9 Introduction to Author(作者简介)e.g.1 Viet

41、-Thang Nguyen obtain B.Sc. (00), M.Sc. (03), and Ph.D. (07) from HUT-Vietnam, ICU-Korea, and NIITN-Italy, respectively. During doctor program, he mainly focused on modeling time-driven-switching (TDS) networks, and developing the first TDS test-bed under the IP-Flow project. His research interest in

42、cludes optical networking, wireless networking and modeling. He is currently with Vegastar, a new startup business in Hanoi-Vietnam. Tunable Laser-Based Design and Analysis for Fractional Lambda Switches (Viet-Thang Nguyen, Renato Lo Cigno, and Yoram Ofek), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL.

43、56, NO. 6, JUNE 2008: 957-966 分析：这篇简介首先讲述作者获取学士、硕士、博士学位的时间和地点；接着阐述作者在博士期间的主要研究方向以及目前的研究兴趣；最后介绍作者的工作单位。 e.g. 2 Zhefeng Li received both the B.S. degree and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China, in 2001, 2004, respectively. He is currently pursui

44、ng the Ph.D. degree with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark. His current research interests are space-time coding, and MIMI and OFDM systems. He was awarded an National Science Foundation (NSF) Travel Grant in 2007 for attending the ISIT 07. Single-Symbol ML Decoding for Orthogonal and Quasi-Orthogonal STBC in Clipped MIMO-OFDM Systems Using a